tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89553887135818486152024-03-19T17:11:30.389+08:00The Shroud of TurinMy commentary on Shroud of Turin related matters. I am an Australian evangelical Christian in my 70s. I am persuaded by the evidence that the Shroud of Turin is the burial sheet of Jesus Christ and bears His crucified and <i>resurrected</i> image!Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.comBlogger620125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-78607439334579438282024-03-11T23:49:00.019+08:002024-03-19T08:35:37.310+08:00Report of the 1973 Turin Commission on the Shroud: Turin Shroud Encyclopedia<p><a name="para01"></a><center>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is the <a href="#paraTTX">eighth</a> installment of my "Report of the 1973 Turin Commission on the Shroud," part #27 of my <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i>. This, and part #26, "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/02/report-of-1969-turin-commission-on.html">Report of the 1969 Turin Commission on the Shroud</a>," will help me write Chapter 14, "Science and the Shroud," of my book in progress, "Shroud of Turin: Burial Sheet of Jesus!" See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#mybk">06Jul17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#paraMBK">03Jun18</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html#paraMNW">04Apr22</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraPTS">13Jul22</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">8 Nov 22</a>. Again my thanks to <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Joe+Marino+Shroud+Turin">Joe Marino</a> who scanned the report into PDFs and emailed them to me. As previously mentioned, the actual report is one 1976 document, which includes the reports of the 1969 and 1973 Turin Commissions on the Shroud.</p><p>[<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/01/index-z-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html">Index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/02/report-of-1969-turin-commission-on.html">Report of the 1969 Commission</a> #26] [Next: Date index 2024]</p><hr><p><a name="paraRFT"></a><center>REPORT OF THE EXPERTS' EXAMINATION OF THE SHROUD</center></p><p><a name="paraXXK"></a>Exiled ex-King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy">Umberto II (r. 1946)</a>, the legal owner of the Shroud[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 56; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 55], on 18 January 1973, gave his consent to the proposed televised exhibition, and authorised the removal of minimal particles of the Shroud's material and the unstitching of at least one edge of its Holland cloth backing[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 12].</p><p><a name="paraSNT"></a>So, on <a href="https://www.onthisday.com/date/1973/november/22">22 November 1973 (Thursday)</a>, the grille of the safe on the High Altar was opened with the three keys, and the casket containing the Shroud was removed and transported into the corridor in front of the entrance to the Royal Chapel[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 13]. Here, the casket was opened and the roll bearing the Shroud removed and placed on the special table covered by a white cloth[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 13]. The relic was unrolled, placed in a suitably arranged frame and then transferred into the Hall in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Turin">Royal Palace</a>, called the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Torino_Palazzo_Reale_Interno_Salone_della_Guardia_Svizzera_4.jpg">Hall of the Swiss</a>, where the lights and TV cameras for the transmission had previously been set up[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 13]. </p><p><a name="paraDTT"></a>During 22 and 23 November in daytime, the technicians of the RAI-TV</p><p><a name="paraRTF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjflMpDNKi6Cup3D8CnQVt3vF4kVvh9zgxwNzq7JEOAreWF1YSS7EP-K21y_I-KRZuu-ulTXym44nXGxz-0eXvEjhrt3a6558dkLWnqrwSui5UocWSNyFzudXONPdhteqAhbBoQ-_GPWTRBt0AQAdo6joBZLoduglnCkkDrESAuiEV5a45s38U35YTwurdK/s1427/1973_TV.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjflMpDNKi6Cup3D8CnQVt3vF4kVvh9zgxwNzq7JEOAreWF1YSS7EP-K21y_I-KRZuu-ulTXym44nXGxz-0eXvEjhrt3a6558dkLWnqrwSui5UocWSNyFzudXONPdhteqAhbBoQ-_GPWTRBt0AQAdo6joBZLoduglnCkkDrESAuiEV5a45s38U35YTwurdK/s800/1973_TV.png" /></a> </p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjflMpDNKi6Cup3D8CnQVt3vF4kVvh9zgxwNzq7JEOAreWF1YSS7EP-K21y_I-KRZuu-ulTXym44nXGxz-0eXvEjhrt3a6558dkLWnqrwSui5UocWSNyFzudXONPdhteqAhbBoQ-_GPWTRBt0AQAdo6joBZLoduglnCkkDrESAuiEV5a45s38U35YTwurdK/s1427/1973_TV.png">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#IH73">IH73</a>]: On 22 and 23 November, RAI-TV technicians film the Shroud[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 14]. It is hanging vertically in a frame[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 78; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 302; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 308], in the Royal Palace's Hall of the Swiss[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 20; <a href="#CN88">CN88</a>, 32; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 302.]</p><p> filmed the Shroud and prepared the transmission which then took place on the evening of 23 November at 9 pm. on TV's Channel I[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 14].</p><p><a name="paraPNT"></a>Present in the hall on 22 November, before the filming of the televised exposition began[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 302], was a group of thirty people expressly invited to honour the Shroud as representing the People of God[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 14]. This evidently refers to Shroud writers and</p><p><a name="paraPFT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV4Y9SdyNZj5HttMNOZTSxNZMo9iIzt2z_usMX2kyDI6z2vTkjRsQf2E0qyKcsHH1BixpKqKyt1Dg7I_TPcu4bswQoLmRD918IPiqg8R7k4UKGL4qrfHsi477xG793Ko5QkKWquonSVOR6Askj_ld0QSWVzNSjuaztwpXz6chdXNL4OgPNBAMtfW3AIw/s3422/1973%20exposition.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV4Y9SdyNZj5HttMNOZTSxNZMo9iIzt2z_usMX2kyDI6z2vTkjRsQf2E0qyKcsHH1BixpKqKyt1Dg7I_TPcu4bswQoLmRD918IPiqg8R7k4UKGL4qrfHsi477xG793Ko5QkKWquonSVOR6Askj_ld0QSWVzNSjuaztwpXz6chdXNL4OgPNBAMtfW3AIw/s800/1973%20exposition.jpg" /></a> </p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV4Y9SdyNZj5HttMNOZTSxNZMo9iIzt2z_usMX2kyDI6z2vTkjRsQf2E0qyKcsHH1BixpKqKyt1Dg7I_TPcu4bswQoLmRD918IPiqg8R7k4UKGL4qrfHsi477xG793Ko5QkKWquonSVOR6Askj_ld0QSWVzNSjuaztwpXz6chdXNL4OgPNBAMtfW3AIw/s3422/1973%20exposition.jpg">enlarge</a>): Photograph of the Shroud hanging vertically in a frame at the 1973 exposition, taken by author <a href="https://www.robertkwilcox.com/">Robert K. Wilcox (1943-)</a>[<a href="#WR10">WR10</a>, 128I]. </p><p><a name="paraTCV"></a>The coins over the Shroudman's eyes are most evident in the 1931 negative face photograph taken by <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giuseppe_Enrie?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Giuseppe Enrie (1886-1961)</a>, but they are less evident in modern photographs of the same area[<a href="#FM15">FM15</a>, 311]. This might be because Enrie's photographs had a higher contrast than modern ones[<a href="#FM15">FM15</a>, 311]. And/or it might be because for the first time ever, the 1973 exposition displayed the Shroud vertically, rather than horizontally, which caused a slight vertical movement of the lengthwise threads relative to each other, which fragmented the eye images[<a href="#WA08">WA08</a>, 136-137.]]</p><p> researchers, including the USA's <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n48part6.pdf">Fr Adam Otterbein (1916-98)</a>[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 15; <a href="#CD85">CD85</a>], <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/05/obituaries/rev-peter-rinaldi-82-shroud-of-turin-expert.html">Fr Peter Rinaldi (1911-93)</a>[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 15] and Robert Wilcox[<a href="#WR10">WR10</a>, 56-61], as well as Britain's Dr. David Willis (1913-76)[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 15; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 302], <a href="http://www.plantata.org.uk/obits/wright/green_m.htm">Fr. Maurus Green (1919-2001)</a>[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 15; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 302] and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmpoU6FVXv8">Ian Wilson</a>[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 3-4], are allowed to view the Shroud directly during this time. Wilson recorded his eye-witness experience of seeing the Shroud for the first time:<blockquote>"By lunch-time on 22 November [1973], I found myself, with some thirty others, being given a brief preliminary introduction by Turin's then archbishop, Cardinal Michele Pellegrino. The group was escorted up a grand marble staircase of Turin's Royal Palace and into a huge, frescoed hall, the Hall of the Swiss. At the far end of this the Shroud hung upright in a simple oak frame, its fourteen- foot length brilliantly illuminated by high-powered television lights. Then came the second shock. It did not look at all as I had expected. Everything that I knew of the Shroud up to this point - and I thought I knew quite a lot - had been based on black-and-white photographs that ... make it look a lot darker than it really is. To see the original's faintness and subtlety was really quite breath-taking. Framed by the burns and patches from the ... fire ... at Chambery in 1532 - there was the familiar `body image' that to me was the Shroud's central mystery. If you stood back you could make it out readily enough: a bearded face, a pronounced chest, crossed hands, legs side by side, together with, as one looked up at the back-of-the-body image, a long rope of hair, taut shoulders and buttocks, and soles of the feet. But the image colour was the subtlest yellow sepia, and as you moved in closer to anything like touching distance ... it seemed virtually to disappear like mist. Because of the lack of outline and the minimum contrast to the ivory-coloured background, it became wellnigh impossible to `see' whatever detail you were trying to look at without stepping some distance back again. To me, as a practising life-painter and an enthusiast of art history, <i>it seemed absolutely impossible that any artist-faker could have created an image of this kind</i> ... The succeeding day and a half during which I was allowed some eight hours of further direct examination served to reaffirm my conviction, despite all the obvious rational objections, that <i>this cloth simply had to be genuine</i>" (my emphasis)[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 3-4].</blockquote><a name="paraTTF"></a>On <a href="https://www.onthisday.com/date/1973/november/23">23 November 1973 (Friday)</a>, for 30 minutes from 9:15-9.45 p.m.[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 302], a black-and-white television exposition of the shroud was </p><p><a name="paraTSF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM3HyNqg9-JtlGi8_XZt1SdDBs3SLyV4UQ_VvL04WRMzvXRf0TRq_pkQ5RsrmJVkiCC_QAwJzWL2oekTQTfbJIj1mXwYuT3i6b7J1EuYKx1lDqKZPOucgqJCJvch2ctU0RY9xjW_LUINLX85mSzxu61pN9FEz5vbTEgHjVtNDVT1twEnJRCEX4JX3ipl81/s852/1973_Face.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM3HyNqg9-JtlGi8_XZt1SdDBs3SLyV4UQ_VvL04WRMzvXRf0TRq_pkQ5RsrmJVkiCC_QAwJzWL2oekTQTfbJIj1mXwYuT3i6b7J1EuYKx1lDqKZPOucgqJCJvch2ctU0RY9xjW_LUINLX85mSzxu61pN9FEz5vbTEgHjVtNDVT1twEnJRCEX4JX3ipl81/s852/1973_Face.png" /></a> </p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM3HyNqg9-JtlGi8_XZt1SdDBs3SLyV4UQ_VvL04WRMzvXRf0TRq_pkQ5RsrmJVkiCC_QAwJzWL2oekTQTfbJIj1mXwYuT3i6b7J1EuYKx1lDqKZPOucgqJCJvch2ctU0RY9xjW_LUINLX85mSzxu61pN9FEz5vbTEgHjVtNDVT1twEnJRCEX4JX3ipl81/s852/1973_Face.png">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#IH73">IH73</a>]: Extract of the Shroudman's face as it appeared on the TV transmitted. The 30 minutes TV exposition evidently ran in a loop, or there was a lot more to it, because this clip only ran for 40 seconds.]</p><p>transmitted on Italy's leading RAI-TV network[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 14; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 15; <a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 1]. The exposition was introduced by a filmed message from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI">Pope Paul VI (r. 1963-78)</a>[<a href="#CN88">CN88</a>, 30; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 302; <a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 1] and concluded with a brief homily and prayer by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Pellegrino">Cardinal Michele Pellegrino</a>, Archbishop of Turin (r. 1965-77)[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 14]. Through the Eurovision network the exposition would later be seen throughout Western Europe, including Spain, France, Portugal, Belgium, and parts of South America[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 15; <a href="#CN88">CN88</a>, 30; <a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 1]! Possibly 200 million people saw the Shroud for the first time, but its scientific aspects, for example that the man's image was a photographic negative, were deliberately not mentioned to avoid controversy[<a href="#WR10">WR10</a>, 66-67]. But that meant that those viewers:<blockquote>"... had sat through thirty-five of pious devotion to what must have seemed to many of them, who had never heard of the shroud, to have been nothing more than a religious cloth with a strange painting on it"[<a href="#WR10">WR10</a>, 66].</blockquote> The invited Shroud writers and researchers, saw the televised exposition at the local television station but were disappointed by it[<a href="#WR10">WR10</a>, 68].</p><p><a name="paraRNT"></a>Early in the morning of <a href="https://www.onthisday.com/date/1973/november/24">Saturday 24 November</a>, after the Shroud had been removed from the wooden frame to which it had been attached in the Hall of the Swiss, it was transported to another room, smaller and more secluded, where it was to be put at the disposal of the experts for their observations and studies[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 15]. <a name="paraTSW"></a>The Shroud was attached to a metal frame in a horizonrtalal position, with the sidestrip (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/08/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">24Aug15</a>) at the top[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 15]. </p><p><a name="paraTNX"></a>The invited experts arrived: <a href="https://areeweb.polito.it/strutture/cemed/museovirtuale/english/storia/2-02/2-2-03/2-2-0316b.htm">Prof. Cesare Codegone (1904-92)</a>, Director of the Technical Physics Institute of the Turin Polytechnic; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Curto">Prof. Silvia Curto (1919-2015)</a>, Superintendent of the Museum of Egyptology, Turin; Prof. Enzo Delorenzi, Head of the Radiology Dept. of the Mauriziano Hospital, Turin; <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Guido+Filogamo">Prof. Guido Filogamo (1916-2018)</a>, Director of the Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology of the University of Turin; Prof. Eugenia Mari Rizzati and Prof. Emilio Mari, colleagues of Prof. Giorgio Frache, Director of the Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Modena. Prof. Frache took part in the examinations of 1969 but was unable to take part in the present one for health reasons and is substituted by his colleagues who were also authorised to remove eventual samples; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noemi_Gabrielli">Prof. Noemi Gabrielli (1901-79)</a>, ex-superintendent of the Piemonte Galleries; Prof. Giovanni Judica Cordiglia, Lecturer in forensic medicine; Prof. Mario Milone, Director of the Institute of Chemistry at the University of Turin[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 16-17]. Compare <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/02/report-of-1969-turin-commission-on.html#paraCMW">13Feb24</a> that only four members of the 1969 Commission continued as members of the 1973 Commission: Dr Judica Cordiglia; Silvio Curto; Noemi Gabrielli and Enzo Delorenzi. New members of the 1973 Commission were: Profs Rizzati, Mari, Codegone, Filogamo, Milone, and <a href="https://www.ugentmemorialis.be/catalog/000001074">Gilbert Raes (1914-2001)</a> of the Ghent Institute of Textile Technology[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 67]. Raes is not in the list of experts above, because, as we shall see, he arrived late[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 18; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 70]. <a name="paraNSM"></a>Nor is <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/frei-sulzer-max">Max Frei (1913–83)</a> on the list because, as we shall see[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, </p><p><a name="paraCFX"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt9ur9f9ytSTcYH3idNN6mnwnNoDUROBacyleKjIojpKgH-O68HNiNKN0_ho4iBvePeBFLed3ti9Wf4MFz5sWyoUYYblzuHhGMSVl5iEegV3vvoyXSfFiShVaX1Ys7qEpX_cBmDdy3LybEPFUp_cURjCyPxfpk-7sWMR9zU6md75a3JUupks9I84-Jc4Qo/s1248/1973%20commission%20240311E7.jpg" imageanchor="0" style="clear:left; float:leftt;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt9ur9f9ytSTcYH3idNN6mnwnNoDUROBacyleKjIojpKgH-O68HNiNKN0_ho4iBvePeBFLed3ti9Wf4MFz5sWyoUYYblzuHhGMSVl5iEegV3vvoyXSfFiShVaX1Ys7qEpX_cBmDdy3LybEPFUp_cURjCyPxfpk-7sWMR9zU6md75a3JUupks9I84-Jc4Qo/s800/1973%20commission%20240311E7.jpg" /></a> </p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt9ur9f9ytSTcYH3idNN6mnwnNoDUROBacyleKjIojpKgH-O68HNiNKN0_ho4iBvePeBFLed3ti9Wf4MFz5sWyoUYYblzuHhGMSVl5iEegV3vvoyXSfFiShVaX1Ys7qEpX_cBmDdy3LybEPFUp_cURjCyPxfpk-7sWMR9zU6md75a3JUupks9I84-Jc4Qo/s1248/1973%20commission%20240311E7.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#MG99">MG99</a>, 43]: The caption is, "The Commission of experts [a]round the Shroud ... G.B. Judica Cordiglia." The page heading is "1969 - For the first time the Shroud [is] examined by scientific experts." But the person leaning over and pointing at the Shroud appears to be Max Frei (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/06/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#paraNJN">20Jun22</a>), and he was not a member of the 1969 Commission. So presumably this photograph is of the 1973 commission members.]</p><p>28], he was not an expert member of the Commission, as his role was to be one of the three notaries to affirm the genuineness of colour photographs of the Shroud taken in 1969 by Dr Giovanni Judica Cordiglia's son, <a href="https://www-periziefonichejudicacordiglia-it.translate.goog/?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Giovanni Battista Judica Cordiglia (1939-2018)</a>[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 98-99]. However, Frei was presumably present because neither was the photographer, G.B. Judica Cordiglia, mentioned in the list above, and he was present (see next).</p><p><a name="paraTXX"></a>The experts examined the Shroud, some for the first time[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 17]. Also present was the photographer G.B. Judica Cordiglia, who was tasked with providing negatives of colour close-ups with a chromatic scale so as to obtain the maximum fidelity of reproduction of the colours of the Shroud and of the imprints, particularly of those which are presumed to be bloodstains[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 17]. He later took many photographs, including colour ultraviolet and infra-red ones[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 169], but he was not a professional photographer and although he used advanced photographic equipment, his photographs were often inferior to those taken by Enrie in 1931[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 66-67].</p><p><a name="paraTTX"></a>Then the experts and <a href="https://it-everybodywiki-com.translate.goog/Umberto_Provana_di_Collegno?_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Count Umberto Provana di Collegno (1906-91)</a>, who was present throughout as representative of the owner, ex-king Umberto II, passed into the office next to the Chapel of the Shroud where, under the chairmanship of <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi10part6.pdf">Mons. Jose Cottino (1913-83)</a>, they discussed the programme of work[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 17-18].</p><p><a name="paraPFT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6YADEiav5C7UVY25SuLOIZlwD9U94C6454h0kzHIwda4OX0p3noJa4eneTB0sFgbrd5WO0gXFJnDJtdg_GPswk2hozYRlN_eZys1BIrOLuokubANeuZRD8CC_2_Av_Ge9h4pOyhqLvX0k8vTEHpdiNf_k6kKdlFDwW5WzdlWwSSlDXqqJ_moeWmYfzxJD/s2221/1969Commission240311E7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6YADEiav5C7UVY25SuLOIZlwD9U94C6454h0kzHIwda4OX0p3noJa4eneTB0sFgbrd5WO0gXFJnDJtdg_GPswk2hozYRlN_eZys1BIrOLuokubANeuZRD8CC_2_Av_Ge9h4pOyhqLvX0k8vTEHpdiNf_k6kKdlFDwW5WzdlWwSSlDXqqJ_moeWmYfzxJD/s2221/1969Commission240311E7.jpg" /></a> </p><p><a name="paraCPF"></a>A colour photograph of the Shroud taken by G.B. Judica Cordiglia in 1969, reduced to one quarter of the Shroud's 4.36 x 1.10 m. dimensions, was displayed horizontally on the </p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6YADEiav5C7UVY25SuLOIZlwD9U94C6454h0kzHIwda4OX0p3noJa4eneTB0sFgbrd5WO0gXFJnDJtdg_GPswk2hozYRlN_eZys1BIrOLuokubANeuZRD8CC_2_Av_Ge9h4pOyhqLvX0k8vTEHpdiNf_k6kKdlFDwW5WzdlWwSSlDXqqJ_moeWmYfzxJD/s2221/1969Commission240311E7.jpg">enlarge</a>). The first colour photograph of the Shroud, taken in 1969 by G.B. Judica Cordiglia[<a href="#MG99">MG99</a>, 33].] </p><p><a href="#paraTSW">above</a> frame by Prof. Codegone[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 18]. Codegone had traced a 5 by 5 centimetres grid across the photograph's length and breadth and added <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Cartesian+coordinates">Cartesian coordinates</a> of letters and numbers along its sides, so it could be used as a map of the location of samples taken[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 18]. The map was favourably received by all present[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 18]. Note: The plan was not included in the report.</p><p><a name="paraCPF"></a>A discussion of the plan of works followed[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 18]. Note was taken of the study presented by Prof. Codegone, a prominent Turin physicist, who was apponted to the commission to consider the feasibility of radiocarbon dating the Shroud[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 67]. Codegone had concluded that dating the Shroud with the C-l4 method should not then proceed, but wait until further technical and scientific progress allowed reliable results to be obtained on much smaller amounts of material[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 18-19].</p><p>To be continued in the ninth installment of this post.</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="CD85">CD85</a>. Crispino, D.C., 1985, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi16part10.pdf">Notes About the Authors</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 16, September, 32.<br><a name="CN88">CN88</a>. Currer-Briggs, N., 1988, "The Shroud and the Grail: A Modern Quest for the True Grail," St. Martin's Press: New York NY.<br><a name="FG09">FG09</a>. Fanti, G., ed., 2009, "The Shroud of Turin: Perspectives on a Multifaceted Enigma," Proceedings of the 2008 Columbus Ohio International Conference, August 14-17, 2008, Progetto Libreria: Padua, Italy.<br><a name="FM15">FM15</a>. Fanti, G. & Malfi, P., 2015, "The Shroud of Turin: First Century after Christ!," Pan Stanford: Singapore.<br><a name="GV01">GV01</a>. Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL.<br><a name="IH73">IH73</a>. "<a href="https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/221508/">Italy: Shroud of Turin shown on television (1973)</a>," British Pathé Ltd, 2024.<br><a name="JM76">JM76</a>. Jepps, M., ed., 1976, "Report of Turin Commission on the Shroud," Turin, Italy.<br><a name="MG99">MG99</a>. Moretto, G., 1999, "The Shroud: A Guide," Neame, A., transl., Paulist Press: Mahwah NJ.<br><a name="PM96">PM96</a>. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.<br><a name="RTB">RTB</a>. Reference(s) to be probvided.<br><a name="WA08">WA08</a>. Whanger, A.D. & M.W., "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ohiowhanger1.pdf">Revisiting the Eye Images: What are They?</a>," in <a href="#FG09">FG09</a>, 134-139.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="TF06">TF06</a>. Tribbe, F.C., 2006, "Portrait of Jesus: The Illustrated Story of the Shroud of Turin," Paragon House Publishers: St. Paul MN, Second edition.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY. <br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.<br><a name="WR10">WR10</a>. Wilcox, R.K., 2010, "The Truth About the Shroud of Turin: Solving the Mystery," [1977], Regnery: Washington DC.<br</p><p>Posted 11 March 2024. Updated 19 March 2024.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-56203973567439078762024-02-20T23:37:00.061+08:002024-03-18T17:30:56.822+08:00Prehistory of the Shroud (3) #46: The evidence is overwhelming that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet! <p><a name="para01"></a><center><b>PREHISTORY OF THE SHROUD (3) #46<br></b>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is #46, "Prehistory of the Shroud (3)," of my series, "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">The evidence is <i>overwhelming</i> that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet!</a>" For more information about this "<i>overwhelming</i>" series, see the "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index #1</a>" and "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/01/other-marks-and-images-26-evidence-is.html">Other marks and images</a> #26." For more information about this "Prehistory" series, see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-1-44-evidence-is.html">"Prehistory" (1)</a>. </p><p><a name="para03"></a>[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-2-45-evidence-is.html">Prehistory of the Shroud (2)</a> #45] [Next: Prehistory of the Shroud (4) #47]</p><hr><p><center><b>Prehistory of the Shroud (AD 30-1354).</b></center><br><a name="para04"></a><p><a href="https://numismatics.org/collectionimages/19001949/1944/1944.100.14572.obv.noscale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://numismatics.org/collectionimages/19001949/1944/1944.100.14572.obv.noscale.jpg" /></a><p>[Above (<a href="https://numismatics.org/collectionimages/19001949/1944/1944.100.14572.obv.noscale.jpg">enlarge</a>) Gold <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidus_(coin)">solidus</a> coin[<a href="#GS24">GS24</a>], minted 692-95 by Byzantine Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_II">Justinian II (r. 685–695, 705-11)</a>[<a href="#WW91a">WW91a</a>, 308-309; <a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 16; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 128-129; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 26]. The face of Jesus on the coin has many "<a href="https://goo.gl/WNdBGK">Vignon markings</a>" features found on the face of the man on Shroud, including wrinkles in the Shroud cloth, proving beyond reasonable doubt that the 7th century engraver of this coin had the Shroud before him as his model! See "<a href="#0692">692</a>" below.]</p><b><a name="0526b">526b</a></b> Antioch was severely damaged by a major earthquake[<a href="#DG63">DG63</a>, 243; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 22; <a href="#AEW">AEW</a>], followed by a fire[<a href="#AEW">AEW</a>], which together killed 250,000[<a href="#DG63">DG63</a>, 243; <a href="#AEW">AEW</a>]. Most of Antioch's buildings and walls were destroyed including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus_Aurea_%28Antioch%29">Cathedral</a>[<a href="#DG63">DG63</a>, 244; <a href="#AEW">AEW</a>]. Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_I">Justin I (r. 518-27)</a> despatched a relief team, and engineers to clear away the rubble and begin rebuilding public faciliies[<a href="#DG63">DG63</a>, 244-45].</p><p><b><a name="0528">528</a></b> A major aftershock earthquake did further major damage to Antioch's buildings and the city walls[<a href="#DG63">DG63</a>, 245; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 22; <a href="#AEW">AEW</a>]. <a name="paraTNM"></a>Attorney and amateur historian, <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/Markwardt-refl.pdf">Jack Markwardt</a>'s original 1998 theory was that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was hidden in 362 within Antioch Cathedral by the Arian Treasurer <a href="https://www.crkvenikalendar.com/zitije_en.php?pok=0&id=BZG">Theodoretus (-362)</a> (see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-2-45-evidence-is.html#0361">361</a>") so well that his fellow Arians could not find it[<a href="#MJ98">MJ98</a>, 304], even though the cathedral could not have been very large and the Arians could have searched every square centimetre of it multiple times in the 18 years from 362 to 380 - see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/01/antioch-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html#paraSFN">01Jan20</a>). So when they were expelled from Antioch in 380 (see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-2-45-evidence-is.html#0380">380</a>"), according to Markwardt's original theory, the Arians had to leave the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> behind[<a href="#MJ98">MJ98</a>, 304]. And, ccording to Markwardt, it remained lost within Antioch cathedral for ~166 years from 362 to ~528 when, "in the process of clearing away the debris of the earthquake-ravaged cathedral, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophysitism">Monophysites</a> discovered the Shroud in the place where it had been hidden in 362[<a href="#MJ98">MJ98</a>, 304-305]. Markwardt does not provide any evidence for this, and in fact he abandoned his original theory and proposed a new theory in 2008, which Markwardt then abandoned and in 2014 proposed a third theory (see below). Markwardt had rightly criticised <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HoudxMbEkg">Ian Wilson</a>'s theory that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was concealed in Edessa's "city walls for almost five centuries" (see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-2-45-evidence-is.html#paraLNW">525</a>") and "was not grounded in history": <blockquote>"In 1978, Ian Wilson ... suggested that, shortly after the Crucifixion, an otherwise-unknown disciple named Thaddeus had carried Christ's image-bearing burial shroud to Edessa where it was soon portraitized and concealed in the city walls for almost five centuries. This particular portion of the theory was not grounded in history but, instead, was based upon the so-called Abgar legend, a fourth-century Syrian tale significantly permutated by tenth-century Byzantines in order to bestow an Apostolic history upon the Mandylion cloth that had been brought from Edessa to Constantinople in 944[<a href="#MJ98">MJ98</a>, 296].</blockquote><a name="paraHSM"></a>Here is Markwardt's 2014 theory, summarised by him in an email to me dated 22 January 2020:<blockquote>"Just a quick note about your recent posting regarding the Church of Antioch and the Turin Shroud. While you have accurately recounted what I had written on that subject in 1999, I have since presented and published two papers making certain modifications to my 1999 conclusions. In 2008, I presented a paper at the Columbus Shroud Conference entitled <i>Ancient Edessa and the Shroud: History Concealed by the Discipline of the Secret</i> and concluded therein that, in 362, Theodoretus, an Arian presbyter, concealed the relics of Antioch, including the Shroud, in the city walls of Antioch above the city’s Gate of the Cherubim (<b>not in the cathedral</b>) and that this action served as the basis for the story told about Edessa in the tenth-century Byzantine Narratio de imagine Edessena. I also pointed out that, in about 538 and as the walls of Antioch were being reconstructed, a “very awesome icon bearing the likeness of our Saviour, Jesus Christ” appeared in the “Place of the Cherubim” and its ongoing presence in that area made it the most sacred part of the city. In 2008, it was still my belief that, in 540, the Shroud was taken to Edessa by Antiochenes as the Persian army attacked and ultimately destroyed the city; however, in 2010, I began to do very extensive academic research into the history of the Shroud, and in 2014, presented a paper at the St. Louis Shroud Conference entitled Modern Scholarship and the History of the Turin Shroud and concluded therein that, in 540, the Shroud was taken to Cilicia, in Anatolia (not to Edessa) by Patriarch Ephraemius and that, thirty-four years later, it was taken to Constantinople where it became known as the Image of God Incarnate, remained in the Byzantine imperial treasury for more than six centuries, and was publicly exhibited in 1203-1204. I believe that these later modifications remedied the problems which you identified in my 1999 paper" (emphasis Markwardt's)[<a href="#MJ20">MJ20</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraSMP"></a>See my post of <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/01/antioch-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html#paraMMM">01Jan20</a> where I critiqued Markwardt's 2014 theory and concluded:<blockquote>"But Markwardt's claim that in 362, the Arian Treasurer of the the cathedral, Theodoretus, carried the cathedral's passion relics, including the 5-7 feet (1.5-2.1 metre) long Roman lance, a large and heavy silver chalice and the Shroud, ~3 kilometres or ~2 miles across Antioch into its <i>Jewish quarter</i> (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/01/antioch-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html#paraSCB">map</a> ...), and hid it [them] in the wall near the Gate of the Cherubim <i>without being seen</i>, where they lay undiscovered for <i>172 years</i>, simply <i>beggars belief</i>!"</blockquote><a name="paraBCM"></a>By contrast my Ravenna Theory (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#paraMTT">07Dec16</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/01/abgar-v-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html#paraNFF">08Jan19</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/01/antioch-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html#paraFCN">01Jan20</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-2-45-evidence-is.html#0380">22Jan24</a>) is that the Arians who controlled Antioch Cathedral from 357 (see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-2-45-evidence-is.html#0357">357</a>"), if the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was among the cathedral's relics (which Markwardt agees it was), then the Arians would have taken it with them in 380 and joined the Arian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> who had been permitted to settle inside the Western Roman Empire from the 380s[<a href="#OSW">OSW</a>].</p><p><b><a name="0540a">540a</a></b> Byzantine general <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius">Flavius Belisarius (c.500–65)</a> captured <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna">Ravenna</a>[<a href="#SRW">SRW</a>] after a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ravenna_(539%E2%80%93540)">2 year siege</a> and took the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism">Arian</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths">Ostrogoth</a> king <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitiges">Vitiges (r. 536-40)</a> captive to Constantinople where he died that same year[<a href="#VTW">VTW</a>]. Byzantine Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I">Justinian I (r. 482–565)</a> had in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/535">535</a> commissioned Belisarius to attack the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom">Ostrogoth Kingdom of Italy</a>[<a href="#BLW">BLW</a>], as part of Justinian's strategy to recover the territory of the Western Roman Empire that had been lost in the previous century[<a href="#JNW">JNW</a>]. It is my Ravenna Theory (see <a href="#paraBCM">above</a>) that before the 540 Byzantine capture of Ravenna, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was taken by Ravenna's Arians to Arian-friendly Edessa[<a href="#ETW">ETW</a>].</p><p><b><a name="0540b">540b</a></b> Persian king <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_I">Khosrow I (r. 531–79)</a> in June 540 sacked and burned Antioch[<a href="#DG63">DG63</a>, 247; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 22; <a href="#KNW">KNW</a>].</p><p><b><a name="0544">544</a></b> In March Khosrow I <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(544)">besieged Edessa</a>[<a href="#SEW">SEW</a>] but the city resisted the siege and the Persians were "<i>forced to retreat from Edessa</i>":<blockquote>"Khosrow turned south towards Edessa and besieged the city. Edessa was now a much more important city than Antioch was, but the garrison which occupied the city was able to resist the siege. The Persians were <i>forced to retreat from Edessa</i> ..."[<a href="#KNW">KNW</a>]</blockquote><a name="paraHVS"></a>Historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus">Evagrius Scholasticus (c.536-94), </a> recorded in his <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus#Ecclesiastical_History">Ecclesiastical History</a></i> that the Persians built a huge mound of timber higher than Edessa's wall, that was to be moved next to the wall from which his army could attack the city[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 137]. The Edessans countered by tunneling under the wall with the aim of setting the mound on fire from below before it could be moved forward to the wall[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 137]. Evagrius described the crucial role of "the <i>divinely made image not made by the hands of man</i>" (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a>) in the defense of the city:<blockquote>"The mine was completed; but they [the Edessans] failed in attempting to fire the wood, because the fire, having no exit whence it could obtain a supply of air, was unable to take hold of it. In this state of utter perplexity they brought out the divinely made image not made by the hands of man [Gk <i>acheiropoietos</i>], which Christ our God sent to King Abgar when he desired to see him. Accordingly, having introduced this sacred likeness into the mine and washed it over with water, they sprinkled some upon the timber ... the timber immediately caught the flame, and being in an instant reduced to cinders, communicated with that above, and the fire spread in all directions"[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 137; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 137].</blockquote><a name="paraVWN"></a>Evagrius was only ~8 years old when this occurred[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 128] , so his "which Christ our God sent to King Abgar when he desired to see him" was what he had been told. But the original <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V">Abgar V</a> story said nothing about an image of Jesus on a cloth[see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html#0050">50</a>"]. Evagrius' account is the first mention of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> in Edessa[<a href="#CD86">CD86</a>, 37]. Wilson, who believes that the Shroud was discovered in Edessa's wall in 525 (see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-2-45-evidence-is.html#paraLNW">525</a>"), nevertheless pointed out that, 'This account [of Evagrius] ... could be regarded as the entry of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Mandylion</a> [Shroud] into history, the first description from which one can be sure that the cloth ... was ... a real historical object"[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 137]! Secular historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius">Procopius of Caesarea (c.500–c.554)</a> also wrote about Edessa's repulse of the 544 Persian siege, by digging a tunnel underneath the Persian siege tower, filling the tunnel with inflammable material and setting fire to it, which in turn consumed the tower[<a href="#GM09">GM09</a>, 170]. But Procopius did not mention an image[<a <a href="#SD89a">SD89a</a>, 81; <a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 184; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 161]. However, Procopius was writing a secular history[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 161], and was a skeptic who was not interested in recording such things[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 60]. </p><p><a name="paraVNM"></a>Evagrius' "not made by the hands of man" is the Greek word <i><a href="https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/acheiropoietos">acheiropoietos</a></i>, lit. <i>a</i> = "not" + <i>cheiro</i> = "hands" + <i>poietos</i> = "made," which occurs 4 times in the New Testament for things that are God-made, not man-made (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+14%3A58%3B+2Cor+5%3A1%3B+Col+2%3A11&version=MOUNCE">Mk 14:58; 2Cor 5:1; Col 2:11</a>). Evagrius' is the first known application of <i>acheiropoietos</i> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a>[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 4; <a href="#WI91">WI91</a>, 134; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 129] and is the first known item of historical evidence that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was in Edessa[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>]. </p><p><a name="paraCTT"></a> According to the 945 `Official History' [see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/chronology-of-turin-shroud-tenth-century.html#0945c">945c</a>"] it was during the Persian siege of 544 that Edessa's bishop Eulalius was led in a vision to find where "the divinely created image of Christ ... lay hidden in the place above the city gates"[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 282; <a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 57-58]. But apart from this being self-evidently highly implausible, there is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_Edessa">no bishop Eulalius</a> in the history of Edessa[<a href="#GM09">GM09</a>, 77; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 130]. And if a bishop of Edessa had discovered "the divinely made image not made by the hands of man" hidden above Edessa's gate during the Persian siege of 544, he would be well-known and Evagrius would surely have mentioned it. So since Evagrius was the first to mention the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> already in Edessa 544, but with no viable explanation how it came to be there, the most likely (if not the <i>only</i>) explanation is that it had arrived in Edessa from elsewhere, shortly before 544, as my Ravenna Theory proposes. </p><p><b><a name="0549">549</a></b> Completion of the mosaic in the apse of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe">Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna</a>, featuring a <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Ravenna_BW_4.JPG">huge jeweled cross</a>, at the centre of which is the Shroud-like head of Christ within a circle (below)[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 141-142]. The head of Jesus within a circle conforms to the way</p><p><a name="paraXFT"></a><a href="https://s3.us-east-2.wasabisys.com/media-oaj/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/02111801/10.-Christ-the-King-and-Logos.-Upper-tier-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://s3.us-east-2.wasabisys.com/media-oaj/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/02111801/10.-Christ-the-King-and-Logos.-Upper-tier-copy.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://s3.us-east-2.wasabisys.com/media-oaj/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/02111801/10.-Christ-the-King-and-Logos.-Upper-tier-copy.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#HA17">HA17</a>]: Extract of the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0549">head of Christ at the centre of the large jeweled cross</a> in the apse of the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna. By my count this mosaic has the following 11 of the 15 <a href="<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/04/were-radiocarbon-dating-laboratories_14.html">Vignon Markings</a>">Vignon Markings</a>: "(1) Transverse streak across forehead, (2) three-sided "square" between brows, ... (4) second V within marking 2, ... (6) accentuated left cheek, ...(8) enlarged left nostril, (9) accentuated line between nose and upper lip, (10) heavy line under lower lip, (11) hairless area between lower lip and beard, ... (13) transverse line across throat, (14) heavily accentuated owlish eyes, (15) two strands of hair"[<a href="#WI78">WI78</a>, 82e]. The "two strands of hair (15)," in particular, are a common Byzantine way of representing <a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=3&image=5&lon=501.0&lat=271.0">the bloodstains on the man's forehead</a>[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 185; <a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 193; <a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 110-111].].</p><p>his head appeared within the nimbus of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 141-142]. Classe was Ravenna's port[<a href="#CRW">CRW</a>]. As with the Christ Enthroned" mosaic in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo church, Ravenna</a> (see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-2-45-evidence-is.html#0526a">526a</a>"), since this is a mosaic, created <i>in situ</i> with thousands of tiles, not a portable painting, it is further proof beyond reasonable doubt that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was in Ravenna in the early sixth century! Although my Ravenna Theory is that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was taken by the Arians to Edessa in, or before, 540 (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#paraMTT">07Dec16</a>), work on Sant'Apollinare in Classe started at the beginning of the 6th century by order of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursicinus_(Bishop_of_Ravenna)">Bishop Ursicinus (r. 533-36)</a>[<a href="#BSW">BSW</a>]. </p><p><b><a name="c550">c. 550</a></b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator_(Sinai)">Christ Pantocrator, St Catherine's monastery, Sinai</a>[<a href="#CPW">CPW</a>]. This <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encaustic_painting">encaustic (hot coloured wax)</a> on wood[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 186-187] (a technique which died out in the eight century[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 135]), icon of Christ </p><p><a name="paraCPS"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq3KUsbg_aVij2DthOHb_KRSasoqU7zPUaANC34NTELl9wm8B0i0Cg1DlRqZc-WWw9BTLjJx9kuUFup9PH8AZIG9rkl-sbcsDzP64jXNT08pbs1nc-OVggR9ULwKUB3XsX-i4nqPrcBoXG/s1600/VignonMarking%2526PantocratorStCatherines800.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq3KUsbg_aVij2DthOHb_KRSasoqU7zPUaANC34NTELl9wm8B0i0Cg1DlRqZc-WWw9BTLjJx9kuUFup9PH8AZIG9rkl-sbcsDzP64jXNT08pbs1nc-OVggR9ULwKUB3XsX-i4nqPrcBoXG/s1600/VignonMarking%2526PantocratorStCatherines800.jpg" /></a><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq3KUsbg_aVij2DthOHb_KRSasoqU7zPUaANC34NTELl9wm8B0i0Cg1DlRqZc-WWw9BTLjJx9kuUFup9PH8AZIG9rkl-sbcsDzP64jXNT08pbs1nc-OVggR9ULwKUB3XsX-i4nqPrcBoXG/s1600/VignonMarking%2526PantocratorStCatherines800.jpg">enlarge</a>): The <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/04/were-radiocarbon-dating-laboratories_14.html">Vignon Markings</a> on the face of the Shroud of Turin[<a href="#WI78">WI78</a>, 82e] (left) compared with that of the icon of Christ Pantocrator at Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai[<a href="#FSW">FSW</a> (right). By my count there are at least <i>eleven</i> of the fifteen Vignon markings on this mid-sixth century icon which are also on the face of the Shroud[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/02/four-proofs-that-ad-1260-1390_16.html#7r">16Feb12</a>]. This is further proof beyond reasonable doubt that the Shroud existed in c. 550, that is more than <i>seven centuries</i> before its <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">earliest 1260 radiocarbon date</a> and more than <i>eight centuries</i> before it <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1355">first appeared in undisputed history in c. 1355</a> at Lirey, France!]</p><p><a name="paraPRF"></a><a href="https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/pantokrator">Pantocrator</a> ("ruler of all")[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 158</a>, at the isolated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine's_Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai</a>, which escaped the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 186] of the eighth through ninth centuries [see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/02/chronology-of-turin-shroud-eighth.html#0723">723</a>" and "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/03/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ninth-century.html#0842">842</a>"]. Dated mid-sixth century[<a href="#CPW">CPW</a>], this icon was a gift from the Byzantine Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I">Justinian I (c.482–565)</a>, who had the monastery built between 548 and 565[<a href="#CPW">CPW</a>]. This is the earliest surviving painted icon of Christ[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 186]. Historian <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sngYMpM5fso">Dan Scavone (1934-)</a> wrote of it:<blockquote>"A comparison of this icon with the face on the Shroud of Turin will, for many, put an end to their doubts about the Shroud. The icon is nearly perfectly congruent to the Shroud-face. Notice especially the high right eyebrow, the very hollow right cheek, and the garment neckline. The artist seems even to have rendered even the creases and wrinkles still seen on the Shroud, meaning that it must have been inspired by, i.e., <i>copied from, the Shroud</i> (my emphasis)[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 186].</blockquote> So marked are these oddities, that Princeton University art historian, Professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Weitzmann">Kurt Weitzmann (1904-93)</a>, while making no connection with the Shroud, remarked of this icon that:<blockquote>"... the pupils of the eyes are not at the same level; the eyebrow over Christ's left eye is arched higher than over his right ... one side of the mustache droops at a slightly different angle from the other, while the beard is combed in the opposite direction ... <i>Many of these subtleties remain attached to this particular type of Christ image and can be seen in later copies</i> ..." (my emphasis)[<a href="#WK76">WK76</a>, 15]</blockquote><a name="paraFMR"></a>Flower images in the halo around the head (nimbus) of this icon are </p><p><a name="paraFMN"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiserXY4N32RAYYELl1kPuIUBzvWsmYnb2rUujavmkzhxXuSCM_mCl9KAESmV-hgngkzGPBHLRFn5b-5xpeKemLjGGBuRZwQe-dVr5Hr9-s2OBpIeY9YWpGuWbt0anDIXV82SymveEWyNTmNx5798Gz_VSinLwtHC789uwYYxqNEQateVT9OaZQ3RNGkMFu/s879/FlowersStCathSinai&Shroud240220T6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiserXY4N32RAYYELl1kPuIUBzvWsmYnb2rUujavmkzhxXuSCM_mCl9KAESmV-hgngkzGPBHLRFn5b-5xpeKemLjGGBuRZwQe-dVr5Hr9-s2OBpIeY9YWpGuWbt0anDIXV82SymveEWyNTmNx5798Gz_VSinLwtHC789uwYYxqNEQateVT9OaZQ3RNGkMFu/s879/FlowersStCathSinai&Shroud240220T6.png" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiserXY4N32RAYYELl1kPuIUBzvWsmYnb2rUujavmkzhxXuSCM_mCl9KAESmV-hgngkzGPBHLRFn5b-5xpeKemLjGGBuRZwQe-dVr5Hr9-s2OBpIeY9YWpGuWbt0anDIXV82SymveEWyNTmNx5798Gz_VSinLwtHC789uwYYxqNEQateVT9OaZQ3RNGkMFu/s879/FlowersStCathSinai&Shroud240220T6.png">enlarge</a>): Flower image on the Shroud (right - red circle) is depicted in the nimbus (halo) (left - blue circle), at the same location on St. Catherine's Sinai icon!]</p><p>found at the same locations on the Shroud[<a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 81; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 150; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 259]. <a name="para01"></a>The artist has even rendered the xray images of the Shroud man's teeth [see <a href="https://goo.gl/sFz0hI">10Dec15</a> and "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/04/x-rays-22-man-on-shroud-evidence-is.html#paraTRX">X-rays #22</a>"] as <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=chapped+lips">chapped</a></p><p><a name="paraTSC"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn1oeGM5CxjwxWRcLEylTdeIhMTFp9s0kygXzYYrsMzUbDw66R3cHdh7Q8AoSzYt_qUR3zqyDlLjXhvm8M_fyVhXmQrXACuRtppB24cioeKU8DoNbgTAN4w5JWPhNI-eAVvF1QLyYRkfBkQhQvTa4zPclVD4peMRkarDkh62ygXo1xx-y9LCcUnOITK7Av/s460/TeethDurante&StCath240220T6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn1oeGM5CxjwxWRcLEylTdeIhMTFp9s0kygXzYYrsMzUbDw66R3cHdh7Q8AoSzYt_qUR3zqyDlLjXhvm8M_fyVhXmQrXACuRtppB24cioeKU8DoNbgTAN4w5JWPhNI-eAVvF1QLyYRkfBkQhQvTa4zPclVD4peMRkarDkh62ygXo1xx-y9LCcUnOITK7Av/s460/TeethDurante&StCath240220T6.png" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn1oeGM5CxjwxWRcLEylTdeIhMTFp9s0kygXzYYrsMzUbDw66R3cHdh7Q8AoSzYt_qUR3zqyDlLjXhvm8M_fyVhXmQrXACuRtppB24cioeKU8DoNbgTAN4w5JWPhNI-eAVvF1QLyYRkfBkQhQvTa4zPclVD4peMRkarDkh62ygXo1xx-y9LCcUnOITK7Av/s460/TeethDurante&StCath240220T6.png">enlarge</a>): Upper: Teeth visible under the Shroudman's lips[<a href="#LM10a">LM10a</a>]; and Lower: the sixth century St Catherine's Pantocrator artist's interpretation[<a href="#FSW">FSW</a>] of them that Jesus had chapped (cracked) lips!]</p><p>(cracked) lips</a>![<a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 117; <a href="#WW99">WW99</a>, 71] . <a name="paraTMT"></a>This means that this icon must have been copied directly, or indirectly, from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a>[<a href="#SD89b">SD89b</a>, 311] in the <i>mid-sixth century</i>. At this time, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was in Edessa (see "<a href="#0544">544</a>) and would be there until 944 (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/chronology-of-turin-shroud-tenth-century.html#0944a">944a</a>"). But as Scavone pointed out: <blockquote>"It would not be necessary to place the Shroud in Constantinople for the engravers to see, as it was not necessary to place it in Sinai for the painter of the 6th c. icon to have used. They may have worked from sketches made during visits to Edessa or from no-longer-extant copies of the Edessa icon"[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 188]</blockquote>Directly or indirectly, this icon alone (and it is not alone - see <a href="#c560">next</a> and <a href="#0549">previous</a>) proves beyond reasonable doubt that the Shroud existed in the mid-sixth century and so, yet again, refutes the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbon date of Shroud</a>[<a href="#SD89b">SD89b</a>, 311]!</p></p><p><b><a name="c560">c.560</a></b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossano_Gospels">Codex Purpureus Rossanensis</a>. "The Rossano Gospels ... at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossano_Cathedral">cathedral of Rossano</a> in Italy, is a 6th-century illuminated manuscript </p><p><a name="paraXFM"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0E8wsNj1fZ3bOSf3sS6TUiM9ZTdW6y4oz1DDuwoNNTv5TVJHuN8HH2-HQ-r43sbPzEGQ6qVM5KLIpeznNUrL9ZoeNLZSnKzDNPccBpkRK6P-JxOC6sOnaavoTGsx3qnCftjOEHHePaOHp/s1600/RossanoGospelsLastSupperCroppedjpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0E8wsNj1fZ3bOSf3sS6TUiM9ZTdW6y4oz1DDuwoNNTv5TVJHuN8HH2-HQ-r43sbPzEGQ6qVM5KLIpeznNUrL9ZoeNLZSnKzDNPccBpkRK6P-JxOC6sOnaavoTGsx3qnCftjOEHHePaOHp/s800/RossanoGospelsLastSupperCroppedjpg.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0E8wsNj1fZ3bOSf3sS6TUiM9ZTdW6y4oz1DDuwoNNTv5TVJHuN8HH2-HQ-r43sbPzEGQ6qVM5KLIpeznNUrL9ZoeNLZSnKzDNPccBpkRK6P-JxOC6sOnaavoTGsx3qnCftjOEHHePaOHp/s1600/RossanoGospelsLastSupperCroppedjpg.jpg">enlarge</a>): Extract from "Miniature of the Last Supper from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossano_Gospels">Rossano Gospels</a>"[<a href="#RGW">RGW</a>]. Jesus is Shroud-like with Jewish shoulder length hair and full beard, by contrast to the apostles who look like Greeks. This is evidence that this c. 560 image of Jesus was copied, directly or indirectly from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a>!]</p><p>Gospel Book written following the reconquest of the Italian peninsula by the Byzantine Empire [in 540 - See "<a href="#0540a">540a</a>" above]. Also known as Codex purpureus Rossanensis due to the reddish (<i>purpureus</i> in Latin) appearance of its pages, the codex is one of the oldest surviving illuminated manuscripts of the New Testament"[<a href="#RGW">RGW</a>]. CIELT's (<a href="https://www.shroud.com/bsts4308.htm">Centre International d'Études sur le Linceul de Turin</a>) <a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n70part10.pdf">Andre Van Cauwenberghe</a> (1911-2008) pointed out of this sixth century manuscript that "<i>Christ represented possesses all the noted </i>[<a href="<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/04/were-radiocarbon-dating-laboratories_14.html">Vignon Markings</a>">Vignon markings</a>]<i> features</i>":<blockquote>"The ... artists, apparently had a model ... showing the characteristics which we notice so positively on observing the Face of Christ on the Shroud: - A mass of hair surrounding the face - A nose, long and thin, which the artists of the era, on seeing it in dark shades, have translated naturally to white - A thin mouth surmounted by something they judged to be a moustache - A forked beard - A lock of hair. It is important to note that only Christ is portrayed in this manner. The oldest representation and the most striking, because of the quite particular character of the portrait of Christ, very similar to the Shroud, is the `Apostelcommunion', the `Communion of the Apostles' of the 6th century, originating in Constantinople (Codex Rossanensis). The twelve apostles are completely different to Christ. But the <i>Christ represented possesses all the noted </i>[Vignon markings]<i> features</i>"[<a href="#VC90">VC90</a>].</blockquote><b><a name="0570">c. 570</a></b> First mention of the continued existence of "the face cloth [<i><a href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4676/kjv/tr/0-1/">soudarion</a></i>] that had been on Jesus' head" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+20%3A7&version=MOUNCE">Jn 20:7</a>), i.e. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo">Sudarium of Oviedo</a>, by the chronicler of the pilgrimage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_pilgrim_of_Piacenza">anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza</a> (wrongly called <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=St+Antoninus+Martyr">St Antoninus Martyr</a> who died in 303), in a cave convent on the banks of the Jordan, in which was: "the <i>sudarium</i> that was on the face (or forehead) of the Lord)"[<a <a href="#SD89a">SD89a</a>, 76; <a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 12; <a href="#GM99">GM99</a>, 129; <a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 22-23; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 185]. </p><p><b><a name="0575">c. 575</a></b> Emesa vase. This sixth century Byzantine style[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 102; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 141] silver vase from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs">Homs</a> (ancient Emesa), Syria[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 153; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 141], which is <a href="https://collections-louvre-fr.translate.goog/en/ark:/53355/cl010256133?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">in the Louvre, Paris</a>[<a href="#VR87">VR87</a>, 13; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 135]. It has a medallion face of Jesus[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 102; <a href="#MR86">MR86</a>, 77; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 141] which bears a strong resemblance to the face on the Shroud[<a href="#WM86">WM86</a>, 105; <a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 184; </p><p><a name="paraFFS"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-oWLFKMpizpv_f7PTc-4arEtVlC7Ln7U5SrVoR_-QmVUj7Lcxu57oa0DCeVcRRpETTVMsXqU1yR4slXwOr5u_eN5VLNUsQVAx8RThirIHs9X3zamSoOGB3BBaetzd7LYfCK4w4ZUsIcgF/s800/Homs+vase300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-oWLFKMpizpv_f7PTc-4arEtVlC7Ln7U5SrVoR_-QmVUj7Lcxu57oa0DCeVcRRpETTVMsXqU1yR4slXwOr5u_eN5VLNUsQVAx8RThirIHs9X3zamSoOGB3BBaetzd7LYfCK4w4ZUsIcgF/s800/Homs+vase300.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-oWLFKMpizpv_f7PTc-4arEtVlC7Ln7U5SrVoR_-QmVUj7Lcxu57oa0DCeVcRRpETTVMsXqU1yR4slXwOr5u_eN5VLNUsQVAx8RThirIHs9X3zamSoOGB3BBaetzd7LYfCK4w4ZUsIcgF/s800/Homs+vase300.jpg">enlarge</a>): Face of Shroud-like Jesus on the sixth century <a href="https://collections-louvre-fr.translate.goog/en/ark:/53355/cl010256133?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Homs vase</a>[<a href="#VE24">VE24</a>]</p><p><a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 153]. It has many of the Vignon markings[<a href="#MR86">MR86</a>, 77; <a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 189]. These similarities include, the narrowness of the face; the distortions carved into the right side of the face, where the Shroud face has two sizable bruises, the swollen cheek and the half-moon bruise below; and the shape of the head[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 189-190].</p><p><b><a name="c650">c. 650</a></b> Mosaic depiction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 1-2] (below), </p><p><a name="paraMDF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFtgRufZQfGeEZT_8TMLirz0xQd7qwC6taVMMabRw8YL1ikKk_CHpHfzaN2Ng1ow0vMWsCfQe1kVFh0JF1xFd07tpb-xJ_5UuJ8tyvVHLico3gW254mno1MD7OqJB8C-dT6Kr5AWle7FBe/s1600/MosaicSanliurfaWilson2010Pl19a50pc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFtgRufZQfGeEZT_8TMLirz0xQd7qwC6taVMMabRw8YL1ikKk_CHpHfzaN2Ng1ow0vMWsCfQe1kVFh0JF1xFd07tpb-xJ_5UuJ8tyvVHLico3gW254mno1MD7OqJB8C-dT6Kr5AWle7FBe/s800/MosaicSanliurfaWilson2010Pl19a50pc.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFtgRufZQfGeEZT_8TMLirz0xQd7qwC6taVMMabRw8YL1ikKk_CHpHfzaN2Ng1ow0vMWsCfQe1kVFh0JF1xFd07tpb-xJ_5UuJ8tyvVHLico3gW254mno1MD7OqJB8C-dT6Kr5AWle7FBe/s1600/MosaicSanliurfaWilson2010Pl19a50pc.jpg">enlarge</a>[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, plate 19a]): Shroud-like mosaic depiction of the Image of Edessa, dated sixth-seventh century, from a house near <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Sanliurfa">Sanliurfa</a> (ancient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa">Edessa</a>). See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/03/phil-dayvault-presents-major-new.html#para12">13Mar16</a> that this 6th-7th century Image of Edessa mosaic has at least 9 <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/02/four-proofs-that-ad-1260-1390.html">Vignon markings</a>, and 1 non-Vignon marking, found on the Shroud face!]</p><p>i.e. the Shroud <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">"four-doubled' (<i>tetradiplon</i>)</a>[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">15Sep12</a>], hacked out of a wall of a house in <a href="https://tr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birecik?_x_tr_sl=tr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Bireçik</a>, a town on the banks of the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Euphrates+River">Euphrates River</a> about <a href="https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-birecik-to-sanliurfa">73 km (45 miles)</a> west of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Sanliurfa">Sanliurfa</a> (ancient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa">Edessa</a>)[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 1-2; <a href="#DP16">DP16</a>, 140]. Shroud scholars <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wilson_(author)">Ian Wilson</a> and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQEJki80rZM">Mark Guscin</a> were in Sanliurfa museum in 2008 when they were shown by the museum's Muslim Director, archaeologist <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Prof.+Mehmet+Onal">Prof. Mehmet Onal</a>, the above 6 by 8 inch (~15 x ~20 cms) mosaic depiction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 2]. Prof. Onal identified the mosaic both as the "Image of Edesessa" and "Jesus"[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 1-2]! Guscin and Wilson dated the mosaic between the sixth and seventh centuries[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 2, 138], which meant it was not only the earliest-known depiction of the Image of Edessa, it came from near the ancient city after which the Image of Edessa was named[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 2]!</p><p><b><a name="0614">614</a></b> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo">Sudarium of Oviedo</a>, the "face cloth" in <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+20%3A7&version=MOUNCE">Jn 20:7</a>[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 9; </p><p><a name="paraCFS"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbVOJjxeIfyLdrvgEFIbj3Kp1vVyrUR0MMhRTOpvfGvyX5nkXOfKWhDpiUONiHCvat7rU-eS_kM5-CsJQlG47efpYL4_A0jKO0g-zh_NxsyZEb3TrZWylWNmeTPeMV7N9TptqChx6yAWx3/s1600/BennettSudariumShroud.jpg.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbVOJjxeIfyLdrvgEFIbj3Kp1vVyrUR0MMhRTOpvfGvyX5nkXOfKWhDpiUONiHCvat7rU-eS_kM5-CsJQlG47efpYL4_A0jKO0g-zh_NxsyZEb3TrZWylWNmeTPeMV7N9TptqChx6yAWx3/s800/BennettSudariumShroud.jpg"></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbVOJjxeIfyLdrvgEFIbj3Kp1vVyrUR0MMhRTOpvfGvyX5nkXOfKWhDpiUONiHCvat7rU-eS_kM5-CsJQlG47efpYL4_A0jKO0g-zh_NxsyZEb3TrZWylWNmeTPeMV7N9TptqChx6yAWx3/s1600/BennettSudariumShroud.jpg.JPG">enlarge</a>): "Comparison of the Sudarium of Oviedo and the Shroud of Turin"[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 122]. "The most striking thing about all the stains [on the Sudarium of Oviedo] is that they coincide <i>exactly</i> with the face of the image on the Turin Shroud."[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 27] (my emphasis).] </p><p><a name="paraJTS"></a><a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 146-147; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 114-6; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 182, 312 n. 1] [see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html#paraSPN">30</a>"], leaves Jerusalem in its chest (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_Santa"><i>Arca Santa</i></a>) ahead of an impending invasion by the Persian king <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II">Khosrow II (r. 590-628)</a>[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 14; <a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 28-29; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 182]. In <a name="0616">616</a> the Sudarium enters Spain from Jerusalem via Alexandria at <a href="https://goo.gl/iIR8IF">Cartagena</a> and is taken to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville">Seville</a> and placed in the custody of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville">St. Isidore (c.560–636), Archbishop of Seville.</a>[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 14-15; <a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 28-31; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 42]. Bloodstains, particularly those on the back of the head of the Sudarium of Oviedo are so similar in appearance to those on the corresponding part of the Shroud, that it is evident that the two cloths were in contact with the same wounded body within the same short time period[<a href="#AA96">AA96</a>, 83]. Since the Sudarium has been in Spain since the seventh century, this is further evidence that the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">"mediaeval ... AD 1260-1390</a>" radiocarbon date of the Shroud[<a href="#DP89">DP89</a>, 611] is <i>wrong</i>[<a href="#AA00">AA00</a>, 124]!</p><p><b><a name="c640">c.640</a></b> The <i><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0826.htm">Acts of Thaddaeus</a></i>, a 7th century ("... between A.D. 609 and 72.")[<a href="#GM09">GM09</a>, 145</a>] Greek update of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V">Abgar V</a> legend [see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html#0050">50</a>"], described Jesus' image as having been imprinted on a <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html"><i>tetradiplon</i> ("four-doubled")</a> <i>sindon</i> ("linen sheet"):<blockquote>"And Ananias [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V">Abgar V</a>'s courier], having gone and given the letter, was carefully looking at Christ, but was unable to fix Him in his mind. And He knew as knowing the heart, and asked to wash Himself; and a towel [<i>tetradiplon</i>] was given Him; and when He had washed Himself, He wiped His face with it. And His image having been imprinted upon the linen [<i>sindon</i>]"[<a href="#RD51">RD51</a>, 558]</blockquote><a name="paraCPR"></a>Classics professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Drews">Robert Drews (1926-)</a> explained how the Edessan clergy could know from its side that behind the face-only Image of Edessa was a four-doubled sheet. </p><p><a name="paraDFT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4LFG3MGAI8PMIW0IeSpdBHQThBVGzpZl4i2eYjGdlWgyXYvNPXiqIWyrIYtRBdhW-x07k_L7MzkInIRiYnNWD5LU2m9PQjyldk9e5QX9xE6indxRAWcI_vzfpg_Vg35hbIl0GaoGCbJV8/s1600/DrewsR1984p41.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4LFG3MGAI8PMIW0IeSpdBHQThBVGzpZl4i2eYjGdlWgyXYvNPXiqIWyrIYtRBdhW-x07k_L7MzkInIRiYnNWD5LU2m9PQjyldk9e5QX9xE6indxRAWcI_vzfpg_Vg35hbIl0GaoGCbJV8/s800/DrewsR1984p41.jpg"/></a>"What exactly the authors meant by a cloth `folded four times' may be debated, but a reasonable guess is that in a slightly expanded form the cloth was arranged something like this:"[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 41]. [Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4LFG3MGAI8PMIW0IeSpdBHQThBVGzpZl4i2eYjGdlWgyXYvNPXiqIWyrIYtRBdhW-x07k_L7MzkInIRiYnNWD5LU2m9PQjyldk9e5QX9xE6indxRAWcI_vzfpg_Vg35hbIl0GaoGCbJV8/s1600/DrewsR1984p41.jpg">enlarge</a>)]</p><p>Except that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was not "<i>folded</i> four times" but <i>doubled</i> four times, as Prof. Drews' own illustration shows.</p><p><a name="paraNTG"></a>In the Greek, "towel" is <i>tetradiplon</i>, i.e. <i>tetra</i> "four" + <i>diplon</i> "doubled," and "linen" is <i>sindon</i>, a large linen sheet[<a href="#BW57">BW57</a>; <a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 146-147; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 50]. See my 2012, "<i><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Tetradiplon</i> and the Shroud of Turin</a>" for how doubling the Shroud four times, with the face always uppermost, results in the face centred in landscape aspect, <i>exactly</i> as it is in copies of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>! Again, this is proof beyond reasonable doubt that the Shroud was already in existence as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a> `four-doubled' in the <i>7th century</i>, at least <i>six centuries</i> before its <i>earliest 13th century</i> <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">radiocarbon date</a>!</p><p><b><a name="0633">633</a></b> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a> of Roman Catholics living under Muslim rule in Iberian Spain (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus">711–32</a>)</a>[<a href="#MRW">MRW</a>], was given its final form in 633 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Toledo">Fourth Council of Toledo</a>, Spain[<a href="#MRW">MRW</a>], by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_of_Seville">Saint Leandro (c. 534-600)</a> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville">Bishop of Seville (r. 579-600</a>)</a>[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 17; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 42]. Leandro had lived in Constantinople from 579 to 582[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 17; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 42]. The rite originated when Spain was under Arian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom">Visigoth</a> rule in the sixth century[<a href="#MRW">MRW</a>]. The <i>Illatio</i> or preface to the rite for Easter Saturday[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 93; <a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 17] states: <blockquote>"Peter ran to the tomb with John and saw <i>the recent imprints of the dead and risen one on the cloths</i>" (my emphasis)[<a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 55-56; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 42].</blockquote>While this didn't happen, as the <i><a href="https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/sindon">sindon</a></i> was not in the empty tomb when Peter and John entered it[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A6-7&version=MOUNCE">Jn 20:6-7</a>; <a href="#BP28">BP28</a>, 16; <a href="#BW57">BW57</a>, 83-84; "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/11/servant-of-priest-1-turin-shroud.html">Servant of the priest (1)</a>"], it is the earliest mention of Jesus' image being on his Shroud[<a <a href="#SD89a">SD89a</a>, 76]! And when the the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was in Edessa (see <a href="#0544">544</a> and <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/chronology-of-turin-shroud-tenth-century.html#0944a">944a</a>)!</p><p><b><a name="0639">639</a></b> Edessa was conquered by Muslim forces[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 254; <a href="#SJ01">SJ01</a>, 193; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 26] under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)</a>[<a href="#EDW">EDW</a>]. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> which was in Edessa [see "<a href="#0544">544</a>"] fell under Muslim control[<a href="#CN88">CN88</a>, 71; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 26] and remained so for over 300 years until 944[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 148]. [see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/chronology-of-turin-shroud-tenth-century.html#0944a">944a</a>"]. The conquest was peaceable[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 267] and indeed Edessa's Syriac-speaking population were happy to be liberated from their Greek-speaking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> rulers in distant Constantinople[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 299]. In return, Edessan Christians were allowed by their Muslim overlords to continue their religious observances, including veneration of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a>[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 26], and Edessa's Hagia Sophia cathedral was preserved[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 254]. </p><p><a name="0670a"></a><a name="0670b"></a><a name="0670"></a><b><a name="0680">680</a></b> A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arculf">Bishop Arculf (fl. 7th century) </a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux">Perigueux</a>, France[<a href="#GM69">GM69</a>; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 94; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 109] (however <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_P%C3%A9rigueux">Arculf is not listed as one of that diocese's bishops</a>), returning from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in about 680[<a href="#SD89a">SD89a</a>, 76; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 109; <a href="#ARW">ARW</a>], was shipwrecked on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iona">island of Iona</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Hebrides">Scottish Hebrides</a>[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 94; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 108]. Arculf recounted his pilgrimage to the Abbot of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iona_Abbey">Iona Abbey</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Adamnan">Irish scholar</a> and saint <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n">Adamnan (c. 624–704)</a>[<a href="#GM69">GM69</a>; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 94; <a href="#ADW">ADW</a>], who recorded it in his <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Locis_Sanctis">De Locis Sanctis</a></i> ("On Holy Places"), completed in 698[<a href="#DLW">DLW</a>]. <a name="paraNPD"></a>In particular, Adamnan recorded in Latin that in Jerusalem Arculf had seen, "the <i>sudarium</i> of our Lord which was placed over his head in the tomb"[<a href="#BA34">BA34</a>, 50; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 108-109]. However, Arculf described this cloth as "eight foot long"[<a href="#WM86">WM86</a>, 103; <a <a href="#SD89a">SD89a</a>, 76], which is much shorter than the Shroud's 14 feet[<a href="#BP28">BP28</a>, 144; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 94; <a <a href="#SD89a">SD89a</a>, 77; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 109]. It cannot have been the Shroud folded in two[<a href="#SD89a">SD89a</a>, 77] because Arculf stated that "it began to fly on high, like a bird with out-spread wings"[<a href="#MJ95">MJ95</a>] and the Shroud would have unfolded revealing its full length. Also Arculf claimed that he had kissed this "sudarium"[<a <a href="#SD89a">SD89a</a>, 77] and that close up Arculf would have realised that the cloth was folded. Finally, Arculf did not mention that this "sudarium" had an image of Jesus imprinted on it, which he surely would have, had there been one[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 94; <a <a href="#SD89a">SD89a</a>, 77; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 109]. It also cannot have been the "face cloth" [Greek <i><a href="https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/soudarion">soudarion</a></i>] of <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A7&version=MOUNCE">John 20:7</a> (see the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo">Sudarium of Oviedo</a> <a href="#0614">above</a>), because at ~84 x ~53 cm (= ~33 x ~21 in. = ~2.8 ft x 1.7 ft), that is a much smaller cloth[<a href="#BP28">BP28</a>, 144; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 109]. Since Latin had no word of its own for the Greek <i><a href="https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/sindon">sindon</a></i> used of the Shroud in the gospels (<a href="https://goo.gl/t5PBc3">Mt 27:59; Mk 15:46; Lk 23:53</a>), it was a common confusion in Latin writers that the word "sudarium" was used to mean the much larger Shroud[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 11]. Some have speculated that what Arculf saw was a single sided copy of the Shroud, such as the Besançon[<a href="#CN88">CN88</a>, 62; <a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 210; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 113</a>] or the Compiegne[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 94; <a href="#WM86">WM86</a>, 103] shroud, but they both had images. but since it would have been an amazing coincidence if Arculf just happened to be in Jerusalem when this once-only `trial by fire' occurred, and being French he would not understand the Syriac language in which the event was presumably conducted, what Arculf likely saw was an embellished <i>re-enactment</i> of a past `trial by fire' that the Sudarium of Oviedo, which unlike the Shroud, had been in or near Jerusalem until 614 (see <a href="#0614">above</a>), had been subjected to. The Sudarium of Oviedo has a burn hole that appears to </p><p><a name="paraTMB"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd13J3AcHl_pKP9VkNH0MzPXuO5xmo8ZIl0NTwTPhHihUfMbxHsEaipXcmYl4ldXqD3OrDxffQcIvG2QHoehtCnyT1dZTx4UC6iJm86oiakwcNKtz-adBw4nkS7gH8y8vqVrO5nlrq897C/s1600/Bennettbutterfly.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd13J3AcHl_pKP9VkNH0MzPXuO5xmo8ZIl0NTwTPhHihUfMbxHsEaipXcmYl4ldXqD3OrDxffQcIvG2QHoehtCnyT1dZTx4UC6iJm86oiakwcNKtz-adBw4nkS7gH8y8vqVrO5nlrq897C/s800/Bennettbutterfly.JPG" /></a><p><a name="paraBHB"></a>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd13J3AcHl_pKP9VkNH0MzPXuO5xmo8ZIl0NTwTPhHihUfMbxHsEaipXcmYl4ldXqD3OrDxffQcIvG2QHoehtCnyT1dZTx4UC6iJm86oiakwcNKtz-adBw4nkS7gH8y8vqVrO5nlrq897C/s1600/Bennettbutterfly.JPG">enlarge</a>): Major stains on the reverse side of the Sudarium of Oviedo[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 120]. The burn hole can be clearly seen below the word "PRINCIPLE" (sic) and to the right of the word "WOUNDS". When <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd13J3AcHl_pKP9VkNH0MzPXuO5xmo8ZIl0NTwTPhHihUfMbxHsEaipXcmYl4ldXqD3OrDxffQcIvG2QHoehtCnyT1dZTx4UC6iJm86oiakwcNKtz-adBw4nkS7gH8y8vqVrO5nlrq897C/s1600/Bennettbutterfly.JPG">enlarged</a> the dark burn marks around it can be seen.]</p><p>have been caused by a lighted wax candle[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 32], so that could have been the result of a `trial by fire' that the Sudarium had been subjected to and survived. But even if he misunderstood what he saw, Arculf's testimony shows it was common knowledge among 7th century Christians that Jesus' burial cloths had been recovered from His tomb and existed in their day!</p><p><b><a name="0692">692</a></b> Between 692 and 695 Byzantine Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_II">Justinian II ((r. 685–695, 705-11)</a> minted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremissis">tremissis</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidus_(coin)">solidus</a>[<a href="#WW91a">WW91a</a>, 308; <a href="#WW91b">WW91b</a>, 16; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 128] coins bearing an image of Jesus' face[<a href="#WW91a">WW91a</a>, 308; <a href="#WI92">WI92</a>, 2-3; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 101]. The coins are inscribed "<i>Jesu Christu, Rex Regnantium</i>" ("Jesus Christ, King of Kings")[<a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 16; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 155,168]. They are therefore in the category of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> [Greek <i>pas</i> "all" and <i>kratos</i> "rule"[<a href="#ZS92">ZS92</a>, 1093-1094]. Hence "literally ruler of all, but usually translated as `Almighty'"[<a href="#CPW">CPW</a>] (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2Cor+6%3A18%3B+Rev+1%3A8%3B+4%3A8%3B11%3A17%3B+15%3A3%3B+16%3A7%2C+14%3B+19%3A6%2C15%3B+21%3A22&version=MOUNCE">2Cor 6:18; Rev 1:8; 4:8;11:17; 15:3; 16:7,14; 19:6,15; 21:22</a>)] icons[<a href="#WI91">WI91</a>, 161; <a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 195; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 26]. These were the first coins to bear Jesus' image[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 187; <a href="#WW91a">WW91a</a>, 308; <a href="#WI91">WI91</a>, 166; <a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 194; <a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 158; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 101; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 26].</p><p><a name="paraSCB"></a>As can be seen below, Jesus' face on the Justinian II c. 692 gold solidus </p><p><a name="paraCPN"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk4l2zgnLh2wEl7a2PXMR7QOkk9BWTE5eOgRLL2VJNpKXMxzuBghr9VavlQamHAL3r9DJUmOI3Uifge2rD_hi4BUwIwlSylYegy7DORand5IYTY-oai4fLZB9OO83jOTL2ZFcb9sflG8WaANZaHkATB0D0pT2MStexXkdsLZs0eImvMsrmViX1oozdlg/s800/Durante2002Face&JustIISolidus220713E6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk4l2zgnLh2wEl7a2PXMR7QOkk9BWTE5eOgRLL2VJNpKXMxzuBghr9VavlQamHAL3r9DJUmOI3Uifge2rD_hi4BUwIwlSylYegy7DORand5IYTY-oai4fLZB9OO83jOTL2ZFcb9sflG8WaANZaHkATB0D0pT2MStexXkdsLZs0eImvMsrmViX1oozdlg/s800/Durante2002Face&JustIISolidus220713E6.png" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk4l2zgnLh2wEl7a2PXMR7QOkk9BWTE5eOgRLL2VJNpKXMxzuBghr9VavlQamHAL3r9DJUmOI3Uifge2rD_hi4BUwIwlSylYegy7DORand5IYTY-oai4fLZB9OO83jOTL2ZFcb9sflG8WaANZaHkATB0D0pT2MStexXkdsLZs0eImvMsrmViX1oozdlg/s800/Durante2002Face&JustIISolidus220713E6.png">enlarge</a>): Comparison of positive (left) of the Shroud face (enhanced)[<a href="#LM10b">LM10b</a>] and a Justinian II 692 gold solidus coin (right-cropped). It is <i>obvious</i> that the engraver of this late 7th century coin based his design on the face of the man on the Shroud: <i>~568 years</i> before the earliest <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a>! And <i>~663 years</i> before the Shroud <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1355">first appeared in 1355, in undisputed history, at Lirey, France</a>!]</p><p>coin, which was evidently based on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>[<a href="#WA83">WA83</a>, 303; <a href="#WI91">WI91</a>, 166; <a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 267; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 26], bears a striking resemblance to the face of the man on the Shroud[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 188; <a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 194; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 158, 267; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 26], proving that they are one and the same[<a href="#WI82">WI82</a>, 4; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 158]. <a name="paraNTT"></a>Note that the c.692 solidus coin above depicts three protuberances which are also on the Shroud. See my post of <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/05/the-three-hebrewaramaic-letters-under.html">27May23</a> where I proposed that the three Hebrew/Aramaic letters evident in a hologram, which these protuberances evidently are, is a Roman criminal and/or execution number! These resemblances include long hair that falls behind the shoulders, a long forked beard, a moustache, and a small tuft on the forehead where there is a `reversed 3' bloodstain on the Shroud<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 195] Even <i>wrinkles in the Shroud fabric</i> were reproduced on the coin[<a href="#WW91a">WW91a</a>, 308]!</p><p><a name="paraBMC"></a>By my count [see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/02/four-proofs-that-ad-1260-1390_23.html#paraJTG">23Feb12</a>] there are at least <i>twelve</i> out of the fifteen "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/02/four-proofs-that-ad-1260-1390.html">Vignon markings</a>"on Jesus' face on this coin (see <a href="#paraCPS">above</a>): "... (2) three-sided `square' between brows, (3) V shape at bridge of nose, ... (6) accentuated left cheek, (7) accentuated right cheek, (8) enlarged left nostril, (9) accentuated line between nose and upper lip, (10) heavy line under lower lip, (11) hairless area between lower lip and beard, (12) forked beard, (13) transverse line across throat, (14) heavily accentuated owlish eyes, (15) two strands of hair." So this 692-695 Justinian II solidus coin is further proof beyond reasonable doubts that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> existed more <i>five centuries</i> before the earliest <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260 radiocarbon date</a> (1260 - 695 = 565)! And more <i>six centuries</i> before the Shroud <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1355">first appeared in undisputed history in c. 1355</a> at Lirey, France (1355 - 695 = 660)!</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]</p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AA96">AA96</a>. Adler, A.D., 1996, "<a href="http://www.sindone.info/ADLER.PDF">Updating Recent Studies on the Shroud of Turin</a>," in <a href="#AC02">AC02</a>, 81-86. <br><a name="AA00">AA00</a>. Adler, A.D., 2000, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi43part11.pdf">The Shroud Fabric and the Body Image: Chemical and Physical Characteristics</a>," in <a href="#AC02">AC02</a>, 113-127. <br><a name="AEW">AEW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/526_Antioch_earthquake">526 Antioch earthquake</a>," Wikipedia, 7 January 2024. <br><a name="AC02">AC02</a>. 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Extract from Latendresse, M., 2010, "<a href="http://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=5&image=5&lon=990.0&lat=681.0">Shroud Scope: Durante 2002 Face Only Vertical</a>," Sindonology.org.<br><a name="MJ20">MJ20</a>. Markwardt, J.J., "The Shroud in Antioch," Email 22/01/2020, 12:43 pm to S.E. Jones.<br><a name="MJ95">MJ95</a>. Macpherson, J.R., 1895, "Pilgrimage of Arculfus in the Holy Land About the Year A.D. 670," London. No longer online.<br><a name="MJ98">MJ98</a>. Markwardt, J.J., 1998, "Antioch and the Shroud," in <a href="#MM02">MM02</a>, 296-319</a><br><a name="MM02">MM02</a>. Minor, M., Adler, A.D. & Piczek, I., eds., 2002, "The Shroud of Turin: Unraveling the Mystery: Proceedings of the 1998 Dallas Symposium," Alexander Books: Alexander NC.<br><a name="MR86">MR86</a>. Maher, R.W., 1986, "Science, History, and the Shroud of Turin," Vantage Press: New York NY. <br><a name="MRW">MRW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a>," Wikipedia, 4 December 2023,.<br><a name="OM10">OM10</a>. Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.<br><a name="OSW">OSW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ravenna_(539%E2%80%93540)">Ostrogoths</a>," Wikipedia, 24 November 2023. <br><a name="PM96">PM96</a>. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.<br><a name="RD51">RD51</a>. Roberts, A. & Donaldson, J., eds, 1951, "The Ante-Nicene Fathers: The Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325," Vol. VIII: The Twelve Patriarchs, Excerpts and Epistles, The Clementina, Apocrypha, Decretals, Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac Documents, Remains of the First Ages, Eerdmans: Grand Rapids MI, Reprinted 1974. <br><a name="RC99">RC99</a>, 56. Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.<br><a name="RGW">RGW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossano_Gospels">Rossano Gospels</a>," Wikipedia, 24 November 2020.<br><a name="SD89a">SD89a</a>. Scavone, D.C., 1989, "The Shroud of Turin: Opposing Viewpoints," Greenhaven Press: San Diego CA.<br><a name="SD89b">SD89b</a>. Scavone, D., "The Shroud of Turin in Constantinople: The Documentary Evidence," in Sutton, R.F., Jr., 1989, "Daidalikon: Studies in Memory of Raymond V Schoder," Bolchazy Carducci Publishers: Wauconda IL, 311-329.<br><a name="SD91">SD91</a>. Scavone, D.C., 1991, "The History of the Turin Shroud to the 14th C.," in <a href="#BA91">BA91</a>, 171-204.<br><a name="SEW">SEW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(544)">Siege of Edessa (544)</a>," Wikipedia, 7 July 2023. <br><a name="SJ01">SJ01</a>. Segal, J.B., 2001, "Edessa: The Blessed City," [1970], Gorgias Press: Piscataway NJ, Second edition, Reprinted, 2005.<br><a name="SRW">SRW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ravenna_(539%E2%80%93540)">Siege of Ravenna (539–540)</a>," Wikipedia, 24 August 2023. <br><a name="VTW">VTW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius">Vitiges</a>," Wikipedia, 31 October 2023.<br><a name="VC90">VC90</a>. Van Cauwenberghe, A., 1990, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn063Feb91.pdf">A Tentative Account of Comparative Iconography</a>," translated by Victoria Harper, First published in <i>La Lettre Mensuelle du CIELT</i>, Paris, October 1990. In <i>Shroud News</i>, No 63, February 1991, 12-15, 12-13.<br><a name="VE24">VE24</a>. "<a href="https://collections-louvre-fr.translate.goog/en/ark:/53355/cl010256133?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Vase from Emesa</a>," Louvre Museum, Paris, 12 February 2024 . <br><a name="VKW">VKW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a>," Wikipedia, 26 February 2024.<br><a name="VR87">VR87</a>. Van Haelst, R., 1987, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn044Dec87.pdf">Did I see the Lord?,</a>" <i>Shroud News</i>, No. 44, December, 11-15. <br><a name="WA83">WA83</a>. Whanger, A., "Comment" in Meacham, W., 1983, "The Authentication of the Turin Shroud: An Issue in Archaeological Epistemology," <i>Current Anthropology</i>, Vol. 24, No. 3, June, 283-311.<a name="WB00">WB00</a>. Walsh, B., ed., 2000, "Proceedings of the 1999 Shroud of Turin International Research Conference, Richmond, Virginia," Magisterium Press: Glen Allen VA, 69-77.<br><a name="WI78">WI78</a>. Wilson, I., 1978, "The Turin Shroud," Book Club Associates: London.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI82">WI82</a>. Wilson, I., 1982, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n01part3.pdf">News - New Artistic Claims From Duke University</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 1, June.<br><a name="WI91">WI91</a>. Wilson, I., 1991, "Holy Faces, Secret Places: The Quest for Jesus' True Likeness," Doubleday: London. <br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY. <br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.<br><a name="WI92">WI92</a>. Wilson, I., 1992, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n30part1.pdf">The Shroud Face on a Coin Precisely Datable to 692-5 AD</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 30, December/January, 2-4. <br><a name="WK76">WK76</a>. Weitzmann, K., 1976, "The Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai: The Icons," Princeton University Press; in <a href="#WM86">WM86</a>, 107.<br><a name="WM86">WM86</a>, Wilson, I. & Miller, V., 1986, "The Evidence of the Shroud," Guild Publishing: London.<br><a name="WS00">WS00</a>. Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books: London.<br><a name="WW91a">WW91a</a>. Whanger, A. & Whanger, M., 1991a, "A Quantitative Optical Technique for Analyzing and Authenticating the Images on the Shroud of Turin," in <a href="#BA91">BA91</a>, 303-324.<br><a name="WW91b">WW91b</a>, Whanger, A.D. & Whanger, M., 1991b, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn065Jun91.pdf">Evidence of Early Origin and Nature of the Shroud of Turin by Image Analysis and Optical Comparison</a>," <i>Shroud News</i>. No. 65, June 1991, 8-18.<br><a name="WW98">WW98</a>. Whanger, M. & Whanger, A.D., 1998, "The Shroud of Turin: An Adventure of Discovery," Providence House Publishers: Franklin TN. <br><a name="WW99">WW99</a>. Whanger, A. & Whanger, M., 1999, "The Real Date of the Shroud: The Visual Evidence," in <a href="#WB00">WB00</a>, 69-77.<br><a name="ZS92">ZS92</a>. Zodhiates, S., 1992, "The Complete Word Study Dictionary: New Testament," AMG Publishers: Chattanooga TN, Third printing, 1994.<br></p><p>Posted 20 February 2024. Updated 18 March 2024.</p>Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-17856045954494178282024-02-13T23:30:00.020+08:002024-03-11T19:13:40.752+08:00Report of the 1969 Turin Commission on the Shroud: Turin Shroud Encyclopedia<p><a name="para01"></a><center>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is "Report of the 1969 Turin Commission on the Shroud," part #26 of my <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i>, which will help me write Chapter 14, "Science and the Shroud" of my book in progress, "Shroud of Turin: Burial Sheet of Jesus!" See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#mybk">06Jul17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#paraMBK">03Jun18</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html#paraMNW">04Apr22</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraPTS">13Jul22</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">8 Nov 22</a>. My thanks to <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Joe+Marino+Shroud+Turin">Joe Marino</a> who scanned the report into PDFs and emailed them to me. The report is one 1976 document, which includes also the 1973 Turin Commission on the Shroud. I will treat the 1969 and 1973 Commissions separately.</p><p>[<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/01/index-z-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html">Index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/07/objections-answered-1-turin-shroud.html">Objections answered (1)</a> #25] [Next: Report of the 1973 Commission #27]<hr></p><p>On 25th March 1969, by letter and subsequent interviews, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Pellegrino">Cardinal</a><a name="paraMBK"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVpFH7rmKGLJULfzXKXEzN9-QiPBGE6L8uNxVHhnwA60h3Pb11by4stnwrS490Wo_I7Mp886NHIrxO3xK_zaB0vdG6PM1RJ-7EYwdZQznTckPhyMvj3Pn7gsaTdSaPgQhHBbLAvmGG54lLtUJWNvvn0KnGZdhHtyFCYGnrp_ZX2FGZXFsNwwRPxkv7Dmxt/s950/Turin%20Commission%20B&W.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVpFH7rmKGLJULfzXKXEzN9-QiPBGE6L8uNxVHhnwA60h3Pb11by4stnwrS490Wo_I7Mp886NHIrxO3xK_zaB0vdG6PM1RJ-7EYwdZQznTckPhyMvj3Pn7gsaTdSaPgQhHBbLAvmGG54lLtUJWNvvn0KnGZdhHtyFCYGnrp_ZX2FGZXFsNwwRPxkv7Dmxt/s950/Turin%20Commission%20B&W.png" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Pellegrino">Michele Pellegrino (r. 1965-77)</a>, Archbishop of Turin, with the approval of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI">Pope Paul VI (r. 1963-78)</a> and ex-King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy">Umberto II (r. 1946)</a>, established a special</p><p>[<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVpFH7rmKGLJULfzXKXEzN9-QiPBGE6L8uNxVHhnwA60h3Pb11by4stnwrS490Wo_I7Mp886NHIrxO3xK_zaB0vdG6PM1RJ-7EYwdZQznTckPhyMvj3Pn7gsaTdSaPgQhHBbLAvmGG54lLtUJWNvvn0KnGZdhHtyFCYGnrp_ZX2FGZXFsNwwRPxkv7Dmxt/s950/Turin%20Commission%20B&amp;W.png">Right</a>: Cover of the report PDF.]</p><p>commission to verify the state of preservation of the Shroud and provisions for its future preservation; and to study the possibility of further examinations and research on the Cloth[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 3, 6; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 64-65; <a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 1].</p><p><a name="paraCMW"></a>Commission members were: Mons. Pietro Caramella - Chairman; Mons.Jose Cottino – Vice-Chairman; Mons. Sergio Baldi - Secretary; and Professors: Silvio Curto, Enzo Delorenzi, Giorgio Frache, Noemi Gabrielli, Giovanni Judica Cordiglia, Camillo Lenti and Enrico Medi – experts; as well as Prof. Luigi Gedda - King Umberto II's personal representative[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 3; <a href="#WR77">WR77</a>, 37; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 65; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 55].</p><p><a name="paraPCW"></a><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=pietro+caramello+philosopher">Pietro Caramello (1908 -97)</a> was an Italian priest and Professor of Philosophy[<a href="#PCW">PCW</a>], and the Shroud's actual custodian below the Cardinal[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 65]. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1983">Jose Cottino (1913-83)</a> was actually an American, from New Bedford, Massachusetts[<a href="#AF82">AF82</a>, 92</a>; <a href="#CD84">CD84</a>, 37</a>]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Curto">Silvio Curto (1919-2015)</a> was Curator of the Egyptian Museum of Turin[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 55; <a href="#SCW">SCW</a></a>]. Enzo Delorenzi was Head of Radiology at the Mauriziano Hospital in Turin[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 65; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 55]. Giorgio Frache was Director of the Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Modena[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 55]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noemi_Gabrielli">Noemi Gabrielli (1901-79)</a> was the former Director of the Piedmontese art galleries[<a href="#BR78">BR78</a>, 77; <a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 74; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 55]. Dr Giovanni Judica Cordiglia (-1980) was a lecturer in Forensic Medicine at the University of Milan[<a href="#WR77">WR77</a>, 37; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 55]. <a name="paraCLW"></a><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Camillo+Lenti+biochemist">Camillo Lenti</a> was a biochemistry professor. <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enrico_Medi?_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Enrico Medi (1911-74)</a> was a physicist at the University of Rome[<a href="#WR77">WR77</a>, 37]. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luigi-Gedda">Luigi Gedda (1902-2000)</a> was an anthropologist[<a href="#WR77">WR77</a>, 37].</p><p><a name="paraTXN"></a>The existence and membership of the commission was not officially made public for three years[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 66; <a href="#BR78">BR78</a>, 49], hence it is known as the "Secret Commission"[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 55; <a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 1]. However leaks to the press had by 1973 revealed the commission's existence and membership[<a href="#WR77">WR77</a>, 37; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 66; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 61; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 55].</p><p><a name="paraNSJ"></a>On 16 June, Cardinal Pellegrino celebrated the Mass of the Holy Shroud on the altar of the Royal Chapel, facing towards the Royal Palace[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 3; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 64]. Immediately afterwards , in the presence of the members of the to-be-appointed commission, and other dignitaries, the grille of the safe on the altar was opened, with the three keys, one of which was presented by the Archbishop and two by the Palatine Clergy[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 3; <a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 3; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 64]. The silver casket containing the Shroud was brought down and transported to the adjoining Royal Chapel, which had been equipped for the examination [<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 3-4; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 64].</p><p><a name="paraHTC"></a>Here the Cardinal Archbishop, having verified the identity of the seals, had the casket opened and the Shroud removed. The Shroud was then placed on the table provided , for the purpose, which was covered with a white cloth. The Palatine Chaplains took turns at watching over the Shroud day and night during the period of the investigation[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 4].</p><p><a name="paraDTX"></a>During the examination of the Shroud it was placed on a vertical frame, suitably placed for photography which was to be undertaken by the expert photographer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judica-Cordiglia_brothers">Giovanni Battista Judica Cordiglia (1939-2018)</a>, son of Dr Giovanni Judica Cordiglia[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 65-66; <a href="#CD83">CD83</a>, 61; <a href="#CD85">CD85</a>, 31], assisted by Carlo Andrea Filipello[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 4].</p><p><a name="paraTXT"></a>The experts then made examinations with the naked eye and with a microscope, by normal light, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight">Wood's light</a> (ultraviolet) and by infrared light[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 4]. They had lengthy discussions on the data obtained, finally drawing conclusions which, compiled in a separate report, shall be presented to Cardinal Pellegrino[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 4].</p><p><a name="paraNCF"></a>On completion of the examinations the Shroud was replaced on the 18 June at 10 am[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 4].</p><p><a name="paraTRW"></a>The relic was rolled up again and returned to its silver casket with the seals of the Archbishop and of the Royal Chapel and the casket was replaced on the altar, in the presence of Mons. Francesco Sanmartino, Aitular Archbishop of Summola, Vicar General and Auxiliary of the Archbishop, who signed this report with the witnesses Mons. Caramella and Mons. Cottino, Count Provana, Arch. Chierici and Ragonier. Toncelli[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 4].</p><p><a name="paraRFT"></a><center>REPORT OF THE CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS PRESENTED BY THE EXPERTS</center></p><p><a name="paraFXD"></a>After exhaustive discussions the said commission agreed the following conclusions:</p><p><a name="paraTSW"></a>1. The shroud was observed to be in in excellent state of preservation, and it is advised that it should, for the time being, be kept in the usual condition (wound on a roll, wrapped in silk, in the established place). Later a method of preservation of the cloth between two panes of glass may be studied, which would also be suitable for future exhibition, as well as following relevant museum experience. Within the scope of such studies the advisability of keeping or substituting the present backing of white cloth will also be examined[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 6].</p><p><a name="paraWRT"></a>2. With reference to the second point contained in the previously mentioned letter of the Archbishop, it is felt that research on the famous relic should be conducted along the following lines:</p><p><a name="paraSTL"></a>a) Ascertaining at least the probable dating of the cloth and patches, by means of archaeological research and eventually by physical and chemical means[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 6]. </p><p><a name="paraSTV"></a>b) Ascertaining the various substances present in the marks of a different colour which are to be found on the cloth[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 7].</p><p><a name="paraWNS"></a>c) *Weighty [Italian unclear] and separate examinations of the Shroud (with packing cloths - without packing cloths - without the backing cloth - as far as possible, taking into account the conditions laid down by the proprietor)[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 7].</p><p><a name="paraXFT"></a>d) Examination of the whole sheet by various optical methods (photography, microphotography, chromatic and spectroscopic analysis) on various bands of different wavelengths, under different angles, both of the source and of the registering apparatus, with precise references to a fixed system of coordinate axes. The construction of suitable equipment will be proposed for this[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 7].</p><p><a name="paraXFT"></a>e) Examination of the material itself[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 7].</p><p><a name="paraDCS"></a>f) Documentary cinema shots - recording with telecamera and videorecorder[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 7].</p><p><a name="paraQRS"></a>g) Equipping a room as a laboratory in the immediate vicinity of the chapel with adequate guard, for the occasion of a new inspection which it is foreseen will take some time[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 7];</p><p><a name="paraTSX"></a>3. The separate experts reserve to themselves the right, having personally investigated the problem of the Shroud, to inform the chair of eventual further observations and suggestions that after examination by all the other members of the commission may give place to other proposals[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 7].</p><p><a name="paraNCT"></a>4 In conclusion the requests listed below are submitted to the royal owner and the appropriate authorities:</p><p><a name="paraTRF"></a>a) The removal of the white backing cloth, that is sewn together with the patches, leaving; the patches themselves intact[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 7].</p><p><a name="paraTRF"></a>b) The removal of minimal samples (for microdetermination) for the physical, chemical and textile [Italian "<a href="https://www.linguee.com/english-italian/translation/merceological.html">merceological</a>"] examinations etc.</p><p><a name="paraTCT"></a>5. The commission takes note of the declaration of Count Umberto di Provana di Collegno, present at the meeting, and of Prof. Luigi Gedda, according to whom His Majesty Umberto II intends that the parts of the backing cloth eventually removed be returned to him. Should the substitution of the said backing cloth be necessary His Majesty will undertake the task[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 8].</p><p><a name="paraTCW"></a>6. The commission was unanimously satisfied at having had the possibility of, directly and at length and with all calm, observing the Holy Shroud over two days[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 8].</p><p><a name="paraTLN"></a>This allowed and will allow concrete proposals to be made, as those described above, for the development of investigations. The chair will do its best to comply with the requests of the commissioners where they request bibliographical or photographic aid and useful informationk[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 8].</p><p><a name="paraTSJ"></a>Turin, 17th June 1969</p><p><a name="paraSMP"></a>Signed: Mons. Pietro Caramella <br>Mons. Jose Cottino <br>Don. Sergio Baldi <br>Prof. Giorgio Frache<br>Giovanni Judica Cordiglia <br>Silvio Curto <br>Noemi Gabrielli <br>Camillo Lenti * <br>Enrico .Medi * <br>Enzo Delorenzi <br>Luigi Gedda</p><p><a name="paraPCL"></a>* Prof. Camillo Lenti later resigned from the commission for personal reasons.<br><a name="paraPNM"></a>Prof. Enrico Medi, who had enthusiastically participated in the examination, formulating suggestions and proposals, was prevented from continuing his valuable collaboration by the painful illness which caused his premature death[<a href="#JM76">JM76</a>, 8]. </p><p><a name="paraCNC"></a>Conclusion. I was preparing a summary of the 1969 Commission for my book, but it is taking too long. So I will make a few observations. Cardinal Pellegrino was criticised for the commission being secret[<a href="#BR78">BR78</a>, 49; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 66] and for not including Shroud experts from beyond Italy[<a href="#BR78">BR78</a>, 49; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 65]. But he was motivated primarily by the urgent need to check on the condition of the Shroud and its ongoing preservation in Turin's polluted industrial atmosphere[<a href="#WR77">WR77</a>, 37; <a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 59-60]. Also, it would have been an enormous task for Turin's clergy (who had a full-time day job of running <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Turin">a diocese of ~2 million adherents</a>) to organise an international Shroud commission. There were few, if any, internationally known English-speaking Shroud scholars in 1969: <i>Shroud News</i>' first issue was in was in <a href="https://www.shroud.com/shroudnews.htm#1">1980</a>; <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>'s was in <a href="https://www.shroud.com/spectrum.htm#1">1981</a> and the <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>'s was in <a href="https://www.shroud.com/bstsmain.htm#01">1982</a> - more than a decade later! Some critics disparaged the number of priests on the Commission[<a href="#BR78">BR78</a>, 49; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 65]. But there were only three: Chairman Caramello, Vice-Chairman Cottino and Secretary Baldi[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 55). And the Chairman, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pietro_Caramello?_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Pietro Caramello (1908-97)</a> was no ordinary priest: he was ordained a priest at age 18, by a special papal dispensation[<a href="#PCW">PCW</a>] so he evidently had a genius IQ! It may be that the "priest" Caramello, the actual Shroud custodian[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 65],was the unsung driving force behind the 1969 and 1973 Commissions. Shroudies should be grateful, as I am, that Cardinal Pellegrino established the 1969 Commission, with its farsighted recommendations, which paved the way for the 1973 Commission and its testing, which started the actual scientifc examination of the Shroud itself!</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AF82">AF82</a>. Adams, F.O., 1982, "Sindon: A Layman's Guide to the Shroud of Turin," Synergy Books: Tempe AZ.<br><a name="BR78">BR78</a>. Brent, P. & Rolfe, D., 1978, "The Silent Witness: The Mysteries of the Turin Shroud Revealed," Futura Publications: London.<br><a name="CD83">CD83</a>. Crispino, D.C. , 1983, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi06part11.pdf">In Memoriam - Max Frei</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 6, March, 60-61. <br><a name="CD84">CD84</a>. Crispino, D.C., 1984, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi10part6.pdf">In Memoriam: Mons. Jose Cottino</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 10, March, 37-38.<br><a name="CD85">CD85</a>. Crispino, D.C., 1985, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi16part9.pdf">News and Activities Around the Worldi</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 16, September, 30-31.<br><a name="GV01">GV01</a>. Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL.<br><a name="JM76">JM76</a>. Jepps, M., ed., 1976, "Report of Turin Commission on the Holy Shroud," Turin, Italy.<br><a name="PCW">PCW</a>. "<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Caramello">Pietro Caramello</a>," Wikipedia, 24 January 2020.<br><a name="RC99">RC99</a>, Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.<br><a name="SH81">SH81</a>. Stevenson K.E. & Habermas G.R., 1981, "Verdict on the Shroud: Evidence for the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ," Servant Books: Ann Arbor MI.<br><a name="SH90">SH90</a>. Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1990, "The Shroud and the Controversy," Thomas Nelson: Nashville TN.<br><a name="SCW">SCW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Curto">Silvio Curto</a>," Wikipedia, 12 February 2023.<br><a name="TF06">TF06</a>. Tribbe, F.C., 2006, "Portrait of Jesus: The Illustrated Story of the Shroud of Turin," Paragon House Publishers: St. Paul MN, Second edition.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WR77">WR77</a>. Wilcox, R.K., 1977, "Shroud," Macmillan: New York NY.<br></p><p>Posted 13 February 2024. Updated 11 March 2024.</p>Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-44577605589684708492024-01-22T21:17:00.058+08:002024-02-26T22:13:37.747+08:00Prehistory of the Shroud (2) #45: The evidence is overwhelming that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet! <p><a name="para01"></a><center><b>PREHISTORY OF THE SHROUD (2) #45<br></b>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is #45, "Prehistory of the Shroud (2)," of my series, "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">The evidence is <i>overwhelming</i> that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet!</a>" For more information about this "<i>overwhelming</i>" series, see the "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index #1</a>" and "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/01/other-marks-and-images-26-evidence-is.html">Other marks and images</a> #26." For more information about this "Prehistory" series, see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-1-44-evidence-is.html">"Prehistory" (1)</a>. </p><p>See updates for the years <a href="#0373">373</a>, <a href="#0507">507</a> and <a href="#0521">521</a>.</p><p><a name="para03"></a>[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-1-44-evidence-is.html">Prehistory of the Shroud (1)</a> #44] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/02/prehistory-of-shroud-3-46-evidence-is.html">Prehistory of the Shroud (3)</a> #46]</p><hr><p><center><b>Prehistory of the Shroud (AD 30-1354).</b></center><br><a name="para04"></a><b><a name="0150">c. 150</a></b> Several second century Christian writings record that the Shroud had been saved from Jesus' tomb: the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></i> (late 1st/early 2nd century - see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-1-44-evidence-is.html#c100">c. 100</a>"), the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus">Acts of Pilate</a></i> = <i>Gospel of Nicodemus</i>, the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter">Gospel of Peter</a></i> and the <i><a href="https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gospelgamaliel.html">Gospel of Gamaliel</a></i>[<a href="#SD89">SD89</a>, 74]. This shows that these second century writers knew the Shroud existed in their day[<a href="#SD89">SD89</a>, 74].</p><p><b><a name="0177">177</a></b> Accession of king <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_VIII">Abgar VIII, the Great (r. 177-212)</a>[<a href="#AFW">AFW</a>]. Abgar was the ruler of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroene">Osroene</a>, a Syriac-speaking kingdom in Upper Mesopotamia, whose capital city was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa">Edessa</a>[<a href="#OSW">OSW</a>]. Abgar VIII was Edessa's (and the world's) first Christian king[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 2; <a href="#GM09">GM09</a>, 142], as is evident from some of his coins which were the first to feature a Christian symbol: a prominent Christian cross on his crown[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 167; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 118-119] (see below).</p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju0g51vvsjT0iLe7aajJI7xSayGPfKEIFDF5UDkuoRjCgkh1Sw0TScoQr9VMP3ijy1ujnvMNnjgIWuNO0p6xGBL0VnJxT442NYF5QjGMkwgTa7mFHNLr-7QWDH5Dx9LQmZrVXADbONtE-Z/s1600/AbgarVIII160805.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju0g51vvsjT0iLe7aajJI7xSayGPfKEIFDF5UDkuoRjCgkh1Sw0TScoQr9VMP3ijy1ujnvMNnjgIWuNO0p6xGBL0VnJxT442NYF5QjGMkwgTa7mFHNLr-7QWDH5Dx9LQmZrVXADbONtE-Z/s800/AbgarVIII160805.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju0g51vvsjT0iLe7aajJI7xSayGPfKEIFDF5UDkuoRjCgkh1Sw0TScoQr9VMP3ijy1ujnvMNnjgIWuNO0p6xGBL0VnJxT442NYF5QjGMkwgTa7mFHNLr-7QWDH5Dx9LQmZrVXADbONtE-Z/s1600/AbgarVIII160805.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#JRC">JRC</a>]: Second century Edessan coin, one side with Abgar VIII wearing a crown bearing a Christian cross (right), and on the other side the head of the Roman emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodus">Commodus (r. 180-192)</a> (left).]</p><p><b><a name="c183">c. 183</a></b> During the tolerant reign of Roman Emperor<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodus">Commodus (r. 180-192)</a> Abgar VIII asked <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius">Pope Eleutherus (c. 174-189)</a> to send Christian missionaries to Edessa[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 172; <a href="#SD10">SD10</a>, 1]. In Abgar VIII's reign Edessa became the world's first Christian city, as <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0JWTQh_r62H8ztJvKj24UcGGRPb6tF4nvKDcPrLG9HdSOfY_evuM7zUQtSKKef2Hvdhmx1czTpTFV7GnhXjlrqKC4J-_lusrMdg4xzo1IhyphenhyphenFuh9HSFF9Lao-sJKmwUDhivsDmwQM976Id/s1600/Edessa+lion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0JWTQh_r62H8ztJvKj24UcGGRPb6tF4nvKDcPrLG9HdSOfY_evuM7zUQtSKKef2Hvdhmx1czTpTFV7GnhXjlrqKC4J-_lusrMdg4xzo1IhyphenhyphenFuh9HSFF9Lao-sJKmwUDhivsDmwQM976Id/s800/Edessa+lion.jpg"></a>evidenced by this stone Christian cross over a lion's head in a former fountain in modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa">Sanliurfa</a> (ancient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa">Edessa</a>) [Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0JWTQh_r62H8ztJvKj24UcGGRPb6tF4nvKDcPrLG9HdSOfY_evuM7zUQtSKKef2Hvdhmx1czTpTFV7GnhXjlrqKC4J-_lusrMdg4xzo1IhyphenhyphenFuh9HSFF9Lao-sJKmwUDhivsDmwQM976Id/s1600/Edessa+lion.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 146G]. This had survived the almost complete eradication of Edessa's Christian history since the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)">Muslim conquest of Edessa in 1144</a>[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 1]. The lion was the symbol of the Abgar dynasty[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 119] which ceased ruling over Edessa after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_VIII">Abgar VIII's death in 212</a>[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 119]</p><p><b><a name="0194">194</a></b> Abgar VIII supported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia">Parthia</a> in its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars#Hadrian.27s_policy_and_later_wars">war against Rome</a>[<a href="#SD97">SD97</a>, 35-36] causing Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus">Septimius Severus (r. 193-211)</a> to take Edessa's rule from him and give it to a procurator[<a href="#SD97">SD97</a>, 36].</a></p><p><b><a name="0197-98">197-8</a></b> Abgar VIII changed sides and assisted Rome in its defeat of Parthia[<a href="#SD97">SD97</a>, 36]. To show his loyalty to the Emperor, whose full name was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus">Lucius Septimius Severus</a>, Abgar took on the Latin names Lucius Aelius Aurelius Septimus[<a href="#SJ01">SJ01</a>, 14]. </p><p><b><a name="0201">201</a></b> A major flood of its river the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daysan_River">Daisan (`Leaper')</a> devastates Edessa[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 162; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 132], thousands die, and the "church of the Christians" is damaged</a>[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 162]. This is the first mention anywhere of a Christian church building[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 162] and is further evidence that Edessa had become a Christian city</pr><p><b><a name="0202">202</a></b> As a reward for assisting Rome in its war with Parthia, Abgar VIII was invited to Rome in 202, which he visited after 204, to a lavish reception[<a href="#SD02">SD02</a>, 10; <a href="#SJ01">SJ01</a>, 14].</p><p><b><a name="0205">205</a></b> Following the flood of 201, Abgar VIII built on higher ground within the walls of the old Edessa, a new walled Citadel, called "<i>Birtha</i>" in Syriac[<a href="#SD97">SD97</a>, 36; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 172]. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu_sFc29Sz3I3MO_jJqjBGlYEQ65I3PSTZDfEvMQElSabJ-uebZGgOr2i3Q92YrZ1uF1qbPry7LWutqj2PMxV4j0JyF9oEHTCD-pB17g3T-NWv1-PJT_Bgk3vi0J2LFjg68OltCCUUtWFW/s1600/EdessaCitadelGoogleEarthCloseup.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu_sFc29Sz3I3MO_jJqjBGlYEQ65I3PSTZDfEvMQElSabJ-uebZGgOr2i3Q92YrZ1uF1qbPry7LWutqj2PMxV4j0JyF9oEHTCD-pB17g3T-NWv1-PJT_Bgk3vi0J2LFjg68OltCCUUtWFW/s800/EdessaCitadelGoogleEarthCloseup.png" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu_sFc29Sz3I3MO_jJqjBGlYEQ65I3PSTZDfEvMQElSabJ-uebZGgOr2i3Q92YrZ1uF1qbPry7LWutqj2PMxV4j0JyF9oEHTCD-pB17g3T-NWv1-PJT_Bgk3vi0J2LFjg68OltCCUUtWFW/s1600/EdessaCitadelGoogleEarthCloseup.png">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#EFE">EFE</a>]: The ruins of <a href="https://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/edessa-citadel/view/google/">Edessa's citadel</a>, within the modern city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa">Sanliurfa</a>, Turkey.]</p><p><b><a name="0212">212</a></b> Death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_VIII">Abgar VIII the Great</a>[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 264]. He was succeeded as king of Osroene by his son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_VIII">Abgar IX</a>[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 264].</p><p><b><a name="0213">213</a></b> Abgar IX and his son were summoned to Rome and murdered on the orders of Roman Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla">Caracalla (188–217)</a>[<a href="#AFW">AFW</a>]. In 214 Caracalla ended the independence of Osroene and incorporated it as a province of the Roman Empire[<a href="#AFW">AFW</a>].</p><p><b><a name="c315">c. 315</a></b> Roman Empress <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia">Constantia (c.293-330), the half-sister</a> of Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great">Constantine I the Great (c.272–337)</a>, wrote to the church historian, Bishop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea (260-339)</a>, asking him to send her an "image of Christ"[<a href="#PR21">PR21</a>]. Constantia's letter is lost but from Eusebius' reply, she seemed to be asking for a <i>specific</i> image of Christ, presumably the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a>. This is supported by Eusebius' reply in which, instead of simply answering Constantia along the lines of, "Sorry, but I don't have an image of Christ to send to you," he gave a long-winded refusal which indicated that Eusebius knew which image Constantia meant, but he needed to find a way to refuse Constantine's half-sister's request without actually saying "no". This is further evidence that the Image of Edessa/Shroud existed in the fourth century, known in Christian circles, but hidden from those who would seize it</p><p><b><a name="0315">315</a></b> Constantine, the first Christian Roman Emperor[<a href="#BW57">BW57</a>, 44], abolished crucifixion throughout the Roman Empire[<a href="#BW57">BW57</a>, 44; <a href="#MP78">MP78</a>, 36; <a href=#AM00">AM00</a>, 102], out of veneration for Jesus, crucifixion's most famous victim[<a href="#CRW">CRW</a>]. Crucifixion continued to be banned in the remnants of the Roman Empire which included Europe[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 69]. Neither the Bible, nor writers in the Roman era, described crucifixion in detail[<a href="#AF82">AF82</a></a>, 70; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 120] presumably because everyone then knew those details, and crucifixion was so abhorrent[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 120]. Therefore a medieval European forger, ~1000 years later, would not know enough about Roman crucifixion to depict it accurately as it is on the Shroud</a>[<a href="#MP78">MP78</a>, 36; <a href="#AF82">AF82</a>, 70; <a href="#HJ83">HJ83</a>, 204; <a href="#CT99">CT99</a>, 292].</p><p><b><a name="325a">325a</a></b> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>, convened by Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great">Constantine I</a>, and attended by over 300 bishops from all parts of the Roman Empire, overwhelmingly rejected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism">Arianism</a> (see <a href="#paraBCB">below</a>) and affirmed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy">Trinitarian Orthodoxy</a>, that the "Lord, Jesus Christ, the Son of God" was "begotten not made, of one substance with the Father"[<a href="#FCW">FCW</a>].</p><p><b><a name="325b">325b</a></b> At the First_Council of Nicaea, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarius_of_Jerusalem">Macarius, the Bishop of Jerusalem (r. 312-335)</a>, petitioned Constantine to demolish <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian">Hadrian</a>'s temple to Venus and uncover the tomb of Christ[<a href="#CH14">CH14</a>]. Which happened (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/01/antioch-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html#paraNTT">01Jan20</a>).<p><b><a name="c325">c. 325</a></b> Eusebius, in his <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)">Church History</a></i>[<a href="#EEH">EEH</a>, 43-47. [See Schaff, <i><a href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html">Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i></a>], includes an account of "Agbarus, Prince of Edessa" (Abgar V) who suffered from an incurable disease. When he heard of Jesus' miraculous healings, Abgar sent Jesus a letter by a courier, Ananias, requesting that Jesus visit Edessa and heal him. Jesus replied by letter that he could not come now, but after his Ascension he would send one of his disciples who would heal Abgar's affliction and give life to Abgar and to those who are with him. Included in Eusebius' history are the two letters in the Syriac language which Eusebius had found in Edessa's public records. With the letters in Edessa's records it is stated that after Jesus' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus">Ascension</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle">Apostle Thomas</a> sent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addai_of_Edessa">Thaddeus (Addai)</a>, one of the seventy (or seventy two - <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+10%3A1-17&version=ESV">Lk 10:1-17</a>), to Edessa. Thaddeus healed Abgar, and many Edessans and preached the Gospel in and around Edessa. However, there is nothing in the account of a cloth (the Shroud) having been taken to Edessa. There is no reason why this account, including the letters to, and from, Jesus are not genuine. In their favour is an exchange of letters between Abgar V and the Roman Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius">Tiberius (r. 14-37)</a>, which are regarded as genuine[<a href="#ATW">ATW</a>].</p><p><b><a name="c330">c. 330</a></b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria">Athanasius (c. 296–373), who was bishop of Alexandria from 328 to 373</a>[<a href="#AAW">AAW</a>], affirmed in the times of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great">Constantine the Great, who was Roman Emperor from 306-337</a>[<a href="#CTW">CTW</a>], that a sacred Christ-icon, traceable to Jerusalem in the year 68, was then present in Syria, when Syria did not include Edessa[<a href="#MJ08">MJ08</a>] [See "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-1-44-evidence-is.html#0068">68</a>"].</p><p><b><a name="0337">337</a></b> Death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great">Constantine I (c. 272-337)</a>[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 98]. The Roman Empire was divided among his three surviving sons[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 98]. The eldest, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_II_%28emperor%29">Constantine II (r. 337–340)</a> would rule the West, and the youngest, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans">Constans (r. 337-350)</a> would rule the South[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 98]. The middle son, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II">Constantius (337–361)</a> would rule the Eastern Empire[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 98]. Constantine II and Constans were closely aligned with the orthodox Church[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 98]. <a name="paraBCB"></a>But Constantius became an avowed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism">Arian</a>[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 98]. Arianism holds that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, but He did not always exist having been made before time by God the Father, and therefore the Son, was not coeternal with God the Father, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity">Trinitarian Orthodoxy</a> maintained[<a href="#ARW">ARW</a>]. However, Constantine II and Constans were killed in 340 and 350 respectively[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 98], leaving the Arian Constantius in absolute control of the entire Roman Empire[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 98]. </p><p><b><a name="0338">c. 338</a></b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nino">St. Nino (c. 296–340)</a>, belonged to a Greek-speaking Roman family from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>[<a href="#SNW">SNW</a>]. She brought Christianity to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)">Georgia</a> during the reign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great">Constantine the Great (r. 306-337)</a>[<a href="#HT78">HT78</a>,75; <a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 172]. Nino's father was a Roman army officer by the name of Zabulon, and her mother, Sosana, was the sister of a bishop of Jerusalem, Houbnal I.[<a href="#SNN">SNN</a>]. When Nino reached the age of twelve, her parents sold all their possessions and moved to Jerusalem[<a href="#SNN">SNN</a>]. Nino's father became a monk and left his family to labor in the wilderness of the Jordan[<a href="#SNN">SNN</a>]. Sosana was ordained a deaconess, so she left Nino in the care of an old woman, Sara Niaphor, who raised her in the Christian Faith and related to her the stories of Christ's life and His suffering on earth[<a href="#SNN">SNN</a>]. In 338 Nino wrote in her memoirs that she had been told that the linen strips</a> (<i>othonia</i>[<a href="#GM04">GM04</a>, 20] <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+24:12;+Jn+11:44&version=NIV">Lk 24:12; Jn 11:44</a>) had been taken by Pilate's wife, to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_(region)">Pontus</a>, but later they were brought back by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist">St Luke</a> to Jerusalem</a>[<a href="#BA34">BA34</a>, 50; <a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 53]. The face cloth (<i>sudari</i>[<a href="#GM04">GM04</a>, 20] <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+20:7&version=ESV">Jn 20:7</a>), Nino had heard, had been taken by Peter, but it was not by then known where it was</a>[<a href="#BA34">BA34</a>, 50; <a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 53]. Nino did not mention the Shroud (<i>sindon</i>), but the linen strips (<i>othonia</i>). It is not impossible that Pilate's wife, who <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A17-19&version=ESV">Mt 27:17-19</a> records was a believer in Jesus, did obtain the linen strips temporarily. If the Sudarium was in Jerusalem in Nino's time, she did not know that. Her father being a former Roman army officer may have made Nino a security risk and she may not have been told if the Sudarium was still in Jerusalem. The importance of Nino's memoirs is that she confirmed that it was common knowledge in the fourth century that Jesus' facecloth (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo">Sudarium of Oviedo</a>) had been recovered from his tomb!<a name="paraSFT"></a>As for the Sudarium having been kept by the Apostle Peter, that agrees with Christian tradition. In c. 850 the Syrian bishop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishodad_of_Merv">Ishodad of Merv</a>, wrote of the Sudarium (Syriac <i>sudara</i>): <blockquote>"Simon [Peter] took and it remained with him. And whenever he made an ordination, he arranged it on his head ... just as even now leaders and bishops of the Church arrange their turbans that are on their heads ..."[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 23-24; <a href="#GM69">GM69</a>, 11; <a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 80; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 184].</blockquote> An earlier mention of the Sudarium was in the 570 chronicle of an anonymous pilgrim from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, Italy, who wrote that "the sudarium of Christ" was in a cave close to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mark">Monastery of St. Mark, Jerusalem</a>[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 22-23</a>; <a href="#GM99">GM99</a>, 129]. According to his c. 1109, <i>Book of Testaments</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagius_of_Oviedo">Bishop Pelayo of Oviedo (-1153)</a> recorded that the Sudarium was in Jerusalem up to 614 when it was taken to Alexandria and eventually Spain[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 14-15; <a href="#GM99">GM99</a>, 129; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 41-42]; ahead of the Persian king <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II">Khosrow II (r. 590-628)</a>'s conquest of Jerusalem[<a href="#SCW">SCW</a>].</p><p><b><a name="0357">357</b> In Antioch, the orthodox faction split, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxius_of_Antioch">Eudoxius (r. 357-360)</a> an Arian, was elected bishop, and Antioch became "a stronghold of Arianism"[<a href="#DG63">DG63</a>, 157; <a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 98]. The Arians took control of <a href="#Domus Aurea (Antioch)">Antioch Cathedral</a>[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 98; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 20]. With Arians now in control of both the imperial government (see <a href="#0337">337</a>) and the official Church of Antioch, it would have been propitious to exhibit the relics of the Passion, including the Shroud and exhibit them to Arian believers within the confines of the cathedrall[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 98;<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 20].</p><p><b><a name="0361">361</b> Constantius II died childless and was succeeded by his cousin, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor)">Julian the Apostate (r. 361-363)</a>[<a href="#DG63">DG63</a>, 160; <a <a href="#JAW">JAW</a>], so called because he rejected Christianity and sought to restore pagan worship[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 99; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 22]. Julian originally intended to be tolerant of all religions[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 99] but when he was visiting Antioch in 362, the Temple of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo">Apollo</a> in nearby Daphne caught fire and both its roof and an idol of Apollo were damaged[<a href="#DG63">DG63</a>, 169; <a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 99]. Julian wrongly blamed the Christians and ordered that Antioch Cathedral be closed and its liturgical vessels and other treasures be confiscated[<a href="#DG63">DG63</a>, 169-170; <a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 99]. Julian had made his uncle, also named Julian, the Count of the East, and when he attempted to enforce his nephew's order to confiscate the Cathedral's sacred objects, the Arian treasurer of the cathedral, <a href="https://www.crkvenikalendar.com/zitije_en.php?pok=0&id=BZG">Theodoretus (-362)</a>, refused to deliver them even under torture and death[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 100; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 21]. If the Shroud was in Antioch Cathedral (which is likely - see <a href="#c330">c. 330</a>), then it was one of those "treasures" and would explain both Julian's strange attempted confiscation of them and Theodoret's chosing death by torture rather than hand Christianity's holiest relic over to the pagans. </p><p><b><a name="0373">373</a></b> Death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian (c. 306-73)</a>[<a href="#ETW">ETW</a>]. Also known as St. Ephraim, the "harp of the Syrian church," he lived in Edessa in the late fourth century, but in all the prodigious amount of ecclesiastical verse he wrote, not a mention is made of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a>[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 131; <a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 62; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 135; <a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 184; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 124],</p><p><b><a name="c375">c. 375</a></b> Composition of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_Addai">Doctrine of Addai</a></i> (Syriac for "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_of_Edessa">Thaddeus</a>")[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 63; <a href="#SD03">SD03</a>; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 264], based on earlier versions of the Abgar story[see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-1-44-evidence-is.html#0050">50</a>"] [<a href="#DAW">DAW</a>]. <a name="paraFQV"></a>After quoting verbatim the texts of Abgar's letter to Jesus, and Jesus' reply letter to Abgar[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 63], the <i>Doctrine of Addai</i> interpolates a story of Abgar's keeper of the archives, and king's artist, Hannan (Syriac of Ananias[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 63]), painting Jesus' portrait with "choice paints"[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 63]:<blockquote>"When Hanan the archivist saw that Jesus had spoken thus to him, he took and painted the portrait of Jesus with choice pigments, since he was the king's artist, and brought it with him to his lord King Abgar. When King Abgar saw the portrait he received it with great joy and placed it with great honor in one of the buildings of his palaces"[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 63].</blockquote>This is the earliest mention of a connection between Edessa and an image of Jesus[<a href="#SD89">SD89</a>, 80; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 21]. In fourth century Edessa Jesus' image on the cloth was regarded as not supernatural, but as the product of merely human skill[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 63]. It provides no support for the 945 <i>Official History</i>'s claim that Abgar V set up this likeness of Jesus "not made by hand," fastened it to a board, embellished with gold, over Edessa's main gate[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 280][see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/chronology-of-turin-shroud-tenth-century.html#0945c">945c</a>"]. And yet the description of the Image as having been "painted with choice pigments" indicates a memory of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud </a> having been brought to Edessa and exhibited in the time of the Abgars[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 173, 265]. That Addai was a real, historical person who evangelised Edessa is evidenced by the <i>Outlines</i> of early Christian philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria (c. 150-216)</a>, which recorded that the tomb of Addai (and the Apostle Thomas) was in "Britio Edessenorum," the Citadel built in 205 by Abgar VIII[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 172, 264] (see <a href="#0205">above</a>).</p><p><b><a name="0380">380</a></b> Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I">Theodosius I (347–95)</a>, the last emperor to rule the entire Roman Empire before it permanently split between West and East[<a href="#TOW">TOW</a>], established <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea">Nicaean</a> orthodoxy as the official religion of the Roman Empire, so the Arians were expelled from Antioch and custody of its cathedral was returned to the Orthodox[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 98; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 20]. Emperor Theodosius also fought to expel the Arian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths#Migrations_and_contact_with_Rome">Goths</a> who had settled inside the Roman Empire between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)">376–382</a>. <a name="paraTSM"></a>It is my Ravenna Theory that the Antioch Arians did obtain possession of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> in 357 and took it with them when they fled Antioch in 380. And that they sought refuge from their common enemy, Theodosius I, with their fellow Arians, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>. And so the Shroud came to be in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothic_Ravenna">Ostrogoth Kingdom centred on Ravenna</a>, as evidenced by the "Christ enthroned" mosaic <a href="#0526a">below</a> completed <i>in situ</i> by 526, with its 8 of the 15 <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/02/four-proofs-that-ad-1260-1390.html">Vignon markings</a>. Then in, or before, 540 [see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0540b">540b</a>"], when the Ostrogoth kingdom was about to end and Ravenna was about to become part of the Byzantine Empire, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was taken from Ravenna to Arian-friendly Edessa[<a href="#ETW">ETW</a>]. This is more plausible than <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HoudxMbEkg">Ian Wilson</a>'s theory that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> had been hidden, and then completely forgotten, in Edessa's wall from c.60-525 [see <a href="#0525">525</a> below]; and that part of <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/Markwardt-refl.pdf">Jack Markwardt</a>'s theory that when the Arians were expelled from Antioch in 380 they left the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> for the Orthodox to find[<a href="#MJ99">MJ99</a>, 100-101].</p><p><b><a name="c384">c. 384</a></b> Visit to Edessa by the pilgrim nun <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)">Egeria</a>[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 265; <a href="#GM09">GM09</a>, 146]. She had travelled from Spain[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 62] in a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and important Christian sites in Palestine and Syria[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 62; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 298]. Egeria kept a record of her visits and experiences, the beginning and its end of which is lost, leaving only the middle, although the account of her visit to Edessa has survived[<a href="#GM09">GM09</a>, 146; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 123-124]. Lacking an introduction to her travel diary, Egeria's real name is uncertain[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 123-124]. Egeria described how Edessa's bishop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogius_of_Edessa">Eulogius (-387)</a>, took her to the gate of the Bastions through which Hannan, Abgar's messenger, had entered carrying Jesus' letter[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 136-137; <a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 173]. He also told her that an attack on Edessa by the Persians [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perso-Roman_wars_of_337%E2%80%93361#Campaigns_of_361">361</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa">Shapur II (r. 309–379)</a>?] had been repulsed by the reading of Jesus' letter from this gate[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 136-137; <a href="#GM09">GM09</a>, 147]. But, significantly, Egeria makes no mention of being told that an image of Christ was then, or had been, in Edessa [<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 62; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 135]. <a name="paraMRT"></a>This is consistent with my Ravenna Theory (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#paraMTT">07Dec16</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/01/antioch-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html#paraFCN">01Jan20</a>) that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> only arrived in Edessa from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Italy, shortly before 544 (see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0540a">540a</a>" and "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0544">544</a>"). </p><p><b><a name="c400">c. 400</a></b> The German Shroud scholar, <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n42part3.pdf">Prof. Werner Bulst (1913-95)</a>, <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJpdnE0Gov4gocEZfdvNrdFJK0s5Yi4ot57K8nbH7cH6K7QReQI-NIY01B4pBK7_DIMR4xy8j3LsaLw2wWuORjt9qabo_07nhnLd6VT96wPRcTlRSbHezvhkaJF-DUvW0OJpqZNnTjgdD0/s1600/MarcellinusAndPeter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJpdnE0Gov4gocEZfdvNrdFJK0s5Yi4ot57K8nbH7cH6K7QReQI-NIY01B4pBK7_DIMR4xy8j3LsaLw2wWuORjt9qabo_07nhnLd6VT96wPRcTlRSbHezvhkaJF-DUvW0OJpqZNnTjgdD0/s800/MarcellinusAndPeter.jpg" /></a><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJpdnE0Gov4gocEZfdvNrdFJK0s5Yi4ot57K8nbH7cH6K7QReQI-NIY01B4pBK7_DIMR4xy8j3LsaLw2wWuORjt9qabo_07nhnLd6VT96wPRcTlRSbHezvhkaJF-DUvW0OJpqZNnTjgdD0/s1600/MarcellinusAndPeter.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#FCP">FCP</a>]: Extract from "<a href="https://www.christianiconography.info/Wikimedia%20Commons/xPeterPaulCatacombs.html">Christ Between St. Peter and St. Paul</a>" fresco (see <a href="https://www.christianiconography.info/Wikimedia%20Commons/xPeterPaulCatacombs.jpg">original</a>) in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Marcellinus_and_Peter">catacomb of Saints Marcellinus and Peter</a>, Via Labicana, Rome, Italy, <i>end of third century</i><a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 189]. Although Jesus' face does not have the rigid frontality[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 173] and <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/02/four-proofs-that-ad-1260-1390.html">Vignon markings</a> of later Byzantine icons, it "shows a very striking similarity to" the image on the Shroud, and is such a radical departure from the beardless Apollo[<a href="#AF82">AF82</a></a>, 18; <a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 29; <a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 151, etc] depictions of Jesus then current, that the simplest explanation is that the artist had seen the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud </a> and painted this part of the fresco from memory.]</p><p>dated the fresco in the catacomb of Peter (not the apostle) and Marcellinus (<a href="#c400">above</a>) to "about 400" and noted that "... the image on the Cloth of Turin ... shows a very striking similarity to ... [this] picture in the catacomb of Peter and Marcellinus ..."[<a href="#BW57">BW57</a>, 41]. This is more evidence against the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/chronology-of-turin-shroud-tenth-century.html#0945c">945 <i>Official History</i></a>'s highly implausible story that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was bricked up above Edessa's public gate in c.60, was completely forgotten, and not rediscovered until 525 [see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html#0060">c. 60</a>" and "<a href="#0525">525</a>"].</p><p><b><a name="0402">402</a></b> Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_%28emperor%29">Honorius (r. 393-423)</a> transferred the capital of the Western Roman Empire from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (today's Milan) to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna">Ravenna</a>[<a href="#RVW">RVW</a>]. Ravenna subsequently served as the capital of the empire for most of the 5th century and the last de facto western emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus (r. 475-476)</a> was deposed there in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/476">476</a>[<a href="#RVW">RVW</a>]. The transfer was made partly for defensive purposes: Ravenna was surrounded by swamps and marshes, and was perceived to be easily defensible[<a href="#RVW">RVW</a>]. It is also likely that the move to Ravenna was due to the city's port and good sea-borne connections to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>[<a href="#RVW">RVW</a>]. </p><p><a name="c450"></a><b>c. 450</b> The <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a></i> or <i>Acts of Pilate</i>, in its current form, is thought to date from around the 4th or 5th century[<a href="#GNW">GNW</a>]. According to that <i>Gospel</i>, on the first Easter Saturday, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>. is seized by Jewish leaders and locked up, because he had asked Pilate for the body of Jesus, wrapped it in a clean linen cloth, and placed it in a tomb (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A57-60%3B+Mk+15%3A43-46%3B+Lk+23%3A50-53%3B+Jn+19%3A38-42&version=ESV">Mt 27:57-60; Mk 15:43-46; Lk 23:50-53; Jn 19:38-42</a>)[<a href="#SD02">SD02</a>]. But on the next day, he had mysteriously disappeared from his cell. Joseph later related how angels had lifted up the prison at its four corners and how Jesus had released him and had proved his identity by showing him the linen shroud and face napkin still in the tomb[<a href="#SD02">SD02</a>]. This was evidently based on <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+20%3A6-7&version=ESV">Jn 20:6-7</a> where Peter and John enter the empty tomb and see the "linen cloths" [<i>othonia</i>] and the "face cloth" [<i>soudarion</i>]. But in this fourth or fifth century writing, the Shroud and face cloth (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo">Sudarium of Oviedo</a>) are known to still exist. Otherwise what would be the point of writing about them if they had ceased to exist <i>four centuries</i> earlier?</p><p><b><a name="0507">507</a></b> Completion of the Chronicle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_the_Stylite">Joshua the Stylite</a>, which was written in Edessa[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 131]. It covers the death of Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor)">Julian the Apostate (r. 361-63)</a> in 363, the reigns of the Persian kings <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I">Peroz I (457-84)</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balash">Balash (484-88)</a>, and the history of the relations between Persian and Roman Empires from the beginning of the reign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavad_I">Kavadh I (489–531)</a>, which culminated in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasian_War">Anastasian War of 502–6</a>[<a href="#JTW">JTW</a>]. Yet Joshua makes with no mention of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a>[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 131; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 134-135; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 266].</p><p><b><a name="0521">521</a></b> Death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh">Jacob of Serug (c. 451-521)</a>, a most prolific Edessan writer[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 135], but like other Edessan writers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian (c. 306-73)</a> (<a href="#0373">above</a>) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_the_Stylite">Joshua the Stylite</a> (<a href="#0507">above</a>), he did not mention the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a>[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 131; <a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 62; <a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 184; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 134-135; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 162, 266]. This is further evidence for my Ravenna Theory (see <a href="#paraMRT">above</a>), that except for perhaps a brief, passing display of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> in the first century, it was never in Edessa until it arrived from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Italy, shortly before 544.</p><p><b><a name="0525">525</a></b> Edessa suffered another major flood (see <a href="#0201">201</a>) of its river, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daysan_River">Daisan</a></a> ("the Leaper")[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 162; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 118-119]. According to a contemporary historian, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius">Procopius of Caesarea (c. 500-65)</a>:<blockquote>".. .the river rose to an extraordinary height ... It levelled to the ground a large part of the outworks and of the circuit-wall and covered practically the whole city, doing irreparable damage. For in a moment it wiped out completely the finest of the buildings and caused the death of one third of the population"[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 138; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 266; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 2].</blockquote>The city, its wall, and a new Hagia Sophia ("Holy Wisdom") cathedral, were then rebuilt by the Byzantine Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_I">Justin I (r. 518-27)</a>, although the actual work was carried out by his nephew and future Emperor, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I">Justinian I (r. 527-65)</a>[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 60; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 2; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 298]. Justinian also constructed a diversion channel for the river, to prevent future flooding of the city[<a href="#WB06">WB06</a>, 224]. According to the 945 `Official History of the Image of Edessa' [see "<a href="https://goo.gl/JKxybe">945c</a>"] the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a>, had been hidden in the city wall above Edessa's public gate, early in the reign of Abgar V's pagan younger son, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgarid_dynasty">Ma'nu VI (r. 57–71)</a>, then been completely forgotten, and was not rediscovered until just before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(544)">544 siege of Edessa</a> by the Persian King <a href="https://goo.gl/qUFcQK">Khosrow I (r. 531-79)</a> (see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0544">544</a>"). However this story of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> having been hidden in Edessa's wall, completely forgotten, for almost 500 years, contains multiple implausibilities [see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html#0060">c. 60</a>"].</p><p><a name="paraLNW"></a>Likewise <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wilson_(author)">Ian Wilson</a>'s theory, based on that `Official History' story, that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was discovered in, or soon after 525, during the rebuilding of Edessa's flood damaged wall[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 139, 254; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 266], suffers from the same multiple implausibilities and it does not even have the support of the `Official History' that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was discovered during the 544 Persian siege of Edessa. Wilson only theorised that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> was discovered during the repairs to the wall after the 525 flood because the historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus">Evagrius (c. 536-94)</a>, who lived through the 544 Seige of Edessa, in his <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> ascribed Edessa's deliverance to a "divinely wrought image"[<a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 55; <a href="#WI91">WI91</a>, 134; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 266] (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a>), but does not mention its discovery during the siege, which he surely would have if its was[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 139; <a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 60]. But according to my Ravenna Theory (see <a href="#paraMRT">above</a>), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> only arrived in Edessa from Ravenna just before the Persian seige of 544!</p><p><b><a name="0526a">526a</a></b> Completion of mosaic, "<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Sant'.Apollinare.Nuovo18.jpg">Christ enthroned with four angels</a>," in</p><p<<a name="paraCNW"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8wAaCaXFmlAG-P9g_6qfv2_49ACw9Kyd-8dudmSvIF_E6T0J2I7lvgyq23mfgHQxEYZdyYFZu1b-P70sWTcS8JGPTLQtsHIBYQuR24kPva3FgSYPpVzgtjl-PhG_o-zeG3I0PtNDzYZnj/s1600/ChristusRavennaMosaic%2526VignonMarkings.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8wAaCaXFmlAG-P9g_6qfv2_49ACw9Kyd-8dudmSvIF_E6T0J2I7lvgyq23mfgHQxEYZdyYFZu1b-P70sWTcS8JGPTLQtsHIBYQuR24kPva3FgSYPpVzgtjl-PhG_o-zeG3I0PtNDzYZnj/s800/ChristusRavennaMosaic%2526VignonMarkings.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8wAaCaXFmlAG-P9g_6qfv2_49ACw9Kyd-8dudmSvIF_E6T0J2I7lvgyq23mfgHQxEYZdyYFZu1b-P70sWTcS8JGPTLQtsHIBYQuR24kPva3FgSYPpVzgtjl-PhG_o-zeG3I0PtNDzYZnj/s1600/ChristusRavennaMosaic%2526VignonMarkings.jpg">enlarge</a>): Face of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant'Apollinare_Nuovo#/media/File:Ravenna,_Sant'Apollinare_Nuovo,_Mosaic_002.JPG">"Christ Enthroned" mosaic</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant'Apollinare_Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo church, Ravenna, Italy</a>[<a href="#RMW">RMW</a>] (see full mosaic at "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0526a">526a</a>") compared to the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/02/four-proofs-that-ad-1260-1390.html">Vignon markings</a>[<a href="#WI78">WI78</a>, 82E] (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/02/four-proofs-that-ad-1260-1390.html">11Feb12</a>).]</p><p> the <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo">Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna</a>. According to Maher, this "early (sixth-century) ... mosaic of Christ enthroned" has "<i>eight</i> [of the 15] Vignon markings"[<a href="#MR86">MR86</a>, 77], which is proof beyond <i>reasonable</i> doubt that it was based on the Shroud, <i>over 700 years</i> before its earliest <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260 radiocarbon dating</a>[<a href="#DP89">DP89</a>]! And since this is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic">mosaic</a>, created <i>in situ</i>, not a portable painting, it is evidence that <i>the Shroud</i> (<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">"four-doubled" = <i>tetradiplon</i></a>, as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>), <i>was in Ravenna in the early sixth century</i>! See <a href="#0402">above</a> that Ravenna was the capital city of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> from 402-476. After which it was the capital city of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths">Ostrogoth Kingdom</a> until, <i>very significantly</i>, 540. [See "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0540a">540a</a>" ].</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AAW">AAW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a>," Wikipedia, 24 January 2024.<br><a name="AFW">AFW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_VIII">Abgar VIII</a>," Wikipedia, 22 August 2023.<br><a name="ARW">ARW</a>. 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"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroene">Osroene</a>," Wikipedia, 17 December 2023.<br><a name="PM96">PM96</a>, Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.<br><a name="PR21">PR21</a>. Pearse, R., 2021, "<a href="https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2021/06/14/eusebius-letter-to-constantia-an-english-translation-by-cyril-mango/">Eusebius, Letter to Constantia – an English translation by Cyril Mango</a>," June 14.<br><a name="RC99">RC99</a>. Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.<br><a name="RMW">RMW</a>. Extract from "<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg">File:Christus Ravenna Mosaic.jpg</a>," Wikimedia Commons, 31 October 2016. <br><a name="RVW">RVW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna">Ravenna</a>," Wikipedia, 26 January 2024.<br><a name="SD02">SD02</a>. Scavone, D.C., 2002, "<a href="http://www.shroud.it/SCAVONE1.PDF">Joseph of Arimathea, the Holy Grail and the Edessa Icon</a>," Collegamento pro Sindone, October, 1-25, 10.<br><a name="SD03">SD03</a>. Scavone, D.C., 2003, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n57part5.pdf">Chronological Listing of Supporting Texts (from an article that appeared in Issue #56)</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 57, June.</a>.<br><a name="SD10">SD10</a>. Scavone, D.C., 2010, "<a href="http://www.acheiropoietos.info/proceedings/ScavoneGrailWeb.pdf">Edessan sources for the legend of the Holy Grail</a>," Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Scientific approach to the Acheiropoietos Images, ENEA Frascati, Italy, 4-6 May 2010, 1-6.</a>.<br><a name="SD89">SD89</a>. Scavone, D.C., 1989, "The Shroud of Turin: Opposing Viewpoints," Greenhaven Press: San Diego CA.<br><a name="SD91">SD91</a>. Scavone, D.C., 1991, "The History of the Turin Shroud to the 14th C.," in <a href="#BA91">BA91</a>, 171-204.<br><a name="SD97">SD97</a>. Scavone, D., 1997, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn100Feb97Part14.pdf">British King Lucius and the Shroud</a>," <i>Shroud News</i>, No. 100, February, 30-39, 35.<br><a name="SJ01">SJ01</a>. Segal, J.B., 2001, "Edessa: The Blessed City," [1970], Gorgias Press: Piscataway NJ, Second edition, Reprinted, 2005.<br><a name="SNN">SNN</a>. "<a href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2008/01/14/100191-saint-nino-nina-equal-of-the-apostles-enlightener-of-georgia">Saint Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles, Enlightener of Georgia</a>," The Orthodox Church in America, 14 January 2008.<br><a name="SCW">SCW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem">Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem</a>," Wikipedia, 19 January 2024.<br><a name="SNW">SNW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nino">Saint Nino</a>," Wikipedia, 4 December 2023.<br><a name="TOW">TOW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I">Theodosius I</a>," Wikipedia, 5 February 2024.<br><a name="WB00">WB00</a>. Walsh, B.J., ed., 2000, "Proceedings of the 1999 Shroud of Turin International Research Conference, Richmond, Virginia," Magisterium Press: Glen Allen VA. <br><a name="WB06">WB06</a>. Whiting, B., 2006, "The Shroud Story," Harbour Publishing: Strathfield NSW, Australia.<br><a name="WI78">WI78</a>. Wilson, I., 1978, "The Turin Shroud," Book Club Associates: London. <br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI91">WI91</a>. Wilson, I., 1991, "Holy Faces, Secret Places: The Quest for Jesus' True Likeness," Doubleday: London.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY. <br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London. <br></p><p>Posted 22 January 2024. Updated 26 February 2024.</p>Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-55673913908930136372024-01-20T21:53:00.015+08:002024-02-09T19:00:22.492+08:00My reply to Prof. Nicholas Allen (assumed) #2<p><a name="para01"></a><center>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p>Prof. Allen (assumed) </p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is my reply to your <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/11/stephen-e.html?showComment=1704245728192#c4180419973832531789">comment of 2 January</a> under my 15 November 2020 post, "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/11/stephen-e.html">My reply to Prof. Nicholas Allen (assumed)</a>." Your words are <b>bold</b>. </p><p>Anonymous said</p><p><b>Your objection to Dr Allen’s use of a quartz lens is meaningless.</b> I did not object to your use of a quartz lens. I objected to your use of a <i>modern synthetic</i> quartz lens. You titled your book, <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0PZVkKrNx2PUhJS9EA_NmugwiN0pKJmkYUvl_Hv1f2-otvDYhNhd-nGIStBuKUJ7vGAAtyk2Mqq70Z1eAfFkIFL85iD5w3lNPKyrrmUvsZxAsl7W3-QI2K2rAkOhttiBhyphenhyphenru8X7sNwE2R/s1600/AllenN1998TurinShroud%2526CrystalLens800.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0PZVkKrNx2PUhJS9EA_NmugwiN0pKJmkYUvl_Hv1f2-otvDYhNhd-nGIStBuKUJ7vGAAtyk2Mqq70Z1eAfFkIFL85iD5w3lNPKyrrmUvsZxAsl7W3-QI2K2rAkOhttiBhyphenhyphenru8X7sNwE2R/s800/AllenN1998TurinShroud%2526CrystalLens800.jpg" /></a>"The Turin Shroud and the <i>Crystal Lens</i>" [Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0PZVkKrNx2PUhJS9EA_NmugwiN0pKJmkYUvl_Hv1f2-otvDYhNhd-nGIStBuKUJ7vGAAtyk2Mqq70Z1eAfFkIFL85iD5w3lNPKyrrmUvsZxAsl7W3-QI2K2rAkOhttiBhyphenhyphenru8X7sNwE2R/s1600/AllenN1998TurinShroud%2526CrystalLens800.jpg">enlarge</a>)] when hidden deep within it, not mentioned in the index, you admitted that you had used a piece of <i>synthetic</i> quartz to make your 180 mm lens, not a natural quartz <i>crystal</i>:<blockquote>"Through the kindness of my institution I was made a loan with which I purchased <i>a blank piece of high grade quartz</i>. After many months of waiting, a blank sent from Switzerland, finally arrived in South Africa, where through the sterling efforts of both Derek Griffith and Dan van Staaden, it was ground and polished into a bi-convex lens"[<a href="#AN98">AN98</a>, 99].</blockquote><a name="paraYYY"></a>Yet, you yourself wrote that your medieval photograph theory is based on "<i>technology</i> available to certain medieval societies c 1200--1350 AD" and "quartz (<i>rock-crystal</i>)":<blockquote>"Since 1990 the author has formally conducted a number of experiments which have employed the kind of technology available to certain medieval societies c 1200--1350 AD, and has shown that it is quite possible to produce a chemically stable (fixed) negative photographic image of a human corpse on a piece of linen employing only three substances, all of which were available to people living well before the thirteenth century. These substances are quartz (rock-crystal), the silver salts (specifically silver nitrate (eau prime and silver) and/or silver sulphate (oil of vitriol and silver) and ammonia (urine)..."[<a href="#AN95">AN95</a>, 21]</blockquote>You need to go back to square 1. Find a large, optical quality quartz rock crystal, that would have been available to your medieval photographer. Then you need to have that quartz rock crystal ground, <i>using only medieval technology</i>, into an optical quality 180 mm = 7 inch diameter, circular quartz lens. Your failure to do that shows that you <i>can't</i> do it and therefore your medieval photograph theory failed from its very outset!</p><p><a name="paraDWH"></a><b>Da Vinci would have used a camera obscura to create the shroud.</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) </a> was born in 1452, <i>~98 years after</i> the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1355">Shroud first appeared in undisputed history in 1355</a>.</p><p><a name="paraLGL"></a><b>Allen’s use of the lens only speeds the process by allowing a much wider aperture.</b> You yourself have written that medieval glass would have "screened out the vital ultraviolet wavelengths in sunlight that had an effect on silver nitrate" and "the only suitable material for a medieval forger ... would have also been optical quality rock-crystal":<blockquote>"I also discovered, very early on in my investigation, that despite the rapidity that certain silver salts reacted to direct sunlight, that silver nitrate samples when placed under crown glass remained unaffected in the short term. Glass screened out the vital ultraviolet wavelengths in sunlight that had an effect on silver nitrate. Now, the only substance which does allow the transmission of UV light, is optical quality rock-crystal (quartz), and as it turns out the only suitable material for a medieval forger (who was employing silver nitrate) would have also been optical quality rock-crystal. Medieval glass would have been totally unsuitable as a medium for this kind of lens, as it was invariably tinted and its formula certainly not much different to modern window and bottle glass. I now know that silver sulphate can be exposed successfully with a modern glass lens as well. However, it is far more likely that the forgers used quartz since it was an easily obtainable, clear material, whereas optically clear glass would have been very difficult to produce at this time[<a href="#AN98">AN98</a>, 86]</blockquote></p><p><a name="paraTNC"></a><b>The only critical question is whether his technique replicates physical details of the shroud, because da Vinci's ability to project focused images onto paper (or linen) are well known. He described them in his writings.</b> See <a href="#paraDWH">above</a> that Da Vinci was born nearly a century after the Shroud first appeared in undisputed history in 1355!</p><p>You wrote that the "connection between da Vinci and the Shroud" was "highly dubious" and the unknown "genius" who invented photography, and created the Shroud by photography, "must be found in the years shortly before 1357":<blockquote>"In this regard, despite the recent spate of interest in a highly dubious connection between da Vinci and the Shroud of Lirey, our sought after genius must be found in the years shortly before 1357"[<a href="#AN98">AN98</a>, 76].</blockquote>So your "Medieval Photography" theory requires that there was 1) "in the years shortly before 1357" almost a century before Da Vinci was born; 2) an unknown "genius"; 3) who invented photography; 4) created the Shroud by photography; 5) didn't photograph anything else; 6) left no writings or drawings describing his invention; 7) didn't tell anyone about it; 8) didn't sell or give the Shroud away (otherwise the the buyer/receiver would know who the "genius" was); or 9) died without the Shroud being found in his possessions, otherwise it would be known who the "genius" was. For once I agree with <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=joe+nickell">Joe Nickell</a>, that your theory is "astonishingly absurd":<blockquote>"Knowledgeable skeptics were avoided. Instead, viewers were subjected to the astonishingly absurd notion of an art historian named Nicholas Allen that the image was "the world's first photograph." (The technique was supposedly invented to make a fake shroud and then conveniently lost for subsequent centuries!)"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraTPC"></a>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray_Codex">Pray Codex</a> alone (and it <i>isn't</i> alone!) proves that the Shroud</p><p><a name="paraHPM"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ34OZmCCYPvmyH0qa9fXviRH_fwOO52WTI4IplIp9p0ceIfZ9zgEqYcwwXvIbcg0OxtVIsOXBiQuW9JF9HBY4RC33SSK1hEnui7rDWgyEVgXqse6gfaaJv90Msc78MbDv_wdlJSiOqswL/s1600/BerkovitsPrayCodex25%25.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ34OZmCCYPvmyH0qa9fXviRH_fwOO52WTI4IplIp9p0ceIfZ9zgEqYcwwXvIbcg0OxtVIsOXBiQuW9JF9HBY4RC33SSK1hEnui7rDWgyEVgXqse6gfaaJv90Msc78MbDv_wdlJSiOqswL/s800/BerkovitsPrayCodex25%25.JPG"></a></p><p><a name="paraBVN"></a>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ34OZmCCYPvmyH0qa9fXviRH_fwOO52WTI4IplIp9p0ceIfZ9zgEqYcwwXvIbcg0OxtVIsOXBiQuW9JF9HBY4RC33SSK1hEnui7rDWgyEVgXqse6gfaaJv90Msc78MbDv_wdlJSiOqswL/s1600-h/BerkovitsPrayCodex25%25.JPG">enlarge</a>): "The Entombment" (upper) and "Visit to the Sepulchre" (lower) in fol. 28 of the Hungarian Pray Codex (1192-95)[<a href="#BI69">BI69</a>].]</p><p>existed at least 160 years before 1355. For references below see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/10/open-letter-to-prof-christopher-ramsey.html">04Oct18</a>.</p><p><a name="paraTPS"></a>The upper scene contains the following <i>seven</i> correspondences with the Shroud: 1. Jesus is lying in a shroud-like pose, which was uncommon in the art of that period. 2. He is completely naked (unique in the 12th century; 3. He is about to be wrapped in a double body length shroud (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/05/my-critique-of-pray-codex-wikipedia-1.html#dtnlythshrd">27May12</a>). 4. Jesus' hands are crossed, right over left, awkwardly at the wrists, covering his genitals. 5. His fingers are unnaturally long; 6. Jesus' hands have four fingers each but no thumbs. 7. Red marks in Jesus' scalp and forehead, match the crown of thorns puncture marks and the `reversed 3' bloodstain on the Shroud.</p><p>The lower scene of fol. 28 (<a href="#paraHPM">above</a>) contains the following further <i>three</i> correspondences with the Shroud: 8. The sarcophagus lid (which together with the sarcophagus represents the empty tomb (<a href="https://goo.gl/zqdKWR">Mk 16:1-6</a>), has a representation of the Shroud's herringbone weave pattern. 9. Red zig-zag lines in the sarcophagus lid represent the blood trickles down on the Shroudman's arms. 10. Two patterns of four and five tiny circles in the sarcophagus lid and sarcophagus, represent the two basic patterns of four and five `poker holes' on the Shroud. </p><p><a name="paraNFF"></a>Another of the four drawings has a further <i>four</i> correspondences with the Shroud: 11. The nail wound in Jesus' right hand (left facing on the Shroud) is in his wrist, while its counterpart in the other hand (hidden on the Shroud) is in Jesus' palm (as per Christian tradition). 12. A red elliptical mark on Jesus' right chest is about the same size, shape and location (except it is on the left-facing side) as the spear in the side wound on the Shroud). 13. Jesus is clothed in a long shroud, the ends of which match those in the entombment scene <a href="#paraHPM">above</a>. 14. An angel is holding a cross in which are three nails, corresponding to the three nail wounds on the Shroud (one in each wrist and one through both feet. </p><p><a name="paraBPF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoMQc6pR-cguvICk257CO6LAe3mdqnKK3p0u7RR6PkD0J77SpG-kqZaQsqepemae7td-Rx8ywM7r-YbxcqIKy5SmCbp0tnYEnankeGh8Z_Ec5gRkb4T50-cLskuQTb5GMV-yM9Am_FCsrT/s1600/BerkovitsPrayCodexPlateIVCropped.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoMQc6pR-cguvICk257CO6LAe3mdqnKK3p0u7RR6PkD0J77SpG-kqZaQsqepemae7td-Rx8ywM7r-YbxcqIKy5SmCbp0tnYEnankeGh8Z_Ec5gRkb4T50-cLskuQTb5GMV-yM9Am_FCsrT/s800/BerkovitsPrayCodexPlateIVCropped.JPG" /></a></p><p><a name="paraCNW"></a>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoMQc6pR-cguvICk257CO6LAe3mdqnKK3p0u7RR6PkD0J77SpG-kqZaQsqepemae7td-Rx8ywM7r-YbxcqIKy5SmCbp0tnYEnankeGh8Z_Ec5gRkb4T50-cLskuQTb5GMV-yM9Am_FCsrT/s1600/BerkovitsPrayCodexPlateIVCropped.JPG">enlarge</a>): "Christ enthroned with the Angel Holding the Instruments of Torture": fol. 28v of the Pray Codex.]</p><p><a name="paraSCB"></a>As can be seen above, there are at least <i>fourteen</i> correspondences between the drawings on two folios of the Pray Codex and the Shroud! Clearly this many `coincidences' cannot be the results of chance. The only explanation is that the 11th-12th century artist had before him the Shroud as his `model'! So your "genius ... in the years shortly before 1357" medieval photography theory is again <i>wrong</i>! As are theories based on Bishop d'Arcis 1389 memorandum that the Shroud was "cunningly painted" in c. 1355[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 267], <i>wrong</i>. As is the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbpn dating of the Shroud</a>[<a href="#DP89">DP89</a>, 611], <i>wrong</i>!</p><p>The following will help me write your section in Chapter "16. Sceptics and the Shroud" and Chapter 17. "How was the Image Formed?" of my book in progress, "Shroud of Turin: Burial Sheet of Jesus!" See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#mybk">06Jul17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#paraMBK">03Jun18</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html#paraMNW">04Apr22</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraPTS">13Jul22</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">8 Nov 22</a>.</p><p><a name="paraPHT"></a><i>Photograph</i> Allen's is the only claimed replication of the Shroud which replicates its full-length, front and back. Even though Allens's replication fails to include major features of the Shroud (see below), as <a href="https://tinyurl.com/y3xwjto5">Ian Wilson</a> pointed out, the value of Allen's contribution to <a href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sindonology">sindonology</a> is that he demonstrated that the Shroud image really is a photograph, and not a painting as claimed by most Shroud sceptics, led by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_McCrone">Walter McCrone (1916-2002)</a>: <blockquote>"Now it can also be said unreservedly of Professor Allen that more than anyone else before him he has demonstrated that the Shroud's image really is photographic in character. This is in fact something that those in favour of the Shroud's authenticity have been saying for years and is certainly bad news for Walter McCrone and others"[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 216].</blockquote>Wilson himself in 1978 described the formation of the Shroud image as a "`snapshot' of the Resurrection" of Jesus:<blockquote>"Even from the limited available information, a hypothetical glimpse of the power operating at the moment of creation of the Shroud's image may be ventured. In the darkness of the Jerusalem tomb the dead body of Jesus lay, unwashed, covered in blood, on a stone slab. Suddenly, there is a burst of mysterious power from it. In that instant ... its image ... becomes indelibly fused onto the cloth, preserving for posterity a literal `snapshot' of the Resurrection"[<a href="#WI78">WI78</a>, 211]!</blockquote><a name="paraCFS"></a><i>Circular firing squad</i> Is defined as, "A group, usually a political party, that is allied against a common enemy or opponent but whose internal disagreements and attacks end up doing more damage to each other than to their target"[<a href="#CFS">CFS</a>]. In advancing his Medieval Photography Theory, Allen attacks the image formation theories of his fellow sceptics. And leading sceptic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell">Joe Nickell (1944-)</a>, returned fire, dismissing Allen's theory that the image on the Shroud was the world's first photograph, but the technique was then lost for subsequent centuries, as "astonishingly absurd"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>]</p><p><a name="paraMCS"></a><i>Image characteristics</i> Allen agreed with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin_Research_Project">STURP</a> that the man's image was:<br>• <i>Superficial</i>: The image is essentially a straw-yellow discolouration of the uppermost fibres of the linen threads of the Shroud's fabric. This discolouration has not 'penetrated' the individual threads which make up the Shroud nor is the image visible on the underside of the Shroud[<a href="#AN98">AN98</a>, 28].</p><p>• <i>Three-dimensional</i>: The intensity of the image varies according to the distance of the body from the cloth. In other words features such as the nose, forehead and cheeks are more intense than areas such as the neck, ankles, and elbows[<a href="#AN98">AN98</a>, 28-29].</p><p>• <i>Negative</i>: The image acts like a photographic negative which is as visually coherent as a positive photograph when its polarity is reversed[<a href="#AN98">AN98</a>, 29].</p><p>• <i>Directionless</i>: Unlike hand-painted images (e.g., paintings) the image on the Shroud contains no 'directionality'. In other words the image could not have been produced by any technique which involved the use of brushwork[<a href="#AN98">AN98</a>, 29]. Here Allen smuggles in his own definition of non-directional to only exclude brushwork, because his `shroud' is strongly directional by the passage of the sun (see below). But by "non-<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpfmhNymt6b-YMIHzNmdzQVXJgDMaD23xaRrt7QY27Z3_D0TFnudm72Vbv_Ih6or5_E8wnOvAHcjPmZHQjSpgkfdGJIVkCvv3OHrBSRMnnd_qhjQLAJ-kkqhp-6Nl3AbhLmAuY3lGr0bd/s1600/Solarograph%2526Shroud190616E8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpfmhNymt6b-YMIHzNmdzQVXJgDMaD23xaRrt7QY27Z3_D0TFnudm72Vbv_Ih6or5_E8wnOvAHcjPmZHQjSpgkfdGJIVkCvv3OHrBSRMnnd_qhjQLAJ-kkqhp-6Nl3AbhLmAuY3lGr0bd/s800/Solarograph%2526Shroud190616E8.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpfmhNymt6b-YMIHzNmdzQVXJgDMaD23xaRrt7QY27Z3_D0TFnudm72Vbv_Ih6or5_E8wnOvAHcjPmZHQjSpgkfdGJIVkCvv3OHrBSRMnnd_qhjQLAJ-kkqhp-6Nl3AbhLmAuY3lGr0bd/s1600/Solarograph%2526Shroud190616E8.jpg">enlarge</a>): Allen's image of a <i>plaster bodycast painted white</i> (left) and a negative photograph of the Shroud's frontal image (right)[<a href="#EL10">EL10</a>] (flipped horizontally for comparison). Note the <i>directional</i> sunlight from above on the head, shoulder, arm, wrist, knee and feet of Allen's image and the <i>total lack</i> of light directionality on the Shroud (the white patches on the Shroudman's side, wrist, arms and feet are dark blood which is white in a photographic negative. See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/06/allen-n-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html#paraDNH">16Jun19</a> & <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/11/stephen-e.html#paraLDN">15Nov20</a>.]</p><p>directional" STURP meant <i>by any means</i>. STURP member Barrie Schwortz pointed out that Allen's `shroud' photographs contain a strong directionality of light:<blockquote>"Allen's photographs contain a strong directionality of light. This is obvious from the deep shadows cast on his subject by the strong overhead sunlight he used to create his images (Figure 1). These are clearly seen in the eye sockets, under the nose and chin and below the hands and is unlike the image on the Shroud (Figure 2), which demonstrates no such directionality of light at all. It is further confirmed by the "washing out" of detail in certain parts of the image, most notably the tops of the feet, which received far more light and cumulative exposure than the rest of the body (Figure 3)"[<a href="#SB00">SB00</a>].</blockquote></p><p>So again Allen's medieval photograph theory fails. As Schwortz pointed out:<blockquote>"In the end, any attempt at duplicating the image on the Shroud of Turin must match <u>all</u> of its physical and chemical properties, not just a select few. It must also withstand the scrutiny of careful, side-by-side comparison to the original"[<a href="#SB00">SB00</a>].</blockquote>Bibliography<br><a name="AN95">AN95</a>. Allen, N.P.L., 1995, "<a href="http://www.sunstar-solutions.com/AOP/esoteric/Images_on_the_Shroud_of_Turin.htm">Verification of the Nature and Causes of the Photonegative Images on the Shroud of Lirey-Chambery-Turin</a>," <i>De Arte</i> 51, Pretoria, UNISA, 21-35, 21.<br>AN98. Allen, N.P.L., 1998, "The Turin Shroud and the Crystal Lens: Testament to a Lost Technology," Empowerment Technologies: Port Elizabeth, South Africa.<br><a name="BI69">BI69</a>. Berkovits, I., 1969, "Illuminated Manuscripts in Hungary, XI-XVI Centuries," Horn, Z., transl., West, A., rev., Irish University Press: Shannon, Ireland, pl. III.<br><a name="CFS">CFS</a>. "<a href="https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/circular+firing+squad">Circular firing squad</a>," The Free Dictionary by Farlex, 2022.<br><a name="DP89">DP89</a>. Damon, P.E., et al., 1989, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin</a>," <i>Nature</i>, Vol. 337, 16th February, 611-615.<br><a name="EL10">EL10</a>. Extract from Latendresse, M., 2010, "<a href="http://goo.gl/JP43CA">Shroud Scope: Enrie Negative Horizontal</a>," (rotated left 90 degrees), Sindonology.org. [<a href="#paraDNH">return</a>]<br><a name="NJ04">NJ04</a>. Nickell, J., 2004, "<a href="https://freerepublic.com/focus/news/1115885/replies?c=25">PBS `Secrets of the Dead' Buries the Truth About Turin Shroud</a>," <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>, April 9.<br><a name="SB00">SB00</a>. Schwortz, B.M., 2000, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/orvieto.pdf">Is The Shroud of Turin a Medieval Photograph?: A Critical Examination of the Theory</a>," Shroud.com.<br><a name="WI78">WI78</a>. Wilson, I., 1978, "The Turin Shroud," Victor Gollancz: London.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.<br></p><p>Posted 20 January 2024. Updated 9 February 2024.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-82389265731119411322024-01-02T23:55:00.045+08:002024-03-02T20:21:42.930+08:00Prehistory of the Shroud (1) #44: The evidence is overwhelming that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet! <p><a name="para01"></a><center><b>PREHISTORY OF THE SHROUD (1) #44<br></b>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is #44, "Prehistory of the Shroud (1)," of my series, "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">The evidence is <i>overwhelming</i> that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet!</a>" For more information about this "<i>overwhelming</i>" series, see the "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index #1</a>" and "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/01/other-marks-and-images-26-evidence-is.html">Other marks and images</a> #26." Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated. I had previously started a "Prehistory of the Shroud" series <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html">#16</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/09/prehistory-of-shroud-601-1354-turin.html">#17</a>, but abandoned <a name="paraMBK"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihHvPt7qi4PdaOvRRJ8j-1s34rc4hiVemV4m78i2bMKuRZwEScgEscvW91tT0QjMoHgU-y-cSXJ2hIWe9LOMcg03hRXHtZmpU-b1HwDLrPyhVJCQOgyEt9vA3IbANlpY_euQBX3D8Pxscj0dUlLnnDm_KUrT4C8ZfCVFki2jwJ58-lrk0Ui1xCFfKUo8Tq/s710/MyBookCover240102T4.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihHvPt7qi4PdaOvRRJ8j-1s34rc4hiVemV4m78i2bMKuRZwEScgEscvW91tT0QjMoHgU-y-cSXJ2hIWe9LOMcg03hRXHtZmpU-b1HwDLrPyhVJCQOgyEt9vA3IbANlpY_euQBX3D8Pxscj0dUlLnnDm_KUrT4C8ZfCVFki2jwJ58-lrk0Ui1xCFfKUo8Tq/s710/MyBookCover240102T4.png" /></a> that series in <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/02/prehistory-of-shroud-1001-1355-turin.html">#21</a> because it duplicated my "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Chronology of the Turin Shroud</a>" series. But this new series will help me write Chapter "9. Prehistory of the Shroud" of my book in progress, "Shroud of Turin: Burial Sheet of Jesus!" See </p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihHvPt7qi4PdaOvRRJ8j-1s34rc4hiVemV4m78i2bMKuRZwEScgEscvW91tT0QjMoHgU-y-cSXJ2hIWe9LOMcg03hRXHtZmpU-b1HwDLrPyhVJCQOgyEt9vA3IbANlpY_euQBX3D8Pxscj0dUlLnnDm_KUrT4C8ZfCVFki2jwJ58-lrk0Ui1xCFfKUo8Tq/s710/MyBookCover240102T4.png">enlarge</a>): The planned cover of my book.]</p><p><a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#mybk">06Jul17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#paraMBK">03Jun18</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html#paraMNW">04Apr22</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraPTS">13Jul22</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">8 Nov 22</a>. In my book the references in square brackets will be endnotes. I won't duplicate my Chronology but will only include evidence that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet! Even so, ~1234 years of prehistory will mean that I will have to split this post into many posts. </p><p><font color="red">See important </font><a href="#paraBNC">update</a><font color="red">.</font></p><p><a name="para03"></a>[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-shroudman-and-jesus-were.html">The Shroudman and Jesus were resurrected!</a> #43] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-2-45-evidence-is.html">Prehistory of the Shroud (2)</a> #45]</p><hr><p><center><b>Prehistory of the Shroud (AD 30-1354).</b></center><a name="para04"></a><blockquote>"For instance, the latest possible date is 544. In this year the Syrian-born historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagrius_Scholasticus">Evagrius (527-600)</a> described the cloth's having been used as a protective talisman or palladium to ward off a determined attack on Edessa by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II">Persian king Chosroes</a> ... This account ... could be regarded as the entry of the Mandylion [<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a>] into history ..." (Wilson, 1979)[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 137]</blockquote><blockquote>"Looking back in time from 1204, we are in a period in which, if the radiocarbon dating is to be believed, there should be no evidence of our Shroud. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">The year 1260 was the earliest possible date for the Shroud's existence by radiocarbon dating's calculations</a>" (Wilson, 1998)[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 141].</blockquote> </p><p><a name="paraBPM"></a><b>Prehistory</b> By "prehistory" I mean the history of the Shroud from Jesus' having been "wrapped ... in a linen shroud"[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=ESV">Mt 27:59; Mk 15:46; Lk 23:53</a>] in AD 30, to just before <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1355">the Shroud first appeared in undisputed history at Lirey, France, in c. 1355</a>[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 14; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 52; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 126-127; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 222].</p><p><a name="0030"></a><b>AD 30</b> 7-9 April[<a href="#FJ64">FJ64</a>, 296,300; <a href="#DK15">DK15</a>]. Jesus was beaten on his head and face[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+18%3A22%3B+Mt+26%3A67-68%3B+Mk+14%3A65%3B+Lk+22%3A63-64%3B+Mt+27%3A30%3B+Mk+15%3A19%3B+Jn+19%3A3&version=ESV">Jn 18:22; Mt 26:67-68; Mk 14:65; Lk 22:63-64; Mt 27:30; Mk 15:19; Jn 19:3</a>], scourged[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A26%3B+Mk+15%3A15%3B+Lk+23%3A16%3B+Jn+19%3A1&version=ESV">Mt 27:26; Mk 15:15; Lk 23:16; Jn 19:1</a>], crowned with thorns[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A29%3B+Mk+15%3A17%3B+Jn+19%3A2%2C+5&version=ESV">Mt 27:29; Mk 15:17; Jn 19:2, 5</a>] and nailed to a cross[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A25%2C+27%3B+Lk+24%3A39-40%3B+Col+2%3A14&version=ESV">Jn 20:25, 27; Lk 24:39-40; Col 2:14</a>], on which he died[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A50%3B+Mk+15%3A37%3B+Lk+23%3A46%3B+Jn+19%3A30&version=ESV">Mt 27:50; Mk 15:37; Lk 23:46; Jn 19:30</a>]. Jesus’ legs were not broken but instead he was speared in the side[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A33-34&version=ESV">Jn 19:33-34</a>]. Jesus was taken down from his cross, wrapped in a linen shroud[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=ESV">Mt 27:59; Mk 15:46; Lk 23:53</a>], buried in a rock tomb[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59-60%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53%3B+Jn+19%3A41-42&version=ESV">Mt 27:59-60; Mk 15:46; Lk 23:53; Jn 19:41-42</a>] and <i>resurrected</i>![<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+28%3A1-6%3B+Mk+16%3A1-6%3B+Lk+24%3A1-6%3B+Jn+20%3A1-9&version=ESV">Mt 28:1-6; Mk 16:1-6; Lk 24:1-6; Jn 20:1-9</a>].</p><p><a name="paraSWS"></a>As we saw in "The Bible and the Shroud" (<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2013/06/the-shroud-of-turin-3-bible-and-shroud.html">09Jun13</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/09/the-bible-and-shroud-33-evidence-is.html">08Sep20</a>) the man on the Shroud has <a name="paraNFT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlMj4rHYTmXGLiULqO9OJY3B4eghYtDYwItbrWB9cg6S3V5qCxr5PT08Zk5ncMvST03X781MpyTRmlPNzGWttqE86IjvaeWvcAZKnxYNh6kzrmEBhzRCA0mg74KgrEc3AQrMo5KrKBYYCNhvqkPKK3Z8OpS40a-MfcpeH_bpygY6bJcaj3Ua9KeMYuFQ/s800/AnatomyShroudNatGeogJun80p737-738_221208C9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlMj4rHYTmXGLiULqO9OJY3B4eghYtDYwItbrWB9cg6S3V5qCxr5PT08Zk5ncMvST03X781MpyTRmlPNzGWttqE86IjvaeWvcAZKnxYNh6kzrmEBhzRCA0mg74KgrEc3AQrMo5KrKBYYCNhvqkPKK3Z8OpS40a-MfcpeH_bpygY6bJcaj3Ua9KeMYuFQ/s800/AnatomyShroudNatGeogJun80p737-738_221208C9.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlMj4rHYTmXGLiULqO9OJY3B4eghYtDYwItbrWB9cg6S3V5qCxr5PT08Zk5ncMvST03X781MpyTRmlPNzGWttqE86IjvaeWvcAZKnxYNh6kzrmEBhzRCA0mg74KgrEc3AQrMo5KrKBYYCNhvqkPKK3Z8OpS40a-MfcpeH_bpygY6bJcaj3Ua9KeMYuFQ/s800/AnatomyShroudNatGeogJun80p737-738_221208C9.jpg">enlarge</a>): "Anatomy of the Shroud"[<a href="#WK80">WK80</a>, 736-7], showing that the wounds and bloodstains on the Shroud match those in the Gospels' accounts of Jesus' sufferings and death.]</p><p><on the Shroud has wounds and bloodstains which match those of Jesus above.</p><p>wounds and bloodstains which match those of Jesus above.</p><p><a name="c10-16"></a><b>30 c. 10-16 April</b> In one of his post-resurrection appearances to the Apostles[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A19-23%2C26-29%3B+21%3A4-14%3B+1Cor+15%3A3-7&version=ESV">Jn 20:19-23, 26-29; 21:4-14; 1Cor 15:3-7</a>], Jesus gave his Shroud, which was not in the empty tomb[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A3-8&version=NIV">Jn 20:3-8 NIV</a>][<a href="#BW57">BW57</a>, 16; <a href="#BP28">BP28</a>, 83] to his cousin the Apostle John[<a href="#TR82">TR82</a>, 601; <a href="#WJ84">WJ84</a>, 34-35] (see "<a href="#c100">c. 100</a>").</p><p><a name="c30-543"></a><b>c. 30-543</b> `Missing years'. From when Jesus gave the Shroud to the Apostle John (see <a href="#c10-16">above</a>) who took Jesus' mother Mary, his mother <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_%28disciple%29">Salome</a>'s sister[<a href="#TR82">TR82</a>, 601; <a href="#WJ84">WJ84</a>, 34-35], into his home[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A25-27&version=ESV">Jn 19:25-27</a>], presumably in Jerusalem. And presumably John then gave the Shroud to his aunt Mary, Jesus' mother, its rightful owner as Jesus' next of kin[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 17-18]. <a name="paraJMH"></a>Joseph, Mary's husband[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+1%3A16-24&version=ESV">Mt 1:16-24</a>] is last mentioned in the Gospels when Jesus was 12[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+2%3A41-51&version=ESV">Lk 2:41-51</a>], so evidently he had since died[<a href="#NR82">NR82</a>, 620]. After Mary died in Jerusalem[<a href="#TVW">TVW</a>] before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%2870_CE%29">destruction of Jerusalem in 70</a>[<a href="#MJ08">MJ08</a>], until the Shroud re-appeared in Edessa in 544 (see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0544">544</a>"), are ~474 missing years. It is likely that after Mary's death the Shroud was passed down to her remaining eldest son, Jesus' brother James[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+13%3A55%3B+Mk+6%3A3%3B+Gal+1%3A19&version=ESV">Mt 13:55; Mk 6:3; Gal 1:19</a>], who became the leader of the earliest Jerusalem church[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+15%3A13-21&version=ESV">Acts 15:13-21</a>][<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 18; <a href="#BJW">BJW</a>]. But James was martyred before the destruction of Jerusalem[<a href="#JBW">JBW</a>]. So the Shroud may then have become collectively owned by the Jerusalem church[<a href="#RTB">RTB</a>]. Various theories have been proposed to fill in these missing years, including Wilson's Jerusalem to Edessa theory[<a href="#RTB">RTB</a>], Markward's Jerusalem to Antioch theory[<a href="#RTB">RTB</a>] and my Ravenna Theory (Jerusalem to Antioch to Ravenna to Edessa)[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#paraMRT">07Dec16</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/03/acts-of-thaddeus-turin-shroud.html#paraNTS">28Mar19</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/01/antioch-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html#paraMRT">01Jan20</a>].</p><p><a name="c34"></a><b>c. 34</b> Following the martyrdom of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen">Stephen</a>[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+7%3A2%2C+54-58&version=ESV">Acts 7:2, 54-58</a>], the persecuted disciples fled to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch">Antioch</a> in Syria, where they were first called "Christians"[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+11%3A19-26&version=ESV">Acts 11:19-26</a>]. Antioch became the major centre of Christianity[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 19; <a href="#ACW">ACW</a>]. Each of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle#First_missionary_journey">Apostle Paul's three missionary journeys</a> to the Gentiles started from, and returned to, Antioch[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+13%3A1-3%3B+15%3A35-41%3B+18%3A18-23&version=ESV">Acts 13:1-3; 15:35-41; 18:18-23</a>][<a href="#PTW">PTW</a>]. The plant and human DNA on the Shroud (<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/11/news-articles-1-uncovering-sources-of.html">24Nov15</a>), the Pray Codex's `poker holes' (<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/08/poker-holes-29-other-marks-and-images.html">21Aug18</a>), and the large water stains (<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/04/water-stains-28-other-marks-and-images.html">05Apr18</a>) are evidence that the Shroud was circulating in small Christian communities flying under history's radar[. The huge amount of pollen on the Shroud indicates that it featured in early Church Easter ceremonies which reenacted the Spring flowers placed by the disciples over Jesus' enshrouded dead body[<a href="#MP90">MP90</a>, 5].</p><p><a name="0050"></a><b>50</b> Death of Abgar V. According to the early church historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius">Eusebius (c. 260-339)</a>, who had read in Edessa's public records[<a href="#EE55">EE55</a>, 44], that Edessa's King Agbarus, that is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V">Abgar V</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgarid_dynasty">r. BC 4–7AD, 13-50</a>) of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroene">Osroene,</a> the capital of which was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa">Edessa</a>[<a href="#AVW">AVW</a>], was suffering from an incurable disease[<a href="#EE55">EE55</a>, 43]. Abgar had heard of Jesus’ miracles of healing[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+4%3A23-25&version=ESV">Mt 4:23-25</a>], and wrote a letter to Jesus asking him to come and heal him[<a href="#EE55">EE55</a>, 43-44]. Jesus replied by letter to Abgar, promising that after his ascension he would send one of His disciples to Edessa to heal Abgar and preach the Gospel[<a href="#EE55">EE55</a>, 44]. After Jesus’ resurrection and ascension, the Apostle Thomas sent Thaddeus, one of the Seventy (or seventy-two <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+10%3A1-17&version=ESV">Lk 10:1-17</a>) disciples to Edessa[<a href="#EE55">EE55</a>, 43-45], who healed Abgar V, and commenced Christianity in Edessa and its surrounds[<a href="#EE55">EE55</a>, 44-47]. [See "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/01/prehistory-of-shroud-2-45-evidence-is.html#0325">325</a>"]. The late Jewish Professor of Semitic Languages, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=judah+benzion+segal">Judah Benzion Segal (1912–2003)</a>, in his book, "<a href="https://www.amazon.com.au/Edessa-Blessed-City-J-B-Segal/dp/097130971X">Edessa `The Blessed City'</a>" (2001), on fallacious (and anti-Christian) grounds, rejected this account "as one of the most successful pious frauds of antiquity"[<a href="#SJ01">SJ01</a>, 64] but although "apocryphal the account of the conversion of King Abgar to Christianity; the legend may well have a substratum of fact"[<a href="#SJ01">SJ01</a>, 69-70]. However, Segal failed to plausibly answer the central questions: "Why Abgar?" "Why Edessa"? "Why letters"? Also, significantly, Segal fails to mention the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V#Letters_of_Abgar_to_Tiberius">letters between Abgar V and the Roman Emperor</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius">Tiberius (r. AD 4-37)</a>[<a href="#AVW">AVW</a>], which clearly add to the plausibility of Abgar writing a leter to Jesus. That Segal was not a nominal Jew, neutral to Christianity, is evident in that: 1) Despite being very erudite on first-century issues, and educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, Segal had rejected Christianity; and 2) his daughter, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Naomi+Segal">Prof. Naomi Segal (1949-)</a>, when being admitted as a fellow of Queens' College Cambridge, insisted that the ceremony's wording be changed from, "in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit," to "in the name of God" because "I am Jewish":<blockquote>"In addition I asked for the phrase referring to `Father, Son and Holy Spirit' to be changed to `in nomine Dei', because I am Jewish"[<a href="#FY19">FY19</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraHSC"></a>However, Eusebius' account says nothing about Abgar V being healed by an image of Jesus on a cloth[<a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 54; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 15]. The Spanish pilgrim nun <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egeria_%28pilgrim%29">Egeria</a> in c.384 recorded that she had seen the text of Jesus' letter to Abgar V and the city gate through which it had entered Edessa[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 173], but she did not mention an image-bearing cloth, which she would have if it then was in Edessa[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 173; <a href="#GM09">GM09</a>, 147].</p><p><a name="0057"></a><b>57</b> Death of Ma'nu V (r. 50–57), son of Abgar V, King of Osroene[<a href="#ADW">ADW</a>]. He is succeeded by Ma'nu VI (r. 57–71), another son of Abgar V[<a href="#ADW">ADW</a>]. According to the 945 <i>Narratio de imagine Edessena</i> ("Story of the Image of Edessa")[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 185], or the "Official History"[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 149, 256], Ma'nu VI reverted to paganism and intended to destroy "the image of the Lord"[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 281]. To ensure the safety of "the likeness of our Lord Jesus Christ not made by hand" which had been fastened to a board and embellished with gold[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 280], i.e. the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a> (the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com.au/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud "four-doubled" = <i>tetradiplon</i>)</a>, was supposedly bricked up inside the public gate of Edessa, where it had previously laid[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 281], and then was <i>completely forgotten for almost five centuries</i> until its discovery in 544 [see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0544">544</a>"] during the Persian King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II">Khosrow II (590-628)</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_%28544%29">Siege of Edessa</a>[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 281]. However, this story is <i>most implausible</i>. Did not Ma'nu VI, nor any of his guards or officials, notice that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a> they were seeking to destroy, was <i>where it had previously been</i> but only behind <i>fresh brickwork</i>? Or is it more likely to be a "pious fraud" to give the Image of Edessa/Shroud, which is known in Edessa only from 544, a <i>false</i> back-history to the time of Jesus?</p><p><a name="c60"></a><b>c. 60</b> Shroud-like fresco of Jesus in profile in the Orpheus Cubiculum <a name="paraCSN"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx1XTyg8zaSgdQq8OW_b5LXQyG0-1zzWLlsOfAsmN-rzvVfMAEIhZvhyY7R2tt_gcnG3twVAc5c6mAExSSKOPeg-B0_ZiZBYVLvrk41hMVYy-NiLSoeatWbJHSaAFRZBcC7Jm-pxDBMMdh/s771/HeaphySSNereo%2526Achilleo_210605C4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx1XTyg8zaSgdQq8OW_b5LXQyG0-1zzWLlsOfAsmN-rzvVfMAEIhZvhyY7R2tt_gcnG3twVAc5c6mAExSSKOPeg-B0_ZiZBYVLvrk41hMVYy-NiLSoeatWbJHSaAFRZBcC7Jm-pxDBMMdh/s400/HeaphySSNereo%2526Achilleo_210605C4.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx1XTyg8zaSgdQq8OW_b5LXQyG0-1zzWLlsOfAsmN-rzvVfMAEIhZvhyY7R2tt_gcnG3twVAc5c6mAExSSKOPeg-B0_ZiZBYVLvrk41hMVYy-NiLSoeatWbJHSaAFRZBcC7Jm-pxDBMMdh/s771/HeaphySSNereo%2526Achilleo_210605C4.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#MR86">MR86</a>, pl. 1]: Sketch by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Frank_Heaphy">Thomas Frank Heaphy (1813-73)</a> of a fresco in the ceiling of the earliest section of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Domitilla">Catacomb of Domitilla</a>, Rome, dated to the time of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero">Nero (r. 54–68)</a>. Jesus is depicted in profile naked with a white cloth over his shoulder. Presumably <i>sitting up at His resurrection with the Shroud still partly covering Him</i>! If so, this is the earliest, mid-first century, depiction of the Shroud! See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2021/06/chronology-of-turin-shroud-nineteenth.html#c1831">05Jun21</a>]</p><p>part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Domitilla">Catacomb of Domitilla</a>, Rome[<a href="#CD93">CD93</a>, 28]. Jesus has shoulder length hair and a beard, a white cloth is over His right shoulder. The Italian archaeologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_de_Rossi">Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822–94)</a> who opened this and many Roman catacombs, dated that section to the time of Nero. <a name="paraBNC"></a>Belgian industrial chemist, <a href="https://www.online-familieberichten.nl/zoeken.asp?command=show&id=159487">Remi Van Haelst (1931-2003)</a>, saw this fresco and wrote of it, "This is the oldest representation of the Lord, made by an unknown artist ... who had know[n] Jesus":<blockquote>"On the sepulchral vault, in the light of his flashlamp, the guide showed me a very vague painting. In a kind of circular inset on the ceiling of the chamber I saw the figure of a human bust, looking from the left side. With a kind of sepulchral voice the monk told me: `This is the oldest representation of the Lord, made by an unknown artist, probably based on descriptions or perhaps a sketch or painting by someone who had know[n] Jesus or his disciples"[<a href="#VR87">VR87</a>, 12]</blockquote>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle">Apostle Paul</a>, who then had never been in Rome[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom+1%3A9-13%3B+15%3A22-24&version=ESV">Rom 1:9-13; 15:22-24</a>], in his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans">letter to the church in Rome (c.55-57)</a>, listed many Christians he knew personally<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom+16%3A3-15&version=ESV">[Rom 16:3-15</a>], including "Andronicus and Junia", his "kinsmen" who were "well known to the apostles" and "were in Christ before" him[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom+16%3A7&version=ESV">Rom 16:7</a>]. Paul was converted in 33/34[<a href="#FJ64">FJ64</a>, 320], so they likely were among the Greek-speaking Jews who saw Jesus at his final Passover[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+12%3A20-21&version=ESV">Jn 12:20-21</a>] and then were among the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism">Hellenists</a> in the earliest Jerusalem church[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+6%3A1&version=ESV">Acts 6:1</a>][<a href="#BF85">BF85</a>, 258]. Rufus[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2016%3A13&version=ESV">Rom 16:13</a>] likely is a son of Simon of Cyrene[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2015%3A21&version=ESV">Mk 15:21</a>][<a href="#BF85">BF85</a>, 260]. So there would likely have been Christians alive then in Rome who would have seen Jesus, making this Shroud-like depiction of Him an independent confirmation that the Shroudman is Jesus!</p><p><a name="0068"></a><b>68</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria">Athanasius (c. 296–373)</a>, the Bishop of Alexandria from 328 to 373, with five(!) exiles in between, affirmed that "a sacred Christ-icon traceable to Jerusalem and the year 68, was then present in Syria"[<a href="#VD99">VD99</a>]. This can only be the Shroud, since no other icon would have been tolerated by the earliest Jerusalem church. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud </a> was from Christianity's earliest times regarded as <i>acheiropoietos</i>, "not made by hands" (the same word occurs in <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+14%3A58%3B+2Cor+5%3A1%3B+Col+2%3A11&version=MOUNCE">Mk 14:58; 2Cor 5:1 & Col 2:11</a>) [<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 34, 39; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 131; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 184-185], so it was exempt from the commandment to not make an image[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ex+20%3A4%3B+Dt+4%3A23&version=ESV">Ex 20:4; Dt 4:23</a>]. Athanasius wrote "Syria" not "Antioch," so it is possible the Shroud was initially kept at another location in Syria. Especially since construction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus_Aurea_%28Antioch%29">Antioch Cathedral</a> was not commpleted until 341[<a href="#DAW">DAW</a>].</p><p><a name="c70"></a> <b>c. 70</b> Water stains on the Shroud <i>exactly</i> match the pattern of water stains produced by folding a linen cloth of the Shroud's dimensions and </p><p><a name="paraSSJ"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhELEJnmFwNz0pAbFM0UM-bUddBmALBQ52_wiqP0S_IJHbAF_qtaRZk1C5oaozHt9DsGvkGjbtqqSexwvl1yH8Cdn9z5Jxx5uWTUuIyUaCl2qITxdGiJEWndU0oya_rnmkJFtODqWNDiTicRyJ6uujgDkjIE7dOdU7QZSFsSc-TlfkoUQTj3ttYREdU5A/s600/WaterStainsFrontFolded&Jar220713E6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhELEJnmFwNz0pAbFM0UM-bUddBmALBQ52_wiqP0S_IJHbAF_qtaRZk1C5oaozHt9DsGvkGjbtqqSexwvl1yH8Cdn9z5Jxx5uWTUuIyUaCl2qITxdGiJEWndU0oya_rnmkJFtODqWNDiTicRyJ6uujgDkjIE7dOdU7QZSFsSc-TlfkoUQTj3ttYREdU5A/s400/WaterStainsFrontFolded&Jar220713E6.png" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhELEJnmFwNz0pAbFM0UM-bUddBmALBQ52_wiqP0S_IJHbAF_qtaRZk1C5oaozHt9DsGvkGjbtqqSexwvl1yH8Cdn9z5Jxx5uWTUuIyUaCl2qITxdGiJEWndU0oya_rnmkJFtODqWNDiTicRyJ6uujgDkjIE7dOdU7QZSFsSc-TlfkoUQTj3ttYREdU5A/s600/WaterStainsFrontFolded&Jar220713E6.png">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#GS02">GS02</a>, 1]: Large water stains on the Shroud (left) were discovered by photographer <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Aldo+Guerreschi">Aldo Guerreschi</a> and writer <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Michele+Salcito">Michele Salcito</a> not to have been caused by water to extinguish the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1532">1532 fire</a> (only the small water stains were), but <i>exactly match</i> the pattern of the Shroud having been folded (top right) and hididen in a part-filled first century earthenware jar (bottom right). See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/04/water-stains-28-other-marks-and-images.html">05Apr18</a>.]</p><p>putting it in a partly water filled first century earthenware jar, identical to one found at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada">Masada</a>, the Jewish fortress overthrown by the Romans in AD 74[<a href="#GS02">GS02</a>]! Ian Wilson confirmed this:<blockquote>"This is no anecdote. Guerreschi repeated it in April 2004, with me acting as his assistant, for a British-made television documentary produced by Pioneer Productions. As the production team can confirm, the filming occurred at the very end of the day, with no possible opportunity for a second 'take'. Again, an identical pattern was produced"[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 83]</blockquote>This is evidence both that the Shroud is first century and that it had to be hidden in its early centuries from Christianity's Jewish and Roman enemies.</p><p><a name="c100"></a><b>c. 100</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a>, which many Church Fathers held to be the original Hebrew of St Matthew's Gospel[<a href="#GM69">GM69</a>], now exists only in fragments in the writings of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome">Jerome (c. 342-420)</a>[<a href="#BP28">BP28</a>, 17] and other early Church Fathers[<a href="#GHW">GHW</a>]. Jerome, in his <i>De Viris illustribus</i>[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 172] (<i>The Lives of Illustrious Men</i>[<a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 52]), wrote:<blockquote>"The Gospel also which is called the Gospel according to the Hebrews, and which I have recently translated into Greek and Latin and which also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen">Origen</a> often makes use of, after the account of the resurrection of the Saviour says, `but the Lord, after he had given his grave clothes [<i>sindon</i> - <a href="#SD89">SD8</a>, 74] to the servant of the priest, appeared to James ..."[<a href="#JG16">JG16</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraNHL"></a>In his Latin text, Jerome retained the the Greek word <i><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/nas/sindon.html">sindon</a></i>'s Latin equivalent (<i>sindonem</i>)[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 105, <a href="#GM04">GM04</a>, 17-18], to make it clear that it was Jesus' shroud that he gave to "the servant of the priest."<a name="paraTST"></a>This is the earliest reference to the Shroud outside the New Testament[<a href="#GM69">GM69</a>; <a href="#SD89">SD8</a>, 74; <a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 172] and the first that the Shroud existed in the late first, or early second, century[<a href="#SD89">SD8</a>, 74; <a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 52].</p><p><a name="paraTSF"></a>The "servant of the priest," presumably is a pseudonym of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Apostle">Apostle John</a> [See my series "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/11/servant-of-priest-1-turin-shroud.html">Servant of the Priest (1)</a>", "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/11/servant-of-priest-2-turin-shroud.html">(2)</a>" & "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/11/servant-of-priest-3-turin-shroud.html">(3)</a>"]. A Jewish priest was simply a male descendant of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron">Aaron</a>, who was Israel's first priest[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ex+28%3A1&version=ESV">Ex 28:1</a>][<a href="#UM66">UM66</a>, 882; <a href="#WJ84">WJ84</a>, 41]. Jesus' mother Mary was a relative of John the Baptist's mother Elizabeth[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+1%3A34-36&version=ESV">Lk 1:34-36</a>]. And Elizabeth and her husband Zechariah were both descendants of Aaron[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+1%3A5&version=ESV">Lk 1:5</a>] and so Zechariah was a priest[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+1%3A8-12&version=ESV">Lk 1:8-12</a>]. Therefore Mary also must have been a descendant of Aaron, as well as of king David[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+3%3A23-31&version=ESV">Lk 3:23-31</a>][<a href="#ML74">ML74</a>, 72-73]. A Jewish priest was not required to marry a descendant of Aaron, but only an Israelite virgin[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lev+21%3A13-14&version=ESV">Lev 21:13-14</a>][<a href="#ML74">ML74</a>, 68]. Mary's sister was Salome (see <a href="#c30-543">above</a>)[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A55-56%3B+Mk+15%3A40%3B+Jn+19%3A25&version=ESV">Mt 27:55-56; Mk 15:40; Jn 19:25</a>], the mother of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebedee">sons of Zebedee</a>, and therefore the Apostle John's mother[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+3%3A17%3B+10%3A35%3B+Lk+5%3A10&version=ESV">Mk 3:17; 10:35; Lk 5:10</a>][<a href="#WJ84">WJ84</a>, 35]. So Jesus and John were cousins[<a href="#WJ84">WJ84</a>, 35]. Mary's, and therefore Salome's, father was Heli[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+3%3A23&version=ESV">Lk 3:23</a>], that is Eli, a Jewish priestly name[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Sam+1%3A9%3B+2%3A11%3B+14%3A3&version=ESV">1Sam 1:9; 2:11; 14:3</a>]. Early Church historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius">Eusebius (c. 260-340)</a> quoted from a letter by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrates_of_Ephesus">Polycrates (c.130–196)</a>, a Bishop of Ephesus, who wrote that "John, who rested upon the bosom of our Lord; who also was a priest, and bore the sacerdotal plate (<i>petalon</i>)"[<a href="#EE55">EE55</a>, 208]. In Jesus' time there were two Jewish High Priests: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annas">Annas</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a>[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+3%3A2%3B+Acts+4%3A5-6&version=ESV">Lk 3:2; Acts 4:5-6</a>]. Annas was the father-in-law of Caiaphas[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+18%3A13&version=ESV">Jn 18:13</a>]. Annas was High Priest from 6–15 when he was deposed by the Roman Procurator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Gratus">Valerius Gratus (r. 15-26)</a>. But since according to the Law of Moses the high-priesthood could only be terminated by death [<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Num+35%3A25&version=ESV">Num 35:25</a>], Annas was regarded by the Jews as the legitimate High Priest[<a href="#ANW">ANW</a>]. After Jesus was arrested, he was first brought before Annas[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+18%3A12-13&version=ESV">Jn 18:12-13</a>] and then Caiaphas[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+18%3A24&version=ESV">Jn 18:24</a>]. That John was a servant in Annas' household is evident in that John, the "other disciple"[<a href="#ML74">ML74</a>, 9-12] twice mentions that he was "known to the High Priest"[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+18%3A15-16&version=ESV">Jn 18:15-16</a>]; the "servant girl" doorkeeper of Annas' house knew John, and that he was a follower of Jesus, and admitted both John and Peter into the courtyard[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+18%3A16-17&version=ESV">Jn 18:16-17</a>]. John knew that the name of the "servant of the High Priest" whose ear Peter had cut off was "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malchus">Malchus</a>"[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+18%3A10&version=ESV">Jn 18:10</a>] (but was healed by Jesus [<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+22%3A50-51&version=ESV">Lk 22:50-51</a>]) and that another servant of the High Priest was a relative of Malchus[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+18%3A26&version=ESV">Jn 18:26</a>]. There are examples where a High Priest was simply called "the Priest"[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2Ki+22%3A4%3B+22%3A10%3B+Neh+3%3A1%3B+13%3A4&version=ESV">2Ki 22:4; 22:10; Neh 3:1; 13:4</a>]. John has a priestly interest in Jewish feasts[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+2%3A13%3B+5%3A1%3B+6%3A4%3B+7%3A2%3B+10%3A22%3B+11%3A55&version=ESV">Jn 2:13; 5:1; 6:4; 7:2; 10:22; 11:55</a>]. Although John reached Jesus' empty tomb before Peter, he waited until Peter entered it[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A4-8&version=ESV">Jn 20:4-8</a>]. Presumably for Peter to confirm that Jesus' dead body was not inside, because a priest was forbidden to touch a dead body, except for his closest household relatives[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lev+21%3A1-3&version=ESV">Lev 21:1-3</a>]. </p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="ACW">ACW</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch#Christianity">"Antioch: Christianity</a>," Wikipedia, 29 December 2023.<br><a name="AVW">AVW</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V">"Abgar V</a>," Wikipedia, 29 December 2023.<br><a name="ADW">ADW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgarid_dynasty">Abgarid dynasty</a>," Wikipedia, 8 May 2023.<br><a name="ANW">ANW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annas">Annas</a>," Wikipedia, 30 November 2023.<br><a name="BJW">BJW</a>. "<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a>," Wikipedia, 18 August 2023.<br><a name="BF85">BF85</a>. Bruce F.F., 1985, "The Letter of Paul to the Romans: An Introduction and Commentary," The Tyndale New Testament commentaries, Inter-Varsity Press: Leicester UK, Second edition, Reprinted, 1987.<br><a name="BP28">BP28</a>. Beecher, P.A., 1928, "The Holy Shroud: Reply to the Rev. Herbert Thurston, S.J.," M.H. Gill & Son: Dublin.<br><a name="BW57">BW57</a>. Bulst, W., 1957, "The Shroud of Turin," McKenna, S. & Galvin, J.J., transl., Bruce Publishing Co: Milwaukee WI.<br><a name="CD93">CD93</a>. Crispino, D.C., 1993, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi42part10.pdf">New Evidence for the Earliest Portrait of Jesus: Rex Morgan</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 42, December.<br><a name="DAW">DAW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus_Aurea_(Antioch)">Domus Aurea (Antioch)</a>," Wikipedia, 3 July 2023.<br><a name="DK15">DK15</a>. Doig, K.F., 2015, "New Testament Chronology: "<a href="http://www.nowoezone.com/NTC24.htm">The 30 CE Crucifixion</a>."<br><a name="DR84">DR84</a>. Drews, R., 1984, "In Search of the Shroud of Turin: New Light on Its History and Origins," Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham MD.<br><a name="DT12">DT12</a>. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London.<br><a name="EE55">EE55</a>. Eusebius, 1955, "The Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius Pamphilus," Cruse, C.F., transl, Baker: Grand Rapids MI, Fourth printing, 1966.<br><a name="FG08">FG08</a>. Fanti, G., ed., "<a href="https://www.booked.net/ohioshroudconference">The Shroud of Turin: Perspectives on a Multifaceted Enigma</a>," Proceedings of the 2008 Columbus Ohio International Conference, August 14-17, 2008, Progetto Libreria: Padua, Italy, 2009.<br><a name="FJ64">FJ64</a>. Finegan, J., 1964, "Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible," Princeton University Press: Princeton NJ.<br><a name="FY19">FY19</a>. "<a href="https://queens.shorthandstories.com/40years-professor-naomi-segal/index.html">40 Years: Professor Naomi Segal Queens' first female Fellow</a>," Queens' College Cambridge.<br><a name="JG16">JG16</a>, 10. Jerome and Gennadius, 2016, "Lives of Illustrious Men," Aeterna Press: Summerville SC.<br><a name="GHW">GHW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a>," Wikipedia, 3 October 2023.<br><a name="GM04">GM04</a>. Guscin, M., 2004, "The History of the Sudarium of Oviedo: How It Came from Jerusalem to Northern Spain in the Seventh Century A.D., Edwin Mellen Press: Lewiston NY.<br><a name="GM09">GM09</a>. Guscin, M., 2009, "The Image of Edessa," Brill: Leiden, Netherlands & Boston MA.<br><a name="GM69">GM69</a>. Green, M., 1969, "<a href="http://www.monlib.org.uk:80/papers/aj/aj1969green.htm">Enshrouded in Silence: In search of the First Millennium of the Holy Shroud</a>," <i>Ampleforth Journal</i>, Vol. 74, No. 3, Autumn, 319-345.<br><a name="GS02">GS02</a>. Guerreschi, A. & Salcito, M., 2002, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/aldo3.pdf">Photographic and computer studies concerning the burn and water stains visible on the Shroud and their historical consequences</a>," IV Symposium Scientifique International du CIELT, April 25-26, 2002, Paris, France, 1-15.<br><a name="GV01">GV01</a>. Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL.<br><a name="JBW">JBW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a>," Wikipedia, 25 December 2023.<br><a name="MJ08">MJ08</a>. Markwardt, J., 2008, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ohiomarkwardt.pdf">Ancient Edessa and the Shroud: History Concealed by the Discipline of the Secret</a>," in <a href="#FG08">FG08</a>, 382-407, 382.<br><a name="ML74">ML74</a>. Morris, L.L., 1974, "The Gospel According to Luke: An Introduction and Commentary," Tyndale New Testament Commentaries, Inter-Varsity Press Leicester UK, Reprinted, 1986.<br><a name="MR86">MR86</a>. Morgan, R., 1986, "The Holy Shroud and the Earliest Paintings of Christ," Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.<br><a name="NR82">NR82</a>. Nixon, R.E., "Joseph," in Douglas, J.D., et al., eds., 1982, "New Bible Dictionary," [1962], Inter-Varsity Press, Leicester UK, Second edition, Reprinted, 1988.<br><a name="OM10">OM10</a>. Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.<br><a name="PM96">PM96</a>. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.<br><a name="PTW">PTW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle#First_missionary_journey">Paul the Apostle: First missionary journey</a>," Wikipedia, 5 January 2024.<br><a name="RC99">RC99</a>. Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.<br><a name="RTB">RTB</a>. Reference(s) to be provided.<br><a name="SD89">SD89</a>. Scavone, D.C., 1989, "The Shroud of Turin: Opposing Viewpoints," Greenhaven Press: San Diego CA.<br><a name="SJ01">SJ01</a>. Segal, J.B., 2001, "Edessa: The Blessed City," [1970], Gorgias Press: Piscataway NJ,Second edition, Reprinted, 2005.<br><a name="TR82">TR82</a>. Tasker, R.V., "John," in Douglas, J.D., et al., eds., 1982, "New Bible Dictionary," [1962], Inter-Varsity Press, Leicester UK, Second edition, Reprinted, 1988.<br><a name="TVW">TVW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary">Tomb of the Virgin Mary</a>," Wikipedia, 3 January 2024.<br><a name="VD99">VD99</a>. Von Dobschütz, E., 1899, Christusbilder: Leipzig, Vol. 3, 15, in <a href="#MJ08">MJ08</a>, 382, 393.<br><a name="VR87">VR87</a>. Van Haelst, R., 1987, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn044Dec87.pdf">Did I see the Lord?</a>," <i>Shroud News</i>, No. 44, December, 11-15.<br><a name="UM66">UM66</a>. Unger, M.F., "Priesthood: Hebrew," in "Unger's Bible Dictionary," [1957], Moody Press: Chicago IL, Third edition, 1966, Fifteenth printing, 1969.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.<br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.<br><a name="WJ84">WJ84</a>. Wenham, J.W., 1984, "Easter Enigma: Are the Resurrection Stories in Conflict?," Paternoster: Exeter UK, Reprinted, 1987.<br><a name="WK80">WK80</a>. Weaver</b>, K.F., 1980, "<a href="https://nationalgeographicbackissues.com/product/national-geographic-june-1980/">Science Seeks to Solve ... The Mystery of the Shroud</a>," <i>National Geographic</i>, Vol. 157, June, 730-753.<br></p><p>Posted 2 January 2024. Updated 2 March 2024.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-82540066426149785012023-12-21T00:19:00.036+08:002024-01-10T18:56:01.416+08:00Kim Dreisbach's "overwhelming preponderance of evidence" in favor of the Shroud's authenticity - part 3<p><a name="para01"></a><center>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>Continuing from <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/11/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming.html">part 1</a> and <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/12/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming.html">part 2</a>, this is part 3 of <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/14202461/albert-russel-dreisbach">Rev. Albert Russel `Kim” Dreisbach Jr. (1934-2006)</a>'s "overwhelming preponderance of evidence" in favor of the Shroud's authenticity. See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/11/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming.html">part 1</a> for information about this series. My comments are in <b>bold</b>.</p><hr><p><a name="paraTPF"></a><center>-12-</p><p>THE PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE</center></p><p><a name="paraTCT"></a>I. THE CLOTH/TEXTILE ITSELF</p><p>John Tyrer. Chartered Textile Technologist. Associate of the Textile Institute and Associate of the Manchester College of Technology(UMIST)</p><p>"It would be reasonable to conclude the linen textiles with `Z' twist yarns and woven 3/1 reversing twill similar to the Turin Shroud could have been produced in first-century Syria or Palestine ... <u>Turning from the ancient world to medieval Europe, </u> ... it <u> appears that linen textiles similar to the Shroud have not survived in any number from the early fourteenth century</u>" (<u><a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi06part6.pdf">Shroud Spectrum International</u>, No. 6, March, 1983</a>, p. 38.).</p><p>" The arguments against the Shroud being a contact print are; that the image would suffer lateral distortion due to the fabric's draping around the sides, and that the imprint would be only two tones, like a brass rubbing. There is no lateral distortion in the Shroud image and it shows remarkable gradations and subtleties in shading. <u>It must be remembered that in 1350, it would be at least another generation before printing, woodcuts and engravings would be introduced into Europe</u>." (Ibid., p. 41.).</p><p><a name="paraPLN"></a>II. POLLENS</p><p>The late Dr. Max Frei-Sulzer, palynologist. Founder and Director of the Scientific Service of the Criminal Police of Zurich, Switzerland.</p><p><a name="paraDFD"></a>Dr. Frei identified 58 separate types of pollen which he had taken directly from the Shroud by applying a special adhesive tape to its threads. Dr Frei concluded that pollen grains from the Shroud from biblical Palestine, the Anatolian steppe, and those from plants indigenous to the area of Constantinople</p><p>"are so numerous compared to the species from Europe that a <u>casual contamination</u> or a pollen transport from the Near East by storms* <u>in different seasons cannot be responsible for their presence</u>. The predominance of these pollen types must be the result of the Shroud's stay in such countries where these plants form part of the normal vegetation. A transport by migrating birds or contamination of desert plants by pilgrims can be excluded because they had no possibility of direct contact with the Shroud." (Unpublished manuscript by Max Frei-Sulzer. <u>The Pollens on the Shroud of Turin</u>., p. 14).</p><p>* i.e. no single exposure can account for all the pollens as plants germinate at different seasons of the year.</p><p>"A <u>by-product of my microscopical studies of the Shroud must be seen in the discovery that none of the pollen grains is covered with tempera This is strong evidence against the suggestion that the Shroud is a painted fake</u>." (Ibid. p. 15.).</p><p>"It is a cloth that has been in Palestine, Turkey, France and Italy. These data confirm the geographic part of its history, which is the only aspect verifiable with the palynographic method." (Max Frei-Sulzer. "A Contribution to the Study of the Problem of Authenticity of the Shroud based on Microscopic traces." Zurich; 3Aug76, p .14.). </p><p><a name="paraTRG"></a>III. TRAVERTINE ARAGONITE</p><p>Dr. Joseph Kohlbeck, Chief Chemist and optical crystallographer, Hercules Aerospace Division, Salt Lake City, Utah. </p><p>In comparing the dirt from the foot area of the Shroud with limestone samples from tombs near the Damascus Gate in Jerusalem, Dr. Kohlbeck discovered that: </p><p>"(When) we ... examined a calcium sample from the shroud taken from the area known as the 'bloody foot' ... (it) showed a larger concentration of calcium carbonate than other areas. The calcium carbonate turned out to be aragonite, not the more common calcite - and exhibited small amounts of strontium and iron. </p><p>Further analysis was conducted by Dr. Ricardo Levi-Setti, of the Enrico Fermi Institute of the University of Chicago, who put both Shroud and Jerusalem samples through his high-resolution scanning ion microprobe and produced graphs; these graphs revealed that the samples were an unusually close match ... aragonite with these traces can no doubt be found elsewhere in the world as well as in Jerusalem. On the other hand, <u>those who claim the shroud is a 14th century forgery need to explain how the aragonite got there</u>"· (Joseph A. Kohlbeck and Eugenia L. Nitkowski. "New Evidence May Explain Image on Shroud of Turin; Chemical tests link Shroud to Jerusalem." <u>Biblical Archaeological Review</u>. July/August 1986, Vol. XII, No. 4, pgs. 23-24.) </p><p><a name="paraDRL"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq5nVTZNPShp8ORQr_TsuuPz6iIOt-nnrD1oKSjW-_nQblQ6M17aN_9RQjajaXaDifNEiyEaXkMjPpOqogBF33sWZmKbGW7g_Z-G-XRnYEMYc-wxhGb-8PCKOHaU9Wvi1UEScZ8SdcEbXK/s1600/Limestone1BARJul1986x400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq5nVTZNPShp8ORQr_TsuuPz6iIOt-nnrD1oKSjW-_nQblQ6M17aN_9RQjajaXaDifNEiyEaXkMjPpOqogBF33sWZmKbGW7g_Z-G-XRnYEMYc-wxhGb-8PCKOHaU9Wvi1UEScZ8SdcEbXK/s800/Limestone1BARJul1986x400.jpg" /></a> <br><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtIokOz3tT3_ne0BrsEy8sMnk1_aUL99BLPv-HKMaW3CvG5TOvMhR6qX62drcb5GUdzfjJgqcmp8M5Vhu5Gf1hdvY-tUYQ0cXVSr9aICDnXWsjrUXbZTsnAUpATasM5kRrz_xRtxUQOvDx/s1600/Limestone2BARJul1986x400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtIokOz3tT3_ne0BrsEy8sMnk1_aUL99BLPv-HKMaW3CvG5TOvMhR6qX62drcb5GUdzfjJgqcmp8M5Vhu5Gf1hdvY-tUYQ0cXVSr9aICDnXWsjrUXbZTsnAUpATasM5kRrz_xRtxUQOvDx/s800/Limestone2BARJul1986x400.jpg" /></a></p><p><b>[Above (</b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq5nVTZNPShp8ORQr_TsuuPz6iIOt-nnrD1oKSjW-_nQblQ6M17aN_9RQjajaXaDifNEiyEaXkMjPpOqogBF33sWZmKbGW7g_Z-G-XRnYEMYc-wxhGb-8PCKOHaU9Wvi1UEScZ8SdcEbXK/s1600/Limestone1BARJul1986x400.jpg">enlarge</a><b>): Prof. </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Levi-Setti">Ricardo Levi-Setti (1927–2018)</a><b>'s scanning ion microprobe comparisons of Jerusalem limestone (black) and limestone on Shroud (red)[</b><a href="#KN86">KN86</a><b>]. As can be seen above, from their spectral patterns, the Shroud foot and Jerusalem tomb limestone samples were a very close match [</b><a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 106; <a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 93; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 114<b> See </b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/12/dirt-30-other-marks-and-images-evidence.html#paraNNG">27Dec18</a><b>].</b></p><p><a name="paraCGT"></a>IV, ICONOGRAPHIC THEORY</p><p>Prior to the. 6th. century, only vague. and widely varied "portraits" of Christ (i.e. usually a beardless youth, Appello-like, often depicted as a shepherd) are known to the art historian. Yet</p><p><a name="paraTNG"></a><center>-13-</center></p><p>"at one given point, the sixth century, the features of Christ in art were brought into focus, as if by an invisible decree. The hair became long and center-parted, the beard established and decisively forked, the nose longer and more pronounced, the eyes deeper and their pupils larger, and the whole countenance set in a rigidly front-facing attitude. There is an authority about it that seems to suggest that someone, somewhere suddenly knew what Jesus had looked like ... (and more amazing) It is surely a remarkable coincidence that the Shroud likeness was followed so exactly." (Ian Wilson, <u>The Shroud of Turin</u>. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1979, pgs. 102-103.) </p><p><a name="paraSTP"></a>Since the pioneering work of Vignon, Sandhurst, Fr, Maurus Green and Wilson himself with this Iconographic Theory, Dr. Alan Whanger and his wife Mary have developed an amazing "Polarized Image Overlay Technique", a new image comparison method which allows for even more precise methods of pain-by-point comparison of images. In studying the Face of Christ on a gold Byzantine <u>solidus</u> struck ca. A.D. 692-695, the Whangers discovered over 70 points of "congruity" or similarity with the Shroud's facial image - a discovery even more amazing when one considers that the <u>solidus</u> is approximately the. size of a US. nickel. <b>["However, I regret to say that, as congenial as this is to Shroud pro-authenticists (including me who had cited it in the past), Whanger's PC argument has several major flaws (some of which he tacitly admitted above), that invalidate it." (</b><a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/01/obituary-2-dr-alan-duane-whanger-17.html#paraHRT">02 Jan18</a><b>). It isn't that there is not congruity between </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_II">Justinian II (r. 685-95 & 705-11)</a><b>'s gold <i>solidus</i> coin and the Shroud-there obviously is (see below). But Whanger's claiming a <i>precise, large, number of points of congruity</i> is <i>hopelessly subjective</i>:</b> <blockquote>"We called these points of congruence (PC). This was carefully and meticulously done, and we [Alan and Mary Whanger] did not draw in anything <i>unless we both could see and be certain</i> that it was really there"[<a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 19].</blockquote></b> <a name="paraSCB"></a><b>As can be seen below, Jesus' face on the Justinian II c. 692 gold solidus coin bears a striking resemblance to the face of the man on the Shroud[</b><a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, p.195; <a href="#SD89">SD89</a>, 84-85<b>].</b></p><p><a name="paraCPN"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk4l2zgnLh2wEl7a2PXMR7QOkk9BWTE5eOgRLL2VJNpKXMxzuBghr9VavlQamHAL3r9DJUmOI3Uifge2rD_hi4BUwIwlSylYegy7DORand5IYTY-oai4fLZB9OO83jOTL2ZFcb9sflG8WaANZaHkATB0D0pT2MStexXkdsLZs0eImvMsrmViX1oozdlg/s800/Durante2002Face&JustIISolidus220713E6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk4l2zgnLh2wEl7a2PXMR7QOkk9BWTE5eOgRLL2VJNpKXMxzuBghr9VavlQamHAL3r9DJUmOI3Uifge2rD_hi4BUwIwlSylYegy7DORand5IYTY-oai4fLZB9OO83jOTL2ZFcb9sflG8WaANZaHkATB0D0pT2MStexXkdsLZs0eImvMsrmViX1oozdlg/s800/Durante2002Face&JustIISolidus220713E6.png" /></a></p><p><b>[Above (</b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk4l2zgnLh2wEl7a2PXMR7QOkk9BWTE5eOgRLL2VJNpKXMxzuBghr9VavlQamHAL3r9DJUmOI3Uifge2rD_hi4BUwIwlSylYegy7DORand5IYTY-oai4fLZB9OO83jOTL2ZFcb9sflG8WaANZaHkATB0D0pT2MStexXkdsLZs0eImvMsrmViX1oozdlg/s800/Durante2002Face&JustIISolidus220713E6.png">enlarge</a><b>): Comparison of positive (left) of the Shroud face (enhanced)[</b><a href="#SSF">SSF</a><b>] and a Justinian II 692 gold solidus coin cropped). By my count there are at least 12 out of 15 </b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/02/four-proofs-that-ad-1260-1390.html">Vignon markings</a> <b>on Jesus' face on this coin that are also found on the Shroud of Turin[</b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/02/four-proofs-that-ad-1260-1390.html">11Feb12</a><b> & </b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/01/chronology-of-turin-shroud-seventh.html">24Jan17</a><b>]. It is <i>obvious</i> that the engraver of this late 7th century coin based his design on the face of the man on the Shroud: <i>~568 years</i> before the earliest </b><a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a><b>! And <i>~663 years</i> before the Shroud </b><a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1355">first appeared in 1355, in undisputed history, at Lirey, France</a><b>!]</b></p><p>In fact, this study "throws up so many areas of congruity, including even the matching of Christ's neckline on the coin portrait with a persistent accidental crease on the Shroud, that to Whanger it has seemed self-evident that the Shroud must somehow have served as inspiration for the Byzantine coin. Exploring other Byzantine images, he alighted on the intriguing sixth- century Pantocrator icon from Sr. Catherine's monastery, Sinai ... (ca. A. D. 550-590) ... Following a painstaking study undertaken with his wife, Mary, Whanger claims the identification of no fewer than one hundred and seventy points of congruity between the Shroud image and the sixth-century icon. To them, and to many who have studied their work, it seems irrefutable that artists at least as early as the sixth century somehow had available to them either the Shroud, or a detailed copy of it, seven centuries before, according to Dr. McCrone, the image was devised by some cunning medieval artist." Ian Wilson. <u>The Mysterious Shroud</u>. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1986, p.110.).</p><p><a name="paraSSR"></a>Shroud scholars are well aware that the Image of Edessa/Mandylion/Shroud of Turin was rediscovered in a niche above Edessa's west gate following a near disastrous flood in, 525. <b>[This was Ian Wilson's 1978 theory, based on the 945 "Official History of the Image of Edessa" but it suffers from multiple implausibilities:</p><p>• The Shroud (as the </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a> <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">"four-doubled" <i>tetradiplon</i></a><b>), was according to the 945 <i>Official History</i> [see "</b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/chronology-of-turin-shroud-tenth-century.html#0945c">945c</a><b>"] fastened to a board and hung over Edessa's main gate in all weather (which varied from <a href="https://www.worldweatheronline.com/urfa-weather-averages/sanliurfa/tr.aspx">freezing snow in Winter to 40°C heat in Summer</a>) for ~25 years, from ~AD 32 when Edessa's King </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V">Abgar V (r. 4 BC-AD 50)</a> <b> was healed by Jesus' disciple </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addai_of_Edessa">Thaddeus</a><b> to the reign in 57 of Abgar V's pagan younger son </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgarid_dynasty">Ma'nu VI (57–71)</a><b> [</b><a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/01/abgar-v-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html#paraBST">08Jan19</a><b>].</b></p><p><a name="paraCTT"></a>• <b>According to the "Official History" after the pagan King Ma'nu VI began to reign in 57, to ensure its safety, "the likeness of our Lord Jesus Christ not made by hand" was bricked up inside the public gate of Edessa, and then <i>completely forgotten</i> for almost five centuries until its discovery in 544 [see "</b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0544">544</a><b>"] during the Persian King </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II">Khosrow II (590-628)</a><b>'s</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_%28544%29">Siege of Edessa</a><b>. However, this story is most implausible. Did not Ma'nu VI, or any of his guards or officials, notice that the Image of Edessa they were seeking to destroy, was<i> where it had previously been but only behind fresh brickwork?</i> [</b><a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html#0060">24Jul16</a><b>]. Did not a maintenance worker, or <i>anyone</i>, go inside Edessa's main gate wall structure for almost <i>five centuries</i> from ~57-544?</b></p><p><a name="paraLNW"></a>• <b>Likewise Ian Wilson's theory, based on that "Official History" story, that the Image of Edessa/Shroud was discovered in 525, during the rebuilding of Edessa's flood damaged wall[</b><a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 254<b>], suffers from the same multiple implausibilities above and it does not even have the support of the "Official History" that the Image of Edessa/Shroud was discovered during the 544 Persian siege of Edessa! [</b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0525">07Dec16</a><b>].</b></p><p><a name="paraTTW"></a>Thus, <u>those who argue for a "medieval" (sic) date have the seemingly impossible task of explaining how sixth century artists were able to copy so exactly a work which was not produced until the 14th century</u>. Even if we allow Dr. Richard Luckett's theory that the Shroud of Turin was produced from an actual human corpse <b>It wasn't Luckett. </b><a href="https://www.magd.cam.ac.uk/dr-richard-luckett-1978-1945-2020">Dr. Richard Luckett (1945-2020)</a><b> was a Cambridge University librarian. On 26 August 1988, while the carbon dating was still in progress, he leaked to the London <i>Evening Standard</i> newspaper that, "a date of 1350 `looks likely'" (which was in fact the very first date of the Shroud by Arizona laboratory[</b><a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 264<b>]):</b> <blockquote></b>"The furore began after Dr Richard Luckett, a fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge, wrote in the <i>Evening Standard</i> yesterday [26 August 1988] that a date of 1350 `looks likely' for the 14ft piece of linen, which bears the imprint of the face, the thorns, and wounds of Jesus’s body. He referred to laboratories as `leaky institutions'. A fragment of the shroud is being radiocarbon-dated at the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art at Oxford"[<a href="#RT15">RT15</a>].<b></blockquote>But apart from a further, "I had an absolutely marvellous leak from one of the laboratories and it wasn't Oxford"[</b><a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 279<b>] (which meant the leak was either from Arizona or Zurich), Luckett said nothing else about the Shroud. Prof. </b><a href="https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/pt.4.1844/full/">Harry Gove (1922-2009)</a><b>, the informal leader of the 1988 radiocarbon dating laboratories, said of Luckett that he was, "a man I had never heard of before or since"[</b><a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 282<b>]. Ian Wilson deduced, and publicly stated, that the source of the leaks to Luckett and columnist </b><a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10605721/Kenneth-Rose-obituary.html">Kenneth Rose (1924-2014)</a><b> was </b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/08/obituary-rev-h-david-sox-24-april-1936.html">David Sox (1936-2016)</a> <b>[</b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/06/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_24.html#para10">24Jun14</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/01/summary-of-evidence-that-timothy-w.html#para06a">19Jan16</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/02/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#para28">22Feb16</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/11/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#paraSWT">22Nov16</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/08/obituary-rev-h-david-sox-24-april-1936.html#paraSWS">15Aug17</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/08/3-july-1988-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html#paraSWP">06Aug18</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/08/4-june-1989-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html#paraSWP">03Aug19</a><b>]. <a name="paraGRT"></a>Gove realised that Luckett's "1350" date must have "come from someone who was present at Arizona during the first measurement":</b><blockquote>"I must say I wondered about Luckett's date of 1350 because it was the date Donahue announced to me when I was present at the first radiocarbon measurement on the shroud in 6 May 1988. Of course, it also corresponds very closely to the shroud's known historic date. However, I still assumed Luckett had said he got the number from Oxford. When I read that he claimed he got it from one of the other two labs I worried that it might have come from someone who was present at Arizona during the first measurement"[<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 279].</blockquote><b>And Sox `just happened' to have worked as a teacher for at <a name="paraPFL"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWBFGqyCDM5aIN2qa497yPphUfIAlese-WiEzGT6Gya6ktnd1aSjEpSkC4LHpsJ_uE2cv78CEUNQkWfkrkZ3AvopNxcMtNA8UyaU21pOVbJBEk4P46Nw6lAe6nwYf3uvgb4Rc5cn6K8CGY/s1600/LinickCRC2Oct2000.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWBFGqyCDM5aIN2qa497yPphUfIAlese-WiEzGT6Gya6ktnd1aSjEpSkC4LHpsJ_uE2cv78CEUNQkWfkrkZ3AvopNxcMtNA8UyaU21pOVbJBEk4P46Nw6lAe6nwYf3uvgb4Rc5cn6K8CGY/s800/LinickCRC2Oct2000.png" /></a></p><p>[Right: Photograph of Linick and report that "He died at the age of forty-two on 4 June 1989, in <i>very unclear circumstances</i> ..." (my emphasis)[</b><a href="#BB00">BB00</a><b>].<a name="paraPFL"></a>This is consistent with my theory (see "</b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/05/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">My theory that the radiocarbon dating laboratories were duped by a computer hacker</a><b>") that the KGB executed confessed KGB hacker </b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Koch_%28hacker%29">Karl Koch (1965–89) </a><b> between 23 and 30 May 1989[</b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/07/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_21.html">21Jul14</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/06/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#para22">02Jun16</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/05/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">17May15</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/05/23-may-1989-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html">27May19</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2021/02/evidence-in-timothy-linicks-autopsy.html">03Feb21</a><b>], and police publicly identified the body as Koch on <i>3 June</i> 1989, and the KGB executed Linick <i>a day later on 4 June 1989</i>[</b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/07/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">05Jul14</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/05/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">17May15</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/03/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_31.html">31Mar15</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/06/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">30Jun15</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/08/4-june-1989-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html">03Aug19</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/12/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html">30Dec15</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/02/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html">22Feb16</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/06/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#para22">02Jun16</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html">30Jul16</a><b>]; where their murders by the KGB were made to look like suicides to stop them revealing that the </b><a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">radiocarbon dating of the Shroud as 1260-1390</a><b> (1325 ±65) was the result of a KGB-sponsored computer hacking by Linick, aided by Koch[</b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/07/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">05Jul14</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/12/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_13.html">13Dec14</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/03/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_31.html">31Mar15</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/02/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html">22Feb16</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/06/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#para22">02Jun16</a>]; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html">30Jul16</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2021/02/evidence-in-timothy-linicks-autopsy.html">03Feb21</a><b>].]</p><p>least 12 years from 1978 to 1995 (which included 1988) at the same American School in London with </b><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Anthony+Linick">Anthony Linick</a><b> who was a half-brother of Arizona physicist Timothy Linick (1946-89)[</b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/02/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#para24">22Feb16</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/08/4-june-1989-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html#paraLHB">03Aug19</a><b>]. And, according to my hacker theory, Timothy Linick was both the leaker to Sox of Arizona's first "1350" radiocarbon date of the Shroud and also the hacker who wrote a program which substituted the actual Shroud radiocarbon dates of Arizona, Zurich and Oxford, with bogus computer-generated dates, which when combined and averaged, yielded a radiocarbon date of 1260-1390 or 1325 ±65 years. See above which is from </b><a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/03/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#paraPFL">21Mar23</a><b>.</b></p><p>- "custom crucified" if you would and subject to the same "passion" as the historical Jesus of Nazareth - the fabricator this macabre "medieval 'shroud" would have had to select for a victim one whose physiography was an exact duplicate of the one meticulously rendered by icon painters from at least 6th century onwards. <b>It was the British Museum's </b><a href="https://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-mike-tite">Michael Tite</a><b> who claimed that (albeit in 2020 but presumably he had also said it in 1988):</b><blockquote>"Rob Walker spoke to Professor Michael Tite, who supervised the testing process, during the BBC's Witness History podcast ... `I don't believe it was the Shroud, but I believe it is highly probable that there was a body in there – it was the time of the Crusades and an appropriate way to humiliate a Christian would be to crucify him.'"[<a href="#HC20">HC20</a>].</blockquote><b>But: • The only crusade compatible with the </b><a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a><b> was the "Ninth" or "</b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade">Lord Edward's crusade (1271-72)</a><b>." And it would have been well-known in that small crusade if the Muslims had crucified a crusader in imitation of Jesus, but there is no record of it. • The Muslims would have had to be experts in Roman crucifixion. • Where did the Muslims or the victim's fellow crusaders, get a ~4.4 x ~1.1 metre (~14.4 x ~3.6 feet) fine linen cloth to wrap the crusader victim in? • How was the crusader victim's image imprinted on that cloth? For <i>starters</i>! See </b><a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/09/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twenty-first.html#2020b">09Sep23</a><b>.</b></p></b></p><p><a name="paraNTD"></a>V. UNIQUE 3-D CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SHROUD'S IMAGE</p><p>Dr. Luigi Gonella, Professor of Physics at Turin Polytechnic, Scientific Advisor to the Archbishop of Turin and Supervisor of the 1978 testing program. </p><p>"(While) making measurements on Shroud photos looking for-correlations in the spatial distribution of the image brightness, (American physicists John Jackson and Eric Jumper <b>[Jumper is an engineer]</b> discovered that) ... the shading structure of the Image. was found to be well correlated with the cloth-body distance of a Shroud-like cloth draped over a man laying in the picture shown by the Shroud. <u>This 'three-dimensional characteristic' is a measured structural feature of the Shroud image which appears quite unique and must be accounted for by an acceptable theory of image formation. The main point is that three-dimensional information is encoded in the image structure; this is unheard of in paintings or photos ... a 3-D brightness mapping of a normal portrait results in evident, unavoidable distortions and plateaus</u>. To get such a structure by eye-hand coordination, especially in a low-contrast image, appears to be technically impossible, Moreover, the Fourier analysis of the Shroud image shows a random spectrum of spatial frequencies without any preferred direction, another feature inconsistent with handwork." (Luigi Gonella. "Scientific Investigation of the Shroud of Turin - Problems, Results, and Methodological Lessons," Turin Shroud – Image of Christ, Hong Kong: Cosmos Printing Press, Ltd, 1986, pg. 31.)</p><p><a name="paraMDC"></a><center>-14-</p><p>THE PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE (cont.)</center> </p><p>VI. MEDICAL CONSIDERATIONS</p><p>Pierre Barbet, M.D. Surgeon and student of the Shroud for over three decades. Author of <u>A Doctor at Calvary</u>. In arguing against the Shroud being a mediaeval forgery, Dr. Pierre Barbet made the following observations: <blockquote>A) "No artist would have been able to imagine for himself the minute details of those pictures (i.e. the exact markings of `the bloodstained pictures (which) were <u>clearly not drawn by the hand of man'</u>), each one of which portrayed a detail of what we now know about the coagulation of blood, but which in the 14th century was unknown." (Pierre. Barbet, <u>A Doctor at Calvary</u>, New York; Image Books, 1963, pg. 1)<br>B) "Never has any artist wished to make an entirely naked crucifix. Now this is just what we shall find on the shroud. Could a forger possibly have conceived such an abnormal idea, and one which is so shocking to all our artistic traditions of decency and reverence?" (Ibid., p. 68.) <br>C) "Though the Shroud clearly depicts the nails in the center of the wrists, most artists unfamiliar with the subtleties of the original Greek took "<u>hand</u>" (i.e. which included the wrist and forearm) to mean only the "<u>palm</u>."<blockquote>"We shall see, however, that the Bolognese artists of the XVIth century were the first to recognise ... that this crucifixion in the palms of the. hands was an impossibility (Ibid. p. 103). (<u>Note:</u> Msgr. Paleotti, the Archbishop of Bologna, after seeing the Shroud in 1578 in the company of St. Charles Borromeo on its initial arrival in Turin from Chambéry in France, wrote a detailed description of it in 1598, perhaps the first such description to appear in Bologna. "Attached to it there is a very minute copy of the shroud showing the bloodstained images with their colours. It is in places the work of the most marvellous intuition, for one has to remember that the author can have known very little about anatomy." (Ibid. p.111.)</p><p>Today we know that a nail through the palm would not have supported the weight of the body and would have torn itself out of the "hand." However, such experiments proving this point "belong not to the Middle Ages but to the Renaissance - to that very XVIth century which saw the flowering of anatomical studies." (Ibid, p. 12.) </blockquote> D) Nails driven through the wrists damage the nerve responsible for flexing the thumb inward towards the palm. "That is why, on the shroud, the two hands ... only. show four fingers, and why the two thumbs are hidden in the palms. <u>Could a forger have imagined this</u>? Indeed, so true is this that many ancient copyists of the shroud have added the thumbs; in the same way they have separated the feet and shown their forward faces with two nail holes; but none of this is to be seen on the shroud." (Ibid. p. 9.) </blockquote><a name="paraLDP"></a>Alan Adler, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry at Western Connecticut State University, and member of STURP. <blockquote>E) "The evidence for blood taken from the `wound' areas of the image is quite strong. Contrary to what has been claimed by our detractors (<u>Note:</u> Dr. Walter Mccrone argues that the Shroud is a forgery, painted by a medieval forger delicately applying water colors), the image and the bloodstains categorically are <u>not</u> composed of iron oxide pigment in a collagen binder. Iron is of course present in the blood areas in a slightly higher proportion than in normal blood, as would be expected in the traumatic conditions suggested by the nature of the wounds. The amount of iron is, however, quite small ... The material we were testing gave the right reflection spectrum for blood, and it gave the right transmission spectrum. It gave a positive hemochromagen test, which is the standard test for blood. It gave positive detection of bile pigments, positive demonstration of protein, positive indication of albumin, it did respond to the protease tests, and it did match the controls prepared in the lab ... Finally, we did immuno-chemical tests for whole human serum and for globulin ... In sum, our testing showed that the substance composing the bloodstains on the Shroud is a blood-derived material; it is definitely from primate blood, and it is the exudate of a wound." (Alan D. Adler, "The Origin and Nature of Blood on the Turin Shroud (Excerpts). <u>Turin Shroud - Image of Christ?</u> Hong Kong: Cosmos Printing Press, Ltd., 1986, p. 57.)</p></p><u>Note:</u> For those who would argue that the Shroud, though not a painting, is still a medieval forgery effected by crucifying an actual human victim bearing all the wounds of the historical Jesus of Nazareth, note that none of the blood clots/scabs is smeared or broken. Even with the invention of teflon in the 20th century, one would be hard pressed to explain how·the cloth was removed from a body, where the blood had completely penetrated that cloth without disturbing those clots in any way. </blockquote></p><p><a name="paraHST"></a><center>-15-</p><p>VII. HISTORY</center></p><p>In his brilliant reconstruction of the Shroud's history identifying the Image of Edessa/Mandylion/Shroud of Turin as one and the same artifact, Ian Wilson notes that the grave cloth was disguised by doubling it in four, the face only appearing behind a trellis work overlay in an unusual landscape (i.e. as opposed to portrait) orientation with the long axis running horizontally. Dr. Robert Drews notes that in all of Greek literature, the unique word to describe this folding, <u>tetradiplon</u>, is used only two times - in both instances referring to the Mandylion/Shroud.<blockquote>"Thus, two literary documents that are fundament in the. evolution and spread of the Mandylion's story - the late sixth century <u>Acts of Thaddaeus</u>, which seems to have been where the story first appeared, and the tenth-century 'Monthly Lection' - speak of the icon as a cloth `folded four times'" (Robert Drews. <u>In Search of the Shroud of Turin</u>. Totowa, N.J.: Roman & Allanheld, 1984, p.40.) </blockquote><a name="paraRLF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguc7ccsDkHrC54PoLdf5-VCXVrKC_VIHrvH7NE9Ee6n9VimzB_DQDI7rVTPs9xJl5dDfOuJzR2doyos7bDtyH-ld85EdYaql4ymcnarrEa07TZhWe6l7TQRpO9yVJ0auHSFYSw9A3_n_42/s1600/RakingLightFolds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguc7ccsDkHrC54PoLdf5-VCXVrKC_VIHrvH7NE9Ee6n9VimzB_DQDI7rVTPs9xJl5dDfOuJzR2doyos7bDtyH-ld85EdYaql4ymcnarrEa07TZhWe6l7TQRpO9yVJ0auHSFYSw9A3_n_42/s800/RakingLightFolds.jpg" /></a>Using this historical "clue'' as the basis for more rigorous examination by the hard sciences, Dr. John P. Jackson (Kaman Sciences Corporation and formerly on the. Physics Faculty of the U.S. Air Force Academy) decided to make observations directly - from the Shroud to determine if Wilson's theory should be refuted or substantiated.</p><p><a name="paraSRL"></a>Using raking light photographs (i.e. grading angle illumination) of the Shroud taken by Vernon Miller of the Brooks Institute of Photography during the on-site testing of the. Shroud in 1978, </p><p><b>[Left (</b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguc7ccsDkHrC54PoLdf5-VCXVrKC_VIHrvH7NE9Ee6n9VimzB_DQDI7rVTPs9xJl5dDfOuJzR2doyos7bDtyH-ld85EdYaql4ymcnarrEa07TZhWe6l7TQRpO9yVJ0auHSFYSw9A3_n_42/s1600/RakingLightFolds.jpg">enlarge</a><b>). See </b> <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#1984a">08Dec22</a><b>. Ancient foldmarks on the Shroud at one-eighth intervals. This is further <i>proof beyond reasonable doubt</i> that the Shroud is not the work of a medieval forger, and therefore is Jesus' burial shroud mentioned in the Gospels (</b><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=MOUNCE">Mt 27:59; Mk 15:46; Lk 23:53</a><b>. See </b><a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/10/the-shroud-of-jesus-13-central-dilemma.html">19Oct12</a><b> & </b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/07/central-dilemma-of-shroud-shroud-of.html">18Jul20</a><b>). It was only in 1978 that Ian Wilson first published his discovery that the </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a><b> was the Shroud "doubled in four" (</b><i><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html ">tetradiplon</a></i><b>)[</b><a href="#WI78">WI78</a>, 99-100<b>], so a medieval forger would have no reason to include fake foldmarks at one-eighth intervals, two of which, labelled C and D, frame the Shroud head, in landscape aspect, <i>exactly</i> as it appears in copies of the </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a><b>!]</b></p><p>Dr. Jackson concluded that his research: <blockquote>"indicates that on the Shroud are foldmark deformations which, in a preliminary sense, occur at locations roughly consistent with Wilson's Mandylion/Shroud hypothesis. Especially noteworthy is the foldmark that occurs at Location-C … (which) by itself suggests that the Shroud was once folded at least in eighths since it is located one-eighth of the Shroud's fourteen foot length from the center axis of symmetry … In addition, this foldmark intersects the patchwork and waterstain regions of the 1532 fire in such a way that it appears to predate the patchwork and probably the fire. As such, this structure appears to be a genuine centuries-old foldmark and therefore a plausible candidate for a Mandylion foldline." (John P. Jackson. "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi11part4.pdf">Foldmarks as a Historical Record of the Turin Shroud</a>," <u>Shroud Spectrum International</u>, No. 11, June 1984, p. 27.)</blockquote></p><p><a name="paraRSH"></a>Recent scholarship has recently uncovered a document further substantiating the identification of The Image of Edessa/Mandylion and Shroud as one and the same artifact. In a sermon delivered by Gregory the Archdeacon and Referendarius of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople on August the 16th, A.D. 944 - one day after the arrival in that city of the Image of Edessa - Gregory carefully describes how the cloth was laid out on the emperor's throne and even crowned with the emperor's crown. In the following passage from that sermon, Gregory's description of the "blood and water" from the wound in the "side" provide us with the first written documentation that the Image of Edessa/Mandylion was more than simply a Face masked by a trelliswork grid: <blockquote>"The splendor instead - and let everyone be inspired by this narration - has been impressed uniquely by the drops of agony sweat, sprinkled from the face that is the origin of life, dripped down like bloody drops, and from God's finger. These are truly the beauties that produced the coloring of Christ's imprint, which has been further embellished by the <u>drops of blood sprinkled from his own side</u>. Both of them are plenty of truth: <u>blood and water</u> there, <u>sweat and image</u> here. What a resemblance of events! Such things come from the One and the Same,' (Vatican Greek Codex 511, 149, v 26. Emphasis added.)</blockquote><u>Note:</u> Other documents tell us that on the night of its arrival in Constantinople (A.D. 15Aug944) the future Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus was able to discern the image while Stephen and Constantine Lecapenus sons of the reigning Emperor Romanos, find it "extremely blurred." A contemporary account, the <u><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=De+imagine+edessena ">De Imagine Edessena </a></u>, describes the image as a "moist secretion without coloring or artificial stain," and that it did "not consist of earthly colors," (Cited by Wilson, <u>The Shroud of Turin</u>, op., cit., p. 255.) </p><p><a name="paraNGL"></a>ONCE AGAIN, ALL REASONABLE EVIDENCE POINTS TO THE ACTUAL SHROUD HAVING BEEN SAVED AND PRESERVED THROUGH THE CENTURIES AT LEAST UNTIL A.D. 1204 WHEN IT DISAPPEARED FROM CONSTANTINOPLE DURING THE SACK OF THAT CITY BY THE 4TH CRUSADE. ONE IS LEFT WITH AN INTERESTING QUESTION: IF THE SHROUD CURRENTLY HOUSED IN TURIN'S CATHEDRAL OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST IS NOT THE AUTHENTIC SHROUD, THEN WHAT IS IT? ALL THE PREPONDERANCE OF·EVIDENCE ASSEMBLED FROM THE VARIOUS FIELDS OF SINDONOLOGY POINTS TO ITS AUTHENTICITY. ONLY THE RECENT C-14 DATING ARGUES AGAINST SAME. COULD IT BE THAT WHAT NEEDS TO BE "TESTED" IS THE C-14 DATING PROTOCOL ITSELF? </p><p><a name="paraCFT"></a><center>-16-</p><p>THE PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE (cont.)</center></p><p>VIII. C-14 TESTING</p><p><blockquote>A) Given that no detailed and extensive chemistry has ever been conducted to determine the kinds of contaminants on the Shroud are present, methods of such detection, and methods of their removal complete with scientific controls of same (<u>Note:</u> The same Zurich lab in a 6-lab inter-lab comparison study of sample linens used as a "dry run" and presented at the Radiocarbon Conference in Trondheim, Norway in June of 1985, produced an "outlier" of 1,000 years difference from the 5 other labs all because of improper cleansing/preparation of the sample, and</blockquote><blockquote>B) Given that there was no peer review by the radiocarbon community of the. 3-lab plan prior to the radiocarbon tests, and</blockquote><blockquote>C) Given that the accelerator laboratories (e.g. Arizona, Oxford and Zurich) were not controlled by an alternative· method, namely the small proportional, counter (i.e., Brookhaven, Long Island, NY and Harwell, England) the latter having more experience in radiocarbon dating of archaeological artifacts than the combined experience of all of accelerator laboratories chosen added together), and</blockquote><blockquote>D) Given that there was no random selection of sampling sites, that at least two other sites should have been carbon dated, that such sample as was tested came from the single most contaminated place on the Shroud (i.e. from an edge, most exposed to the elements and most frequently handled during expositions over the centuries), that sites beneath the patches, effectively protected from contamination since April 17, A.D. 1534, were bypassed for testing, and</blockquote><blockquote>E) Given that there was in actuality no "blind testing" as agreed to by the participating labs in their original protocol, each test sample from the Shroud having been delivered to each laboratory completely intact and thus easily identifiable by its 3/1 twill weave pattern, and each control sample (i.e. cloths from the 1st, 11th and (ca. 1300) centuries) identified as to the century within which its date should fall,</blockquote>WE THEREFORE HOLD THAT THE RADIOCARBON DATES RECENTLY ANNOUNCED AS "MEDIEVAL" (SIC) MUST BE REJECTED ON SCIENTIFIC GROUNDS AND THAT FURTHER SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY SHOULD BE CONTINUED AND ENCOURAGED UNTIL SUCH TIME AS THE SHROUD OF TURIN CAN BE EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF A 14TH CENTURY CONTEXT AND/OR A NEW ROUND OF RADIOCARBON TESTING GUARANTEED BY RIGOROUS SCIENTIFIC CONTROLS, CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED ON THE CLOTH.</p><p><a name="paraPFF"></a>(IX. POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF THE RESURRECTION ON C-14 DATING). <blockquote>The above argument should probably only be used with Christian audiences, and is unlikely to be acknowledged by "hard" scientists who, in addition to rejecting the "Resurrection" certainly have no data base for comparison with this singularly unique, historical event. </p><p>In an article by Nick Rufford, Science Correspondent, on page 1 of the London <u>Sunday Times</u>, August 7, 1988, he states: <blockquote>"Those convinced that the shroud really was Christ's burial cloth. could argue that the same burst of energy which created the image also irradiated (i.e. effected by radiation) the cloth. That would make the cloth appear younger than its true age."</blockquote>One could go on to contend that not all (i.e. Shroud vs. the control sample), 1st century samples are the same if exposed to different sets of circumstances (i.e. Resurrection vs. normal). Thus, trying to date the Shroud by comparing it with a known 1st century sample is like comparing apples and oranges -· that is to say, both are "fruits'", but after that all similarity ends.</blockquote></p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]</p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="DT12">DT12</a>. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London.<br><a name="GH96">GH96</a>. Gove, H.E., 1996, "Relic, Icon or Hoax?: Carbon Dating the Turin Shroud," Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol UK.<br><a name="HC20">HC20</a>. Hoare, C., 2020, "<a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1287791/bible-breakthrough-shroud-turin-jesus-christ-body-crucifixion-catholic-church-spt">`There WAS a body inside' Shroud of Turin oddity discovery exposed in Bible breakthrough</a>," <i>Daily Express</i>, 27 May.<br><a name="KN86">KN86</a>. Kohlbeck, J.A. & Nitowski, E.L., 1986, "New evidence may explain image on Shroud of Turin," <i>Biblical Archaeological Review</i>, Vol. 12, No. 4, 23-24.<br><a name="PM96">PM96</a>. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.<br><a name="RT15">RT15</a>. Radford, T., 2015, "<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/27/turin-shroud-forgery-row-1988">From the archive, 27 August 1988: Turin Shroud leak starts unholy row</a>," <i>The Guardian</i>, 27 August.<br><a name="SD89">SD89</a>. Scavone, D.C., 1989, "The Shroud of Turin: Opposing Viewpoints," Greenhaven Press: San Diego CA.<br><a name="WI78">WI78</a>. Wilson, I., 1978, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," Doubleday & Co.: New York NY.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.<br><a name="WW98"></a>Whanger, M. & Whanger, A.D., 1998, "The Shroud of Turin: An Adventure of Discovery," Providence House Publishers: Franklin TN.<br><a name="WS00">WS00</a>. Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books: London.<br></p><p>Posted 21 December 2023. Updated 10 January 2024.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-23769598454414792932023-12-10T22:08:00.019+08:002023-12-29T21:25:02.897+08:00Kim Dreisbach's "overwhelming preponderance of evidence" in favor of the Shroud's authenticity - part 2<p><a name="para01"></a><center>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>Continuing from <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/11/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming.html">part 1</a>, this is part 2 of <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/14202461/albert-russel-dreisbach">Rev. Albert Russel `Kim” Dreisbach Jr. (1934-2006)</a>'s "overwhelming preponderance of evidence" in favor of the Shroud's authenticity. See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/11/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming.html">part 1</a> for information about this series. Continued in <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/12/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming_21.html">part 3</a>. My comments are in <b>bold</b>.</p><hr><p><a name="para03"></a><center>-5-</center></p><p>FROM: The Atlanta International Center for Continuing Study of the Shroud of Turin (AICCSST)</p><p>Atlanta, Georgia</p> CONTACT PERSON: The Rev. Albert R., Dreisbach, Jr., Executive Director (404) 344-8982 349-0001</p><p>RE: C-14 Dating of the Shroud of Turin</p><p><a name="paraWDS"></a><center><u>WHAT DOES SCIENCE DO WHEN ITS OWN PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE CONFLICTS WITH ITS OWN CONCLUSIONS?</u></center></p><p><a name="paraWTR"></a>With the recent announcement of a "medieval" date for the Shroud of Turin, it has become increasingly obvious that the issue of whether the Shroud is a "fact" or a "forgery" is too important an issue to be left to the specialist, let alone to the radiocarbon community. Specialization by its very nature produces "experts" in one field who are simultaneously "novices" in many others. Even the most gifted cardiologist is weighed in the balances and found wanting when put to the test regarding his knowledge and competence in the field of astrophysics. In the case of the Shroud, competence in C-14 dating does not extend to omniscience as to how the image was formed or the knowledge and skills unknown to a "medieval forger" necessary for the creation of such an artifact. To paraphrase one of the scientists involved in the initial 1978 investigation. "It would be more miraculous to accept this Shroud as a medieval forgery than to accept it for what it has traditionally claimed to be - the burial linen which wrapped the historical Jesus of Nazareth."</p><p><a name="paraWNM"></a>While not impugning the competence of the three laboratories involved in the recent C-14 testing, one should be very cautious before accepting their "results" as the "final word" regarding the Shroud's true date. Even though science is unlikely to acknowledge the possible effects of radiation from the "Resurrection" in skewing the date of the Shroud to a later period than the first century, the possibility of radiation should be considered in both the present context and any further dating via radiocarbon. To date, no consideration has been given to possible contamination via radiation in any of the sites where the Shroud has resided during the course of its historical journeys from Palestine through Turkey and France to its present resting place in Italy. Geophysicists might be able to throw some light on this area, but to date their expertise neither has been considered nor sought. What might a geiger counter tell us about radiation if it were to be employed on sites where the Shroud travelled and/or on the very materials from which the churches which have housed it were constructed?</p><p><a name="paraGTL"></a>Granting that all empirical tests which have or will be done on the Shroud have great value within their own spheres, what is painfully lacking in this piecemeal approach is a global synthesis whose <u>meaning</u> is infinitely more significant than mere analysis of individual sub fields. By analogy, one does not judge the worth of a human being by assigning him or her the monetary value of the chemicals and minerals which make up that person, no matter how accurate the chemical analysis may have been. How then are we to judge the present controversy regarding Turin's Shroud? On the one hand, we have a piece of "evidence" strongly suggesting that it is "medieval". On the other, various scientists with credentials of equal competence in their own respective fields have declared:<blockquote><a name="paraTSM"></a>- the somatic imprints are a perfect negative which, if medieval, would have been achieved centuries before the invention of photography in 18(?)<b>[1820s]</b>;</blockquote><blockquote>- these imprints contain within themselves a 3-dimensional code, which when developed by space-age instrumentation like the VP-8 Image Analyzer, yield a life-size figure in three dimensions. Even knowing this fact, no modern day artist has been able to replicate this phenomenon;</blockquote><blockquote><a name="paraTMR"></a>- the imprints are those of the corpse in rigor mortis of a real human being who was scourged, crowned with a cap of thorns, crucified with nails, and wounded by a spear of the same dimensions as a 1st century Roman <u>pilum</u> <b>[sic <i>lancea</i>]</b>;</blockquote><blockquote><a name="paraPFD"></a>- pollens from different localities (i.e. Palestine, the Anatolean steppe in Turkey, Constantinople, France and Italy) have been discovered on the Shroud. Furthermore, none of these pollens is covered with a collagen binder or pigment as would be the case if the image had been produced as a painting;</blockquote><blockquote><a name="paraTRT"></a>- there are traces of human blood exudate on the Shroud;</p><p><a name="paraCDH"></a>- a clear difference has been shewn between the blood from wounds while the person was still alive from what that which seeped from the post-mortem wound inflicted on the right side. In addition, hematologists have been able to discern both venous and arterial blood from these wounds <b>[discovered by Willam Harvey in 1628]</b>;</p><p><center>-6-</center></p><p><a name="paraTRN"></a>- there are no retouchings of any kind which could have enhanced an earlier faint negative imprint. There is no evidence of paint, dye, pigment, or acid. Rather the image was formed by degradation, dehydration of only the surface fibrils of the linen itself.·</p><p><a name="paraTBF"></a>- the best of 20th century technology has attempted to replicate the image and has failed miserably to come even close;</p><p><a name="paraTCV"></a>- the coin over the right eye of the Man of the Shroud has been identified as a Pontius Pilate <u>lepton</u> or "widow's mite" dating from A.D. 29-32. Would a "medieval" forger likely have thought of such a minute detail?;</p><p><a name="paraTRR"></a>- travertine aragonite, a rare form of calcite matching the spectral properties of the same mineral found near the cave tombs of Jerusalem's Damascus Gate is most abundant <b>[albeit microscopic]</b> in the area of the image's feet. Again, how do the advocates "medieval" forgery account for such a detail years before the invention of the microscope? <b>[around 1620]</b></p><p><a name="paraFNH"></a>If one honestly and openly considers all of the empirical data known to date about the Shroud, the burden of proof ends up being the responsibility of those who would argue against its authenticity. As a matter of fact, <u>future testing may well cast doubt on the ACCURACY of the C-14 testing rather than the AUTHENTICITY of the Shroud</u>.</p><p><a name="paraWNB"></a>When one body of scientific data conflicts with another, it is the responsibility of the larger scientific community to investigate the dispute and resolve same via exhaustive analysis and peer review. The ATLANTA INTERNATIONAL CENTER strongly recommends such a procedure and is confident that if same is effected it will be the Shroud which tests the analytic competence of the present C-14 "results" rather than the other way around. The controversy will continue to rage; but while it does those with openness and honesty are cautioned to avoid a "rush to judgment" - a judgement which is not only premature, but may well be proven to be inaccurate.</blockquote><a name="paraTTS"></a><center>-7-</center></p><p>A TIME TO SING A NEW SONG BY THE BANKS OF THE RIVER CHEBAR</p><p><b>(This part of Dreisbach's "Preponderance of Evidence" was in <i>Shroud News</i>, No 51, February 1989, pp.5-11 (</b><a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn051Feb89.pdf">https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn051Feb89.pdf</a><b>)</b></p><p><a name="paraWTN"></a>With the announcement of the C-14 date as "medieval", those of us who continue to believe in the Shroud's authenticity suddenly find ourselves being called by God to be "tested" once again in the crucible of public opinion and personal spiritual integrity. In a sense, we are being exiled from our lofty position over the past decade as "proclaimers of the Shroud's authenticity." Opponents will dance with glee convinced that they were right and many fellow Christians will label us as perpetuators of a fraud. We can expect to be hounded by our detractors and shunned by some whom we thought were our friends.</p><p><a name="paraNTD"></a>In the divine economy, new birth always exacts the price of pain; the Exodus preceded the gift of the Promised Land; the Babylonian exile came before the return to Israel, and the building of the Temple; Good Friday had to be endured before Easter could joyfully be proclaimed. In each of these milestone events in the unfolding of the spiritual pilgrimage of the people of God, His servants have been called upon to experience "a dark night of the soul." My brothers and sisters, that time has come for those of us who serve the Apostolate of the Holy Shroud. Over what has happened, we have no control. How we respond to it is a test of our own spiritual maturity. Expose three different substances to fire: a wood shaving will be consumed and disappear; wax will melt and take on a new shape; but an iron filing will be tempered and emerge even stronger than it was before such an ordeal. The choice is ours. Those who choose to become tempered like the iron filing will determine the future of sindonology and the restoration of the Holy: Shroud to its rightful place as "God's love letter in linen for all mankind", as the most significant visual aid for Christians to employ in teaching their own about the Passion, Death and Resurrection of their Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ.</p><p><a name="paraLTP"></a>Like the prophet Ezekiel, we are being called by God to assure our hearers of the abiding presence of God among us during this time of trial and exile on the stage of world opinion. Though we do not know the divine rationale for the present set of circumstances, our task is to continue to proclaim the Shroud's authenticity so that the faithful "will know that I {i.e. He whose sacred Image appears on the Holy Shroud) am the Lord." The latter refrain occurs numerous times throughout the Book of Ezekiel; and its theological truth is as valid for today's Shroud Crowd as it was for 6th century B.C. Israelites during their Babylonian captivity. We too are being called to "sing a new song" on the banks of the River Chebar even though 20th century tears of disappointment may temporarily blind us from discerning God's plan for the "restoration" of the Shroud's authenticity in the eyes of the world. Even in exile, God promised:·"<u>I will not hide my face any·more from them</u>, when I pour my Spirit upon the house of Israel" (Ezek. 39:29). Even as the disciples hid in fear on Good Friday believing that they had followed a false Messiah, their faith was to be restored on Easter morning when an empty tomb with its seemingly empty linen shroud proclaimed. the fullness of Resurrection power. One of the clues to that Event of all events was the cloth, which remains with us to this day locked securely in its silver casket in Turin's Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. The same Holy Scripture which describes the flattened/collapsed presence of that Shroud in Joseph of Arimathea's tomb also proclaims: "For it is God ... who has shone in our hearts to give the light of knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ." (II Cor 4:6).</p><p><a name="paraGNN"></a>God not only has preserved the Shroud since that first Easter morning nearly two thousand years ago; but He has also provided us with a <u>preponderance of evidence</u> - both from the hard sciences and numerous other academic disciplines - which argues for the authenticity of Turin's·burial linen. Since 1898 when Pia took his first photograph, researchers from fields as diverse as archaeology to iconography have provided layer after layer of substantiating evidence which, until the recent "medieval" (<u>sic</u>)- announcement, has displayed the "luster" of a pearl of great price. Churchmen have had their faith deepened through contact with the Shroud, appreciating as never before both the details of the Passion and a graphic vividness of what it means to be told "that by His stripes you are healed" (I Pet 2:24). The Shroud has forced doubters to question their very doubt, bringing even some of them into full-time ordained ministry as I have witnessed with my own eyes. In addition to its value for Christian Education and low level Evangelism to the rational empiricist skeptics of our day, it also serves as a marvelous bridge for Ecumenicity just as its historical travels have exposed it to the Greek Orthodox, then the Roman Catholics, and now the multifaceted Protestant community. Even the scientists in the three laboratories who now tell us that it is "medieval" all agree that <u>it is not a painting</u>; furthermore, they have stated that the method of its "image formation" still remains unknown - a <u>mystery</u>. Even Dr. Richard Luckett of Cambridge University's Magdalene College who contends that it is "medieval" concludes that the image results from a real human being who was crucified exactly in the manner of the historical Jesus of Nazareth.</p><p><a name="paraTSN"></a>It is not the purpose of this sermon/paper to provide a laundry list of all the facts which comprise the totality of the PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE - scientific and otherwise - which argues for the Shroud's authenticity. To do so would require a tome the size of an encyclopedia merely to provide a synopsis of these "facts" together with the briefest of bibliographies supporting same. Where would such a list begin and end? ... With the unique 3-dimensional quality of a 2-dimensional photograph? With the total absence of pigment, ink dye or stain? The lack of brush stroke, directionality, or capillary flow? The fact that the Face of the Shroud has 170 points of congruence with an encaustic icon at Mount Sinai of Jesus' "portrait" painted between 550 and 590 A. D. given the fact; that modern day criminologists require, only 45 to 60 such points of similarity for a positive match? Would a cloth manufactured in the 14th century bear a preponderance of pollens from Israel and the Anatolian steppes if it were of European origin? Would a forger be clever enough to paint a full </p><p><center>-8-</center></p><p>image of a body in the "negative" 400 years before the invention of photography? And even if he had, would he have employed two different methods of image formation - positive for the blood and negative for the body image - in a single work? And even if a real body were employed as claimed by Dr. Luckett, would a medieval forger have ever thought of adding dirt to the feet - dirt which Dr. Joseph Kohlbeck of the Hercules Aerospace Laboratory at Salt Lake City has determined to be travertine aragonite - a rare variety of calcite that matches the spectrum of the travertine aragonite from the cave tombs near the Damascus Gate in Jerusalem?</p><p><a name="paraNNN"></a>On and on such a list could go, and yet we all know that in the unreflective minds of the general public the alleged "medieval" C-14 date is likely to be the most dominant factor in determining that the Shroud is a "fake." Subtleties in the violation of the original C-14 protocol by the three laboratories involved, suspected collusion regarding the newly-developed cleansing mechanism employed by all three, even the site of the samples taken - from an exposed edge most likely to have picked up the greatest degree of contaminants through the ages - will not be considered at all by the general public in its rush to affirm the findings of a C-14 dating process which they do not begin to understand.</p><p><a name="paraWTR"></a>What then are we to do, we who continue to know both in our hearts and in our heads that the Shroud of Turin is the authentic burial linen of Jesus of Nazareth? Like Ezekiel, we must preach hope even while in exile; like Peter, we must be bold in our proclamation even when opposed by the contemporary C-14 "rulers" of the moment. At Pentecost, the Big Fisherman, in the face of the scoffers of his day, saw fit to quote David:<blockquote>"I saw the Lord always before me, for he is at my<br>right hand that I may not be shaken;<br>therefore my heart was glad, and my tongue rejoiced;<br>moreover my flesh will dwell in hope.<br>For <u>thou wilt not abandon my soul to Hades</u>,<br><u>nor let thy Holy One see corruption</u>.<br>Thou has made known to me the ways of life,<br><u>thou wilt make me full of gladness with thy presence</u>." (Ps 16:8-11) </blockquote><a name="paraSTP"></a>Shortly thereafter, preaching at the Temple after a miraculous release from prison where he had been placed by the High Priest together with the council and all the senate of Israel, Peter and the apostles continued to proclaim their "naive" and unpopular Gospel, justifying their actions by stating: "We must obey God rather than men" (Acts 6:29). Among those present that day was a wise man, a Pharisee and teacher of the law "held in honor by all the people," the very teacher of an early persecutor of the Church named Saul of Tarsus who was to become one of its greatest promotors following his own conversion on the Road to Damascus. This man's name was Gamaliel. With a wisdom which only God can provide, he addressed the crowd that wanted to kill Peter and his companions and uttered the following truth: <blockquote>"Men of Israel, take care what you do with these men ... <br>For if this plan or undertaking is of men, it will fail;<br>but if it is of God, you will not be able to overthrow them,<br>You might even be found opposing God!" (Acts 5:35 & 38-39).</blockquote><a name="paraWHH"></a>With historical hindsight, we now know that Gamaliel was correct. Peter and Christianity were vindicated by God; and the Church in which we worship this day stands as a testimony to the truth of Gamaliel's insight. God took <u>ordinary men and woman</u> like us today who hold the Shroud to be authentic, and, with them, accomplished <u>extraordinary things</u>. The biblical theme for this vindication of the faithful has deep roots, God slew the Midianites, but Gideon was chosen to be the "vehicle" for their defeat. Joshua and Caleb went out against the Anakim - the "giants" of the land - but Jericho fell to "the little people" who trusted in God, A youthful David brought down a colossal opponent in Goliath because he also had been chosen for the task." Brothers and sisters, the same biblical scenario exists at the present moment, and, <u> mirabile dictu </u>, we in the Shroud Crowd have been chosen to battle the "giants" of the C-14 community - not because we are "holy" or deserving in any way, but simply so that God's truth may be proclaimed to all the world through us. If the erudition of our membership is greater than that of the public whom we seek to convince of the Shroud's authenticity, let us ever be on guard against the sin of academic pride by keeping constantly before us the godly truth that "unto whom much is given, much is required" (Lk 12:48).</p><p><a name="paraNNV"></a>On an evening in 1978. during a Labor Day weekend chosen for STURP's "dry run", members of STURP gathered in at the Amity Church in Amston, Connecticut, for a parish supper and a worship service. During the course of same, the pastor, the Rev. Joey O'Brien, delivered a prophecy in which the team was told that someday it would be permitted to be involved in a "second" round of testing - a round which would produce even more marvellous results than they would obtain from their 1978 testing. The time for that "second round" is NOW. Despite all the delays and disappointments in the intervening years, STURP is again being invited by the Lord to share His "table fellowship" in Turin. The amazing traces of His Body and Blood, already consecrated and glorified by God, will again be made available to the scientific community for further study. I have no doubt that once again "the last shall be first" - that is to say that STURP's new discoveries will add weight to the ever-growing PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE revealed by God to overcome public credulity at having too facilely accepted the fallacious C-14 results labelling the Shroud as "medieval" (<u>sic</u>).</p><p><a name="paraWWG"></a><center>-9-</center></p><p>While we gird our loins to launch a "laboratory counterattack" to vindicate the Shroud's authenticity, we must remember that EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE does not automatically guarantee PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE of that PEER-REVIEWED TRUTH We have only to recall the name of Galileo to remind ourselves of this reality Scientific journals and other Shroud publications may well serve to win the MINDS of the dedicated few; but FACTS ALONE are insufficient to claim the HEARTS of the many. Whether it be a Dr Albert Einstein or a Bishop John A.T. Robinson, pioneers by definition must go through a period of waiting before the territory which they have discovered becomes a safe and settled community for those who follow. In truth, more people have become "converted" to the Shroud's authenticity via lectures, exhibits, movies and TV productions than have been impacted by the sum total of all the carefully researched papers and books written on the subject. The vast majority of people are unwilling to sacrifice the time and effort to do their own "homework", preferring instead to feed upon the predigested "chewings" of others.</p><p><a name="paraTTW"></a>To those with an empirical bent, the above reality often means little. "Truth is Truth", and if the myopia of the public cannot perceive and acknowledge same, then it is their problem. While this argument is valid on a strictly EMPIRICAL basis, it does not do justice to either the EXISTENTIAL or the TELEOLOGICAL dimensions of the problem. Though the pure <u>scientist</u> may rightfully limit him or herself to the question, "What is the nature and/or what are the components of that which we have been asked to analyze?", <u>theologians</u> are trained to ask questions which go beyond the limits or competence of the laboratory, i.e. What does it mean? What is God's purpose in making this artifact available to us? Why, of all the experts in all the world in my field of specialization have I been chosen to be part of this unique team given access to the Shroud?</p><p><a name="paraTTN"></a>Though those not professing Christianity are under no obligation to pose such questions, the Christian who is a scientist, scholar, cleric or informed lay person is duty bound to reflect upon such implications. For them, God is Lord of all, the Creator and Ruler of the universe and He has created nothing without purpose. One cannot worship Him in the sanctuary and simultaneously abandon any consideration of Hirn in the laboratory or the library. To do so would be guilty of theological schizophrenia - a split personality which acknowledges His Transcendence while simultaneously denying His concrete Immanence in the world which He has fashioned. Christianity is the most "material" of all the world's religions - most supremely so in the Incarnation, the Word made flesh.</p><p><a name="paraFTF"></a>For those of us who are champions of the Shroud's·authenticity, we would do well to consider GOD'S PURPOSE for us at this moment in history. On October·the 16th [1988], <u>The Times</u> of London ran an extensive editorial on the implications of C-14 dating entitled "Testing Faiths" The last paragraph contained the following pregnant insight:</p><p><blockquote>"AN AUTHENTIC TURIN SHROUD IS TOO AMAZING AN OBJECT TO HAVE BEEN LEFT IN THE TOMB BY ACCIDENT, PERCHANCE TO BE FOUND AND KEPT, PERCHANCE TO HAVE SURVIVED UNTIL SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS COULD REACH A POINT WHERE IT COULD UNLOCK THE SECRET. IT IS ALMOST AS IF GOD HAD CALCULATED THAT SOME 2,000 YEARS AHEAD SCIENCE WOULD HAVE REPLACED THEOLOGY AS THE COMMONLY ACCEPTED ARBITER OF TRUTH, AND PLANNED ACCORDINGLY" </blockquote><a name="paraLWC"></a>All I would care to add to this profound insight is to extend the final sentence by including, "BY LEAVING THE APPROPRIATE CLUES." In so doing, God has given each of us the same opportunity as Peter and John to see the burial garments of the historical Jesus of Nazareth (John 20:6-7). But, as both the Gospel of John and the late Bishop John A.T. Robinson make abundantly clear, such a vision brings with it no special blessing (Jn. 20:29), rather· special responsibility (Jn. 17:18-21). A careful reading of Holy Scripture will enlighten us to the fact that with every post-Resurrection "appearance" there is also a concomitant "commission to mission." That "mission" for professed Christians in the Shroud Crowd is to "lift Him up so that all may be drawn unto to Him" ..., to get "beyond the linen to the Lord" ... to proceed beyond learning "facts" about Him to the exercise of concrete service in His name. No matter how many marvellous "facts" are revealed to us in our continuing investigations, they can easily become nothing more than "religious erudition in pious garb"·unless they lead to a deepening of the student's own faith reflected in <u>concern for</u> and <u>service to</u> those for whom the Man of the Shroud came to save - the dispossessed, the poor, the victims of injustice, the neglected and all the others for whom He lived, died and rose again. Beyond any secrets which it may contain, the latter is the real MESSAGE and·MISSION of the Shroud - the PURPOSE for which God has preserved it, and the sacred OBLIGATION of those of us few who are privileged to make the discoveries which are then displayed for the public.</p><p><a name="paraDPT"></a><center>-10-</center></p><p><u>ADDENDUM</u>: <blockquote>A PLEA TO STURP, ASSIST, THE HOLY SHROUD GUILD, <u>SHROUD SPECTRUM INTERNATIONAL</u>, <u>FRIENDS OF THE SHROUD NEWSLETTER</u> and all others interested in promoting the cause of the Shroud of Turin ... THE NEED TO "RESURRECT" THE TURIN SHROUD EXHIBIT AS A WITNESS TO THE SHROUD'S AUTHENTICITY ACCESSABLE TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC DURINC A PERIOD WHEN IT "SEEMINGLY" HAS FALLEN FROM GRACE. </blockquote><b>For background see "</b><a href="https://www.sun-sentinel.com/1987/08/22/shroud-memorabilia-in-need-of-a-home/">Shroud memorabilia in need of a home</a><b>," <i>South Florida Sun Sentinel</i>, August 22, 1987.</b></p><p><a name="paraHMN"></a>His Eminence, Anastasio Cardinal Ballestrero, the current Archbishop of Turin, has astutely observed: <blockquote>"Unlike theology, signs and symbols affect men and women directly. We need such signs and symbols, particularly in our times when images have become the medium for most messages. Signs and symbols that evoke our faith and strengthen our hope cannot and must not be excluded. This is why we humbly turn to the shroud, a 'sign' of our faith and hope in Christ." (The <u>Cathedral of Turin and the Shroud</u>. (trans. Fr. Peter M. Rinaldi). Turin; Privately published by the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, 1985. </blockquote><a name="paraTGC"></a>The good Cardinal, like the Chinese centuries ago, has proclaimed the ancient truth that A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS. TRUTH in a vacuum may still be TRUTH, but until it is made manifest and appropriated by the many, it remains a "light hidden under a bushel" known only to a privileged few. Admittedly and unashamedly, I would contend that this was not God's intention in providing and preserving it for nearly 2,000 years. Rather, it is a PRECIOUS GIFT to be SHARED - <u>not</u> a "possession" of the "privileged few" whose scientific and academic skills (<u>i.e.</u> "talents or "gifts" which are also God-given) qualify them to be granted the honor of assisting in unlocking its mysteries.</p><p><a name="paraWSP"></a>With such privilege comes inherent responsibility. A careful reading of the New Testament accounts of post-Resurrection "appearances" will lead one to the insight that with each such <u>revelation</u> there is a concomitant <u>commission</u> to share this Good News with His disciples first and eventually with all mankind.</p><p><a name="paraSTB"></a>Is it by chance that God chose to leave us a "photograph of the Resurrection" - the one event of Jesus' earthly life to which there were no human witnesses? (<u>Note</u>: Even at the Annunciation/Incarnation, Mary was a human witness) Is it by chance that in 1898 it was photography which was responsible for the initial "scientific" study of Turin's Holy Shroud? Is it by chance that the Brooks ·Institute was chosen to record every step in the historic investigation of 1978? For those with theological insight, the answer to each of these questions must be a ringing No! God knew before man discovered same that photography has the ability to "capture a moment of time" ... to "freeze" it if you would so that such a moment can be "savored, studied and, in a sense, "re-lived" at a future moment in time. Thus, from a theological perspective and with the benefit of hindsight, we can now literally "see" that God has left us with a "photographic record" of the ONE EVENT IN OUR LORD'S LIFE to which there was no human witness.</p><p><a name="paraNLT"></a>In leaving this "Fifth Gospel", God has provided us with a "witness" from the past which interprets the <u>present</u> and points us to the <u>future</u>. The Shroud's markings confirm all of the Old Testament's prophecies pointing to the Messiah; they continue even at this present moment to serve as "evidence" demanding a verdict from the heart and soul (<u>i.e. </u> "Who do you say that I am? - just a crucified carpenter or the Christ of God?"),· and, if we are to be faithful to the spiritual Truth which the linen provides, a commission to mission to direct our efforts to "lifting Him up that all men may be drawn unto Him.")</p><p><a name="paraCTT"></a>Certainly, the TURIN SHROUD EXHIBIT is "one" of the very best ways available to us to insure that the Man of the Shroud is "lifted up" for study by the general public. We have only to recall the effect it has already had from 1982-1987 before it was confined to a warehouse by an exorbitant increase in rent proposed by the CNN CENTER. Furthermore, we also know of the tremendous number of people world-wide who have been touched by such exhibits from Australia to Hong Kong to the Philippines to Belgium, France and Italy. Most recently, more than 100,000 people came to see Rex Morgan's travelling exhibit at the Calgary Stampede in June of this year. Surely at a time when the Shroud's authenticity is under severe attack on the stage of world opinion, we here in the United States should be concerned that "the largest and most extensive permanent exhibit .on the Shroud of Turin" lies gathering dust in storage and is thus unavailable to the public.</p><p><a name="paraWBP"></a></p><p></a><center>-11-</center></p><p>I would both plead and pray that those responsible for raising funds for future sindonological research consider the possibility of allocating some of that revenue, to insure that the TURIN SHROUD EXHIBIT is again available for public viewing. Not only is the EXHIBIT "an outward and visible sign" of the case for the Shroud's authenticity; but it further serves as a vehicle for "the inward and spiritual grace" which underlies its divine purpose. While continuing research seeks to cast new light upon the Shroud, the EXHIBIT provides a means for the Shroud to shine its own Light on the hearts and minds of the public.</p><p><a name="paraCRT"></a>Carefully restructured, the EXHIBIT can serve both as an APOLOGIST and as an ADVOCATE for the Shroud's authenticity. It could be sequenced so that the first "evidence" presented to the viewer would be the alleged C-14 dating claiming it to be "medieval" (sic). Having acknowledged this "argument" at the very beginning of the tour, the visitor would then be asked to honestly and open-mindedly consider the PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE to the contrary. As stated in the fly leaf of the EXHIBIT'S souvenir booklet, the viewer would be asked to "APPROACH THE SHROUD WITH THE OBJECTIVITY OF A SCIENTIST, THE IMAGINATIVE PERCEPTION OF A DETECTIVE, AND THE CURIOSITY OF A CHILD." Hopefully, as we have witnessed recently with the movie, "The Last Temptation of Christ", the very controversy over the validity of the C-14 dating results will serve to boost attendance. In the process, people can be reminded that even 20th century technology can "goof" as was the case with the horrible tragedy of the. "Challenger" which blew up before the very eyes of a national TV audience. As NASA did not disband in the wake of this tragic set-back, so those scientists and other scholars who have been involved in Shroud research must continue to press on in their own respective fields of expertise.</p><p><a name="paraNNS"></a>In one sense, the Shroud needs no apologetic; for it is self-authenticating. However, the mind of the general public is not always so quick to grasp such profound reality. Be it politics or products, "packaging" and "promotion" often have more effect than the quality of the product which is being boosted. We in the Shroud Crowd have such a "quality product" but we have often been guilty of failing to market it properly to insure maximum sales. Like many a main line church, we smugly live under the delusion that the quality of the product is such that anyone with real discernment will end up on our doorstep seeking to get on the rolls. Such denominations shun emotional evangelism with its simplistic theology as beneath both their intellect and their dignity. But one has only to look at the decline in members over the past decade of these "traditional" denominations to <b>The words are missing in the rest this section of Joe Marino's copy of Dreisbach "Preponderance of Evidence". If anyone has a copy with the missing words, please provide them in a comment below this post.</b></p><p>Continued in <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/12/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming_21.html">part 3</a> of this series.</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p>Posted 10 December 2023. Updated 29 December 2023.</p> </p>
Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-34229044905387618892023-11-21T21:54:00.032+08:002023-12-29T20:58:39.447+08:00Kim Dreisbach's "overwhelming preponderance of evidence" in favor of the Shroud's authenticity - part 1<p><a name="para01"></a><center>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is part 1 of <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/14202461/albert-russel-dreisbach">Rev. Albert Russel `Kim” Dreisbach Jr. (1934-2006)</a>'s</a> <a name="paraFKD"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwSZs3luLIN-4GQSRxSEpo8fWGn3UCm41AV2Ii467dXm7EwjjfCkH6uyeidodCfDkljPal2el0SPhdAkXjVJeZGK8IIVKrZmgdVcxpSVhg7R-fn6sHBSj-LH0BwqvK2hKI3Yr9xbvcIeX0maFbynrPC-oh8zmP9f9gipl_2Bk32E8GlM_cUdaA5BpinJlb/s509/DreisbachK231122KD.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwSZs3luLIN-4GQSRxSEpo8fWGn3UCm41AV2Ii467dXm7EwjjfCkH6uyeidodCfDkljPal2el0SPhdAkXjVJeZGK8IIVKrZmgdVcxpSVhg7R-fn6sHBSj-LH0BwqvK2hKI3Yr9xbvcIeX0maFbynrPC-oh8zmP9f9gipl_2Bk32E8GlM_cUdaA5BpinJlb/s320/DreisbachK231122KD.pngg" /></a></p><p>[<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwSZs3luLIN-4GQSRxSEpo8fWGn3UCm41AV2Ii467dXm7EwjjfCkH6uyeidodCfDkljPal2el0SPhdAkXjVJeZGK8IIVKrZmgdVcxpSVhg7R-fn6sHBSj-LH0BwqvK2hKI3Yr9xbvcIeX0maFbynrPC-oh8zmP9f9gipl_2Bk32E8GlM_cUdaA5BpinJlb/s509/DreisbachK231122KD.png">Right</a>: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqJ0VfCZ4GQ">Fr. Kim Dreisbach on <i>Shroud Encounter</i></a> (YouTube).]</p><p>"overwhelming preponderance of evidence" in favor of the Shroud's authenticity. I will quote it in full, but I will have to break it up into several posts. The original is a series of PDFs with handwritten notes on them, the latter I will replace the typewritten text with, as Dreisbach intended. My comments will be in <b>bold</b>.</p><p><a name="para03"></a>On 8 October 2023, I emailed <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Ian+Wilson+Shroud+Turin">Ian Wilson</a> and <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Joe+Marino+Shroud+Turin">Joe Marino</a>:<blockquote>"Do you have a copy, that you can send me, of Kim Dreisbach's compilation of all the evidence in favor of authenticity, calling it the `overwhelming preponderance of evidence':<blockquote>"On the counter-attack was Rev. Kim Dreisbach, an Anglican priest and long-time Shroud scholar in Atlanta, Georgia, who prepared a massive and impressive compilation of all the evidence in favor of authenticity, calling it the `overwhelming preponderance of evidence." He circulated it to dozens of people, and the press, but his efforts like mine met with little success in getting across to the mass media what a travesty had occurred.'" (Meacham, W., 2005, "The Rape of the Turin Shroud: How Christianity's Most Precious Relic was Wrongly Condemned and Violated," Lulu Press: Morrisville NC, pp.110-111).</blockquote></blockquote><a name="para04"></a>Ian replied that he didn't think he had it anymore, but Joe replied that he did have it, albeit in an old format, which he would scan into a series of PDFs and email them to me. Which he kindly did. A few obvious errors I have corrected. The scanned text is very poor, albeit understandable, so I have had to correct letters in almost every word, which makes it slow-going! I gave up the time-wasting, old-fashioned, underlining of "e.g." and "Ibid". Continued in <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/12/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming.html">part 2</a> and <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/12/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming_21.html">part 3</a>.</p><p><hr><a name="paraPPR"></a><center>-1-</p><p>[Proposed] PRESS RELEASE [Not prior to 26 Sep 88]</center></p><p>FROM: The Atlanta International Center for Continuing Study of the Shroud of Turin (AICCSST)</p><p>Atlanta, Georgia</p> CONTACT PERSON: The Rev. Albert R., Dreisbach, Jr., Executive Director (404) 344-8982 349-0001</p><p>RE: C-14 Dating of the Shroud of Turin</p><p><a name="paraSNP"></a>SYNOPSIS: THE ATLANTA INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR CONTINUING STUDY OF THE SHROUD OF TURIN, AN ECUMENICAL, NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION, REJECTS THE INITIAL C-14 DATING OF THE SHROUD AS "MEDIEVAL" BASING ITS STAND ON BOTH SCIENTIFIC GROUNDS AND THE PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE THROUGH THE CENTURIES FROM A HOST OF DIVERSE FIELDS RANGING FROM PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY TO ART HISTORY AND FORENSIC PATHOLOGY, THE CENTER ARGUED THAT THE PRESENT RADIOCARBON RESULTS SHOULD BE REJECTED AT THIS TIME UNTIL PEER-REVIEW OF THESE RESULTS BY THE LARGER SCIENTIC COMMUNITY, MANY OF WHOM ARE SERIOUSLY CONCONCERNED ABOUT FLAWS IN THE PROTOCOL EMPLOYED BY ARIZONA. OXFORD AND ZURICH IN THE COURSE OF THEIR RECENT TESTING. CAUTIONING BOTH THE PUBLIC AND THE PRESS TO AVOID FACILE ACCEPTANCE OF THE ALLEGED "MEDIEVAL" (sic) DATE, THE ATLANTA CENTER ADVOCATED THAT SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY IN A HOST OF SUB-FIELDS BE CONTINUED AND ENCOURAGED UNTIL SUCH TIME AS THE SHROUD OF TURIN CAN BE EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF A 14TH CENTURY CONTEXT AND/OR BY NEW RADIOCARBON TESTING GUARANTEED BY RIGOROUS SCIENTIFIC CONTROLS. <b>This raises an important point that the </b><a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud as "1260-1390"</a><b>[</b><a href="#DP89">DP89</a>, 611<b>] has never been replicated independently by other laboratories. Therefore it cannot be considered "scientific knnowledge" (footnote omitted):</b><blockquote>"Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method. For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated. There are different kinds of replication but typically replication studies involve different researchers using the same methodology. <i>Only after one or several such successful replications should a result be recognized as scientific knowledge</i>" (my emphasis)[<a href="#RPW">RPW</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraCTP"></a>Citing the PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE from such hard sciences as Physics and Chemistry already published in peer-reviewed scientific journals by scientists from such prestigious facilities as Los Alamos, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the U.S. Air Force Weapons Laboratory, the Atlanta International Center for Continuing Study of the Shroud of Turin, Inc. issued a statement today seriously questioning the conclusion of the C-14 laboratories at the University of Arizona, Oxford and Zurich alleging the Shroud of Turin to date from the Middle Ages. Noting that scientists from both Oxford and Arizona, have concluded that the Shroud "is <u>not</u> a painting" and that the mechanism for the image formation of the ventral and dorsal side of the figure on it "continues to remain a mystery'", AICCSST's Executive Director, the Rev. Albert R. Dreisbach, Jr., cautioned both the public and the press to withhold judgment on the alleged "medieval" (sic) date until "all the facts are in, and the larger scientific community has been given an opportunity to thoroughly review the protocol used by the three labs in their investigations." Fr. Dreisbach then went on to outline what he believes to be some of the major flaws of that protocol: <blockquote><a name="paraTNC"></a>1) At a 1986 conference in Turin called to determine the protocol for C-14 testing, it was stressed by experts in attendance that prior to any such testing detailed and extensive chemistry should be conducted to determine the kinds of contaminants on the Shroud, methods for the detection of same, and procedures for their removal complete with scientific controls for same. In a six-laboratory "dry run" of known-dated samples provided by the British Museum whose results were announced at a Radiocarbon Conference in Trondheim in 1985, the same Swiss lab which today announced its concurrence of a "medieval"(sic) date had an outlier of 1,000 years difference from the other five labs. Careful examination of this outlier proved it to have resulted from "improper cleansing"' of the sample. When the proper technique was applied on the second run, the Swiss lab· then came on line with the others.<br><br><a name="paraDRT"></a>2) Despite repeated attempts by some of the experts present at that 1986 Turin conference for sampling from <u>at least two separate areas on the Shroud.</u> (<u>Note</u>; three distinct sites would have been even more preferable), the decision was made to take the samples only from a single site; and that, one of the worst possible sites available. (<u>Note</u>; The eventual site chosen for the removal of the sample on 21Apr88 was from the edge of the Shroud most exposed to human handling and industrial pollution during its public and private expositions through the centuries.)<br><br><a name="paraNDT"></a>3) In addition to potential skewing of the C-14 date via contamination, experts also warned that “possible isotope exchange spurred by heating may likely affect the radiocarbon age of the cloth." The <u>Sunday London Times</u> in its edition of August 7, 1988, observed: <blockquote>"Those convinced that the shroud really was Christ's burial cloth could argue that the same burst of energy which created the image also irradiated (i.e. affected via radiation) the cloth. That would <u>make the cloth appear younger than its true age.</u>” Nick Rufford, Science Correspondent, p. 1. Emphasis added.) </blockquote>One would not even have to posit a non-empirically verifiable event such as the Resurrection to account for such an isotope exchange via heating. Even as this release is being made available to the media, experts familiar with the myriad subtleties of the Shroud are investigating the possibility that the very site from which the C-14 samples were taken was subject to a "mild scorch" - possibly as a result of the fire of 1532 at Chambery in France Since portions of the silver casket containing the Shroud melted during this fire, it is estimated that the heat of the latter reached 800 degrees centigrade.</blockquote><a name="paraNTT"></a><b>On the topic of "improper cleansing," for the Shroud to have the `bull's eye' radiocarbon date of "</b><a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390</a><b>," or 1325 ±65 years[</b><a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 7; <a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 169<b>], which is only ~30 years before the </b><a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1355">Shroud first appeared in undisputed history at Lirey, France, in ~1355</a><b>[</b><a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 222<b>], the laboratories would have had to remove <i>almost all</i> contamination by younger carbon. Otherwise the Shroud's radiocarbon date would be more recent than 1355! But that would have been impossible because </b><a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1532">the fire of 1532</a> <b>and the water that extinguished it, would have forced large quantities of new carbon from the smoke of the burning chapel into the molecular structure of the linen, where it could not be removed:</b><blockquote>"Because of the fire and the melting of the silver casket, the heat inside would have been intense, and a temperature in the region of 900°C the temperature of molten silver alloy) would probably have been reached. In these circumstances, natural moisture in the Shroud, perhaps together with dousing water, would turn into steam, in places to superheat. Any contaminants on or embedded in the fabric structure would be dissolved and forced into the yarn construction, conditions in which they would react chemically with the molecular structure of the fibres of the flax ... Contaminants on the surface of the cloth, within the interlacements of the weave, on the surface of the yarns, and even within their twisted structures can be removed with suitable surfactants and ultrasonic treatments. At fibre-molecular level, however, the problem of contaminants presents specific difficulties ... contaminating molecules can also enter and link chemically into the fine structure through what are envisaged as 'pores' in the fibre ... In this way, organic molecules containing carbon would become part of the flax-fibre chemistry and would be impossible to remove by surfactants and ultrasonic cleansing treatments. More drastic methods to remove the contaminants so as to obtain a pure specimen would inevitable destroy the flax fibre themselves"[<a href="#TJ96">TJ96</a>, 7]</blockquote><b>Therefore the 1260-1390 radiocarbon date of the Shroud must not only be wrong, but <i>fraudulent</i>! According to my hacker theory, they are not real dates but <i>computer-generated dates by a hacker's program</i> (see </b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/05/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">24May14</a><b> and </b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin_23.html">23Jul15</a><b>).</b> </p><p><a name="paraCTT"></a><center>-2-</center></p><blockquote><a name="paraCTT"></a>4) Contrary to· the initial "understanding" agreed to in 1986 at the Turin conference church authorities reduced from seven to three the number of laboratories who would be permitted to do C-14 testing. Without warning, four of the labs learned in a letter dated October 10, 1987 that they had been excluded from the testing. Ironically, two U.S. labs which were the first to propose C-14 dating of the Shroud ten years ago were among the four excluded. In reality, the Brookhaven National Laboratory and the University of Rochester are also the inventors of the two primary methods - small proportional counter and mass accelerator respectively – proposed for C-14 dating. Along with the two American labs, the Isotope Measurements Laboratory at Harwell in England was also rejected. Harwell had pioneered in the field of archaeological dating and had done more sampling than the combined efforts of the three chosen laboratories.</p><p><a name="parTFC"></a>To further compound the problem, both Brookhaven and Harwell use the small proportional counters to achieve C-14 dates. Eliminating them reduced the method to but one approach - the mass accelerators used by Arizona, Oxford and Zurich. It is difficult to deny that the use of these two separate techniques would strengthen the credibility of any resultant date. (<u>Note</u>: The proportional count method used by both Brookhaven and Harwell is tried and tested , having been in use for over 30 years. The mass accelerator method is less than 10 years old, and there are still doubts in some quarters about its reliability.)</p><p><a name="paraTWN"></a>It was initially speculated that the motive behind reducing the number of labs from 7 to 3 was to conserve the amount of material from the Shroud that would have to be destroyed for C-14 testing, Radiocarbon experts familiar with the original 7-lab protocol have attacked this reasoning as: specious in that the amount of cloth needed for all seven would be roughly equivalent; to two-and-a-half US 25¢ postage stamps.</p><p><a name="paraFTL"></a>Finally, the elimination of Harwell and Brookhaven introduces two other factors to be considered when evaluating the alleged "medieval" (<u>sic</u>) result. One expert in the field of radiocarbon dating has noted:<blockquote><a name="paraNCT"></a>A) "In accelerator technology there are many more steps which the lab must go through in the process than occurs with the small proportional counter. With each step in this process there is the possibility of intrusion of extraneous carbon thereby affecting the date. The use of the small proportional counter provides a very good alternate way of verifying the results obtained by the accelerator. In fact this dual method of dating has already been used by professionals as a reference point where there might otherwise have been a question of discrepancy.</p><p>The same expert goes on to conclude that linen has a clear advantage with the gas (i.e. proportional) counter since cloth has undergone years of testing with the conventional dating technology. On the other hand cloth does not seem to be an item which has commonly been dated by the accelerator method."</p><p><a name="paraTTC"></a>B) Though the accelerator method can deal with smaller samples and is capable of providing an instant readout by employing electrostatic accelerators to separate the carbon atoms within a sample and then quickly count the individual C-14 nuclei in that sample, once this is accomplished the sample (now a carbonized pellet) is useless for further testing. The proportional counter, on the other hand, reduces the sample to a gas, such as carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and then counts the C-14 decays in the gas. Unlike the accelerators, this gas can be saved and redated by technologically-refined small proportionate counters 10, 20 or 50 years in the future.</blockquote><a name="paraTTD"></a>Thus, the decision to reduce the laboratories to include only those with the accelerator capability has reduced the credibility of the results of the three labs involved in the minds of both the public and the larger scientific community. Certainly for a relic as fraught with controversy and claimed by many to be an authentic relic of the historical Jesus, every effort should have been taken to make the results as credible as possible if they are expected to be received as such by the general public. As Dr Robert Otlet of Harwell noted upon learning of the exclusion of his lab from the C-14 testing :-<blockquote>"We are not protesting through sour grapes ... the final result will not be as precise as it could have been because only one technique has been used."</blockquote><a name="paraCTS"></a>5) Contrary to assurances that there would be "blind testing", we now know that such was not the case. Each test sample was delivered to each laboratory completely intact, its 3/1 herringbone twill clearly visible to the scientists. Further, each control sample provided by the British Museum was clearly identified as to the century within which its date should fall. While not impugning the integrity of the three labs involved, certainly there was an absence of rigid empirical methodology in the functional as opposed to the written protocol.</blockquote><a name="paraRFF"></a><b>Regarding, "four of the labs learned in a letter dated October 10, 1987 that they had been excluded from the testing" (see </b><a href="#paraCTT">above</a><b>), acccording to my hacker theory (see </b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/07/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html#para11">05Jul14</a><b> footnotes omitted):</b><blockquote>"On 10 October 1987 the Archbishop of Turin, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasio_Ballestrero">Cardinal Anastasio Ballestrero (r. 1977-89)</a>, advised the seven laboratories that were originally proposed to carbon-date the Shroud, using two different methods, that their number had been reduced to three AMS laboratories: Arizona, Oxford and Zurich. So after that Linick [Arizona radiocarbon dating laboratory physicist, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/08/4-june-1989-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html#890604">Timothy Weiler Linick (1946-89)</a>] could have realised that it was feasible for him to write a program to be installed on the AMS control console computers at the three laboratories (which were effectively clones of each other), to replace the Shroud's carbon 14 dates coming from their AMS systems, with computer-generated dates which would ensure the Shroud appeared to date a plausible time before the Shroud's debut in undisputed history at Lirey, France, in about 1355."</blockquote><a name="paraPCT"></a><center>-3-</center></p><p><a name="paraPCT"></a><center><u>OPERATION "COUNTER-ATTACK</u>"</center></p><p>The following strategy considerations are submitted to the Shroud Crowd in light of the imminent release of the "medieval" (sic) date resulting from recent C-14 "testing." Given both the general public and the "man-in-the-pew's" likely supine credulity in swallowing the initial media release, the need for <u>immediate and effective "damage control</u>" should become our #1 priority of the moment. Failure to seize the initiate at this time can only serve to compound the problem and require greater effort in the future to regain the "beachhead" now held by those who argue against the Shroud's authenticity.</p><p><a name="paraMFY"></a>Many of you have already advocated the PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE ploy as the main vehicle for such a "counter-attack." While l agree that it is our best "cerebral" line of defense, I worry that: 1) FACTS ALONE WILL NOT WIN THE HEARTS OF THE PUBLIC AND/OR PROVIDE SUFFICIENT ASSURANCE FOR THE FAITHFUL; 2) UNLESS THE "SHROUD CROWD" USES THE MEDIA AS EFFECTIVELY AS OUR DETRACTORS, THE "FACTS" WILL NEVER BE KNOWN TO THE MASSES. One of the significant factors in launching an effective "COUNTER-ATTACK" is the determination of who is to be its "spokesperson(s)?" Though STURP may well be the most experienced and qualified to advocate an "empirical" rebuttal, their personal reluctance and the political reality of the situation may well preclude their "upfront" participation. Professional reputations are on the line; and some of their number may not wish to remind the public of the depth and extent of their involvement in the investigations. Add to this fact that STURP would then also be involved in internecine "warfare" with its fellow scientists in the C-14 community; and we have identified another limitation. Thirdly, should STURP ever be allowed to return to Turin for further on-site testing, any attempt to become "advocates of authenticity" would be perceived by both the larger scientific community and the general public as naive "sour grapes" at best or, at worst, as "proof positive" that STURP all along has been a group "kept" by the Roman Catholic Church to verify conclusions already held by that branch of Christendom; but certainly not to conduct "empirical" studies which would prove the Shroud to be a fraud. </p><p><a name="paraFNT"></a>If, on the other hand, a group such as the HOLY SHROUD GUILD were to take the lead in such a rebuttal, its very religious nature would vitiate its effectiveness in the eyes of both the public and the larger scientific community. It would thus draw the fire of those who saw it as religiously biased and as scientifically incompetent to offer an unbiased rebuttal.</p><p><a name="paraWTS"></a>Who then is to be the "lightning rod" in the midst of this current storm? What follows is a list of possibilities which is far from complete and in no wise is to be considered exhaustive:<blockquote>1) ASSIST [The Association of Scientists and Scholars International for the Shroud of Turin] - If rumors are correct, this group has not endeared itself to the Cardinal's scientific advisor; and thus is unlikely ever to be admitted to any future on-hands testing. Still in all, ASSIST was founded to serve as a "peer-review group" to settle conflicting conclusions within the scientific community (i.e. Heller and Adler vs. McCrone). Certainly no more "significant difference" could be imagined than a C-14 conclusion that the Shroud is medieval vs. the PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE built since Pia's 1898 photograph arguing for its authenticity. In acquiring the MAX FREI POLLEN COLLECTION in July of 1988, ASSIST currently owns and controls the largest -and most significant collection of specimens taken from the Shroud's surface. (<u>Note</u>: A fact confirmed by both Mccrone and Adler during confirmation of this collection’s authenticity held at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences· on July, 23, 1988. Also, it was ASSIST's General Projects Director, Paul Maloney, who authored and circulated a 25-page paper to both the Vatican and the Turin authorities questioning the current C-14 protocol prior to any of the samples being taken on April 21, 1988. Turin chose not to heed the caveats contained in this paper - many from other "experts" within the worldwide C-14 community - and now is "paying the price" for its cavalier rejection of these warnings.</p><p><a name="paraNNS"></a>In one sense, ASSIST has everything to gain and nothing to lose in assuming the "point" in this "counter-attack." Its contact network is such that it has the potential to enlist non-STURP members of the scientific community to join the fray, possibly even playing the role of a "Trojan Horse" within the C-14 community now dominated by Arizona, Oxford and Zurich. Though ASSIST may have no "standing" within the scientific community at this time, the general public is unlikely to give it any less credence than they would to STURP or the above-named labs. Should ASSIST choose to assume this leadership role at this crucial moment in the Shroud's history, it would truly take on the mantle which its· very name implies.</p><p><a name="paraDHC"></a>2) An AD HOC COMMITTEE drawn from significant sub-fields of sindonology chosen for their expertise and their ability to persuade (i.e. in writing, on the air, and before TV). Such a group could theoretically contain members of STURP who would make quite clear that they were participating as individuals and not as official STURP representatives. (<u>Note</u>: There is no indication at this time that any member of STURP has considered and/or would be willing to be identified in this capacity.) Such an AD HOC COMMITTEE might well provide the broadest spectrum of expertise in the field of sindonology - ranging from the hard sciences to history to theology. Such a group should possess the empirical integrity of an Eric Jumper, the organizational thoroughness and competence based on years of experience of a Fr. Adam Otterbein, and the venerable pastoral sensitivity of a Fr. Peter Rinaldi.</blockquote><a name="paraFSF"></a><center>-4-</center></p><p><center><u>EFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDIA</u></center></p><p>The very protocol of the release of the C-14 "date" precludes a "first strike" possibility for those of us who are advocates of the Shroud's authenticity. Reality dictates that we must take the first blow. Having to forego the initiative makes it even more important that we are then ready to do some effective "counter punching." But, being fair and decent doesn't mean that we can't throw a few "blows" of our own within the limits of the Marquis of Queensbury's rules. The opening statement/paragraph should take dead aim on the violations of the C-14 protocol known to have been committed by the 3 labs (i.e. sample taking from but a single site, and that the most contaminated one; failure to follow "blind testing'" - the Shroud sample was never unravelled and was thus clearly identifiable via its 3/1 herringbone twill; alleged collusion among the labs via the use of the same newly-developed cleansing technique; the "leaking" of the date (i.e. by Hall to Luckett <b>[It was by Sox to Luckett – see </b><a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/06/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_24.html#para09">24 Jun14</a> & <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/11/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#paraSWT">22 Nov16</a><b>]</b>), prior to its official announcement by the Cardinal, etc.). Having thus revealed that our opponents were "using horseshoes in their gloves" as an opportunity for the "referee" (i.e. the general public and the larger scientific community) to stop and take a look", we return to center ring with a flurry of arguments from the PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE arsenal (See attached sheet bearing that title}.</p><p><a name="paraTWB"></a>It would be extremely valuable and helpful to have in our possession an English translation of the Cardinal's press release announcing the "alleged" C-14 results. Even without same, I believe that we should have one of our own prepared -· yea, even "planted" - for simultaneous release in this country. Through the years a local contact on Atlanta's UPI desk has proven to be both a trusted and competent "friend of the Shroud." He is discreet and can be counted upon to "salt" both the national and international wires with the full text of any release which we provide to him. If there are those reading this memo who have similar contacts with AP or REUTERS, they are advised to go and do likewise. We all are painfully aware of how the press can "screw things up royally"; but such "pre-planted" script of our own composition would seem to minimize the extent of such damage.</p><p><a name="paraTWH"></a>Those who have been involved in STURP fund raising will remember that national columnist William F. Buckley, Jr. was in attendance at our Union League Club presentation in New York. I believe that he was there because of a request of Fr. Rinaldi who, hopefully, might "persuade" him to devote one of his nationally syndicated columns to a defense of the Shroud. Through the years, Mr. Buckley has written many fine editorials in the <u>New Republic</u> advocating the Shroud's authenticity. Obviously, the time for another is NOW!·</p><p>Another contact here in Atlanta has offered to get us on the CBN Network out of Virginia Beach. Granted, this is not everyone's theological "cup of tea'"; but fundamentalists like Pat Robertson and Gary Habermas <b>[sic]</b> have been some of the Shroud's strongest supporters over the last decade. I believe that we should take maximum advantage of this opportunity to provide a positive influence for our brothers and sisters of the right. Shifting to a Roman Catholic charismatic context, we should have little trouble in obtaining an hour's slot on Mother Angelica's cable ETERNAL WORLD NETWORK. The Shroud of Turin was the subject of her very first television broadcast, and both Frs. Otterbein and Dreisbach have previously appeared as guests on her show. Though appearances on both CBN and ETW may be judged as efforts to convert the already converted, both could be subsumed under the rubric of "holding our ground" in the face of the flood of anti-Shroud sentiment following on the heels of the "medieval" (sic) C-14 date. Carefully planned, such appearances could "arm'" the uninformed faithful with. salient "facts" arguing for the Shroud's authenticity. At the very least, these, appearances would serve to "equip the saints" in many communities served by these networks- so that; they could keep the debate alive rather than surrendering without a whimper to the "scientific" <u>fiat</u> of the three C-14 labs.</p><p>Finally, I believe that consideration should be given to actively seeking "panel" appearances on quality major network shows such as Ted Koppel's "Night Line," "20/20" and "60 Minutes." Each of the above allows for greater "in depth'" coverage of the debate than is possible via snippets on normal news broadcasts. If such shows are considered geared to the more "cerebral' members of the public, thought might also be given to the more "popular" shows like Phil Donahue, Oprah Winfrey, Sally Jessy Raphael and Geraldo Rivera. Also Larry King is another possibility. Anyone reading this memo who has contacts with "gatekeepers" on any of these shows is requested to make contact with the AICCSST immediately. This would also hold true for anyone having entree to print media such as <u>Newsweek</u>, <u>Time</u>, <u>Life</u>, <u>People Magazine</u>, etc.</p><p><a name="paraNDD"></a><u>NOTE</u>: Dr. Daniel Scavone raised an obvious but highly significant point in noting the key importance of "visuals" (i.e. slides and video clips) and their impact on the viewer when debating the PREPONDERANCE OF-EVIDENCE vs. the "MEDIEVAL"·(sic) C-14 date. Even for St. John at the Empty Tomb and St. Thomas in the upper room, "Seeing is Believing" has- proven to be a powerful tool in "conversion."' Clips showing the Shroud's 3-D properties via. the VP-8 Image Analyzer, the Iconographic Theory, including numismatic evidence like the <u>solidus</u> of Justinian II (A.D. 692-695) , the 4 right angle burn holes ("spy clues"). on the Hungarian Pray Ms. (A.D. 1192-1195) and the Lierre copy (A.D. 1516), and many other pieces of evidence have much greater impact when presented visually than in oral or escritorial form. Lawyers and other debaters have long known that the "impact on the jury" is much more than a mere presentation of the "facts." As is the case with the Shroud itself, often the. "medium is the message;" and we should take full advantage of such visual persuasion when given the opportunity to appear on TV.</p><p>Continued in <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/12/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming.html">part two</a> of this series.</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="DP89">DP89</a>. Damon, P.E., et al., 1989, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin</a>," <i>Nature</i>, Vol. 337, 16th February, 611-615.<br><a name="RPW">RPW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility">Reproducibility</a>," Wikipedia, 17 November 2023.<br><a name="TF06">TF06</a>. Tribbe, F.C., 2006, "Portrait of Jesus: The Illustrated Story of the Shroud of Turin," Paragon House Publishers: St. Paul MN, Second edition.<br><a name="TJ96">TJ96</a>. Tyrer, J., 1996, “<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn062Dec90.pdf">Is It Really A Fake?</a>,” from <i>Textile Horizons</i>, March 1989, <i>Shroud News</i>, No 62, December, 6-9.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.<br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.<br></p><p>Posted 21 November 2023. Updated 29 December 2023.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-52550397201930480872023-11-08T23:19:00.024+08:002024-03-02T20:09:07.190+08:00The Shroudman and Jesus were resurrected! #43: The evidence is overwhelming that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet! <p><a name="para01"></a><center><b>THE SHROUDMAN AND JESUS WERE <i>RESURRECTED!</i> #42<br></b>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is part #43, "The Shroudman and Jesus were <i>resurrected</i>!," of my series, "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">The evidence is <i>overwhelming</i> that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet!</a>." For more information about this series, see the "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index #1</a>" and "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/01/other-marks-and-images-26-evidence-is.html">Other marks and images</a> #26." Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated.</p><p><font color="red">See important </font><a href="#paraBNC">update</a><font color="red">.</font></p><p><a name="para03"></a>[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-shroudman-and-jesus-were-buried-in.html">The Shroudman and Jesus were buried in a rock tomb</a> #42] [Next: Prehistory of the Shroud (1) #44]</p><hr><p><a name="para04"></a><ol start="5"><li><a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/09/the-bible-and-shroud-33-evidence-is.html">The Bible and the Shroud</a> #33</li><ol type="A" start="10"><li>The Shroudman and Jesus were <i>resurrected</i>! #43</li></ol></ol></p><p><a name="paraPBH"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx1XTyg8zaSgdQq8OW_b5LXQyG0-1zzWLlsOfAsmN-rzvVfMAEIhZvhyY7R2tt_gcnG3twVAc5c6mAExSSKOPeg-B0_ZiZBYVLvrk41hMVYy-NiLSoeatWbJHSaAFRZBcC7Jm-pxDBMMdh/s771/HeaphySSNereo%2526Achilleo_210605C4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx1XTyg8zaSgdQq8OW_b5LXQyG0-1zzWLlsOfAsmN-rzvVfMAEIhZvhyY7R2tt_gcnG3twVAc5c6mAExSSKOPeg-B0_ZiZBYVLvrk41hMVYy-NiLSoeatWbJHSaAFRZBcC7Jm-pxDBMMdh/s771/HeaphySSNereo%2526Achilleo_210605C4.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx1XTyg8zaSgdQq8OW_b5LXQyG0-1zzWLlsOfAsmN-rzvVfMAEIhZvhyY7R2tt_gcnG3twVAc5c6mAExSSKOPeg-B0_ZiZBYVLvrk41hMVYy-NiLSoeatWbJHSaAFRZBcC7Jm-pxDBMMdh/s771/HeaphySSNereo%2526Achilleo_210605C4.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#MR86">MR86</a>]: <a name="paraPBN"></a>A painting by English artist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Frank_Heaphy">Thomas Frank Heaphy (1813-73)</a> in the 1850s, of a <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/03/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#paraYNP">fresco in the ceiling</a> of the earliest <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Orpheus+Cubiculum">Orpheus Cubiculum</a> section of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Domitilla">Catacomb of Domitilla</a>, Rome, dated to the time of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero">Nero (r. 54–68)</a>[<a href="#MR93">MR93</a>, 28]. Heaphy wrongly thought he was in the catacomb of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Nereo+and+Achilleo">Saints Nereo and Achilleo</a>[<a href="#MR93">MR93</a>, 28]. A Shroud-like Jesus is uniquely depicted in profile[<a href="#WI92">WI92</a>, 8], naked with a white cloth over his shoulder. Presumably Jesus sitting up at His resurrection with the Shroud still partly covering Him! If so, this is the earliest, mid-first century, depiction of the Shroud! See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2021/06/chronology-of-turin-shroud-nineteenth.html#c1831">05Jun21</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraFCD">13Jul22</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/03/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#paraYNP">21Mar23</a></p><p><a name="paraBNC"></a>Belgian industrial chemist, <a href="https://www.online-familieberichten.nl/zoeken.asp?command=show&id=159487">Remi Van Haelst (1931-2003)</a>, saw this fresco and wrote of it, "This is the oldest representation of the Lord, made by an unknown artist ... who had know[n] Jesus":<blockquote>"On the sepulchral vault, in the light of his flashlamp, the guide showed me a very vague painting. In a kind of circular inset on the ceiling of the chamber I saw the figure of a human bust, looking from the left side. With a kind of sepulchral voice the monk told me: `This is the oldest representation of the Lord, made by an unknown artist, probably based on descriptions or perhaps a sketch or painting by someone who had know[n] Jesus or his disciples"[<a href="#VR87">VR87</a>, 12].]</blockquote></p><p><a name="paraJWR"></a><b>Jesus was resurrected</b><br><a name="paraJPH"></a>• Jesus predicted his death and resurrection (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+16%3A21%3B+17%3A9%2C+22-23%3B+20%3A18-19&version=ESV">Mt 16:21; 17:9, 22-23; 20:18-19</a>).</p><p><a name="paraJDN"></a>• Jesus died on a cross (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/01/the-shroudman-and-jesus-died-on-cross.html">23Jan23a</a>).</p><p><a name="paraJBW"></a>• Jesus' body was not in his tomb because he had "risen" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+28%3A6%3B+Mk+16%3A6%3B+Lk+24%3A6&version=ESV">Mt 28:6; Mk 16:6; Lk 24:6</a>).</p><p><a name="paraJHR"></a>• Jesus had "risen from the dead" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+28%3A7%3B+2Tim+2%3A8&version=ESV">Mt 28:7; 2Tim 2:8</a>).</p><p><a name="paraJHR"></a>• Jesus was "raised from the dead" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Cor+15%3A3-4%2C+12%2C+20&version=ESV">1Cor 15:3-4, 12, 20</a>).</p><p><a name="paraFTD"></a>• God raised Jesus from the dead (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+3%3A15%3B+4%3A10%3B+5%3A30%3B+10%3A40%3B+13%3A30%2C34%2C37&version=ESV">Acts 3:15; 4:10; 5:30; 10:40; 13:30,34,37</a>).</p><p><a name="paraJWR"></a>• Jesus was resurrected (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+2%3A31%3B+4%3A33%3B+1Pet+3%3A21&version=ESV">Acts 2:31; 4:33; 1Pet 3:21</a>).</p><p><a name="paraJWR"></a>• Jesus was resurrected from the dead (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+4%3A2%3B+Rom+1%3A4%3B+1Pet+1%3A3&version=ESV">Acts 4:2; Rom 1:4; 1Pet 1:3</a>).</p><p><a name="paraJBD"></a>• Jesus' body did not experience corruption because he was resurrected (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+2%3A27%2C+31%3B+13%3A34-37%3B+Ps+16%3A10&version=ESV">Acts 2:27, 31; 13:34-37; Ps 16:10</a>)[<a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 91; <a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 181].</p><p><a name="paraTHR"></a>• At his resurrection, Jesus' body did, as his followers' bodies will, change state from "perishable" to "imperishable," from "mortal" to immortal (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Cor+15%3A51-53&version=ESV">1Cor 15:51-53</a>), from "lowly" to "glorious" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Php+3%3A21&version=ESV">Php 3:21</a>).</p><p><a name="paraJPT"></a>• Jesus appeared to his disciples after his resurrection[<a href="#WE54">WE54</a>, 52-53; <a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 57]: Mary Magdalene (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+16%3A9-11%3B+Jn+20%3A11-18&version=ESV">Mk 16:9-11; Jn 20:11-18)[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 181]. The two other women who had been to the tomb (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+28%3A1%2C8-19&version=ESV">Mt 28:1,8-19</a>). The apostle Peter (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+24%3A34%3B+1Cor+15%3A5&version=ESV">Lk 24:34; 1Cor 15:5). Two on the road to Emmaus (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+16%3A12-13%3B+Lk+24%3A13-32&version=ESV">Mk 16:12-13; Lk 24:13-32</a>). The apostles, except for Thomas (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+24%3A36-49%3B+Jn+20%3A19-25&version=ESV">Lk 24:36-49; Jn 20:19-25</a>). The apostles including Thomas (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A26-29%3B+1Cor+15%3A5&version=ESV">Jn 20:26-29; 1Cor 15:5). Seven disciples on the shore of the Sea of Galilee (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+21%3A1-23&version=ESV">Jn 21:1-23</a>). The apostles on a mountain in Galilee (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+28%3A16-20&version=ESV">Mt 28:16-20</a>). To over 500 disciples (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Cor+15%3A6&version=ESV">1Cor 15:6</a>). His brother James (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Cor+15%3A7&version=ESV">1Cor 15:7</a>). Jesus' disciples at his ascension (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+16%3A19-20%3B+Lk+24%3A50-53%3B+Acts+1%3A6-12&version=ESV">Mk 16:19-20; Lk 24:50-53; Acts 1:6-12</a>). </p><p><a name="paraJRB"></a>• Jesus' resurrection body was "mechanically transparent": after his resurrection, on two separate occasions, Jesus suddenly appeared to his disciples inside a locked room (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A19%2C+26&version=ESV">Jn 20:19, 26</a>)[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 244]</p><p><a name="paraTSW"></a><b>The Shroudman was resurrected</b><br><a name="paraTSD"></a>• The Shroudman died on a cross.(see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/01/the-shroudman-and-jesus-died-on-cross.html#paraTSD">23Jan23b</a>).</p><a name="paraTSN"></a>• There is no evidence of bodily decomposition on the Shroud[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 127, 155, 218; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 91, 138 <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 33; <a href="#HG84">HG84</a>, 159].</p><p><a name="paraTBR"></a>• The bloodstains are intact, unbroken and unsmeared[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 127, 156, 218; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 138; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 33], indicating the body was not unwrapped[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 156, 218; <a href="#HG84">HG84</a>, 159; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 138-139].</p><p><a name="paraTBR"></a>• The Shroudman's fingers, handbones (see below), and teeth (<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/04/x-rays-22-man-on-shroud-evidence-is.html#paraTRX">20Apr17</a>) are visible under his skin due to x-rays generated by his resurrection[<a href="#CG82">CG82</a>, 445-446; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 136].</p><p><a name="paraXPP"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaKX09zdOUUDP6sRhhg0bPxTimBjdojcfCNoYbe8gancZMX_r-MlP2jYtteOD8ZKKOabzsqUzY-uVYVmgzYsG9BtWEQafr43UXExk9urXCW9FkYO4hmMfgd0HD0oE0-GwYMVIvn_dDIrQg/s1600/XrayHandsShroudScopeDurante2002VerticalCropped611.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaKX09zdOUUDP6sRhhg0bPxTimBjdojcfCNoYbe8gancZMX_r-MlP2jYtteOD8ZKKOabzsqUzY-uVYVmgzYsG9BtWEQafr43UXExk9urXCW9FkYO4hmMfgd0HD0oE0-GwYMVIvn_dDIrQg/s800/XrayHandsShroudScopeDurante2002VerticalCropped611.png" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaKX09zdOUUDP6sRhhg0bPxTimBjdojcfCNoYbe8gancZMX_r-MlP2jYtteOD8ZKKOabzsqUzY-uVYVmgzYsG9BtWEQafr43UXExk9urXCW9FkYO4hmMfgd0HD0oE0-GwYMVIvn_dDIrQg/s1600/XrayHandsShroudScopeDurante2002VerticalCropped611.png">enlarge</a>): Extract of a <a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=5&image=3&lon=1325.0&lat=7175.0">positive photograph of the Shroud</a> showing the finger (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_bone">phalanges</a>) and the hand (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacarpal_bones">metacarpals</a>) bones beneath the skin[<a href="#LM10">LM10</a>]. See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/04/x-rays-22-man-on-shroud-evidence-is.html">20Apr17</a>]</p><p><a name="paraDBW"></a>• A dead body would not leave such an image on the Shroud[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 234].</p><p><a name="paraTMM"></a>• The man's image is the result of a scorch[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 18; <a href="#HG84">HG84</a>, 159]. In both color and character the image resembles the portions of the cloth that were scorched by the fire of <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1532">1532</a>[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 18; <a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 221]. A scorch can produce an image that reproduces details as small as an ninth of an inch (~3.2 mm)[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 18]. And when photographed, yields a positive image on the photographic negative[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 18]. A burst of radiation at the moment of resurrection would cause a scorch[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 18]. But it was not heat radiation because the blood was not scorched[<a href="#HT78">HT78</a>, 199]. Also, the image does not fluoresce under ultraviolet light whereas the areas of the Shroud scorched by the fire of 1532, do fluoresce in ultraviolet light[<a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 204; <a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 221].</p><p><a name="paraNSF"></a>• Only some form of radiation could have caused the Shroudman's image[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 234]. The image is present even where the cloth could not have been in direct contact with the body[<a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 205; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 309].</p><p><a name="paraMSL"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8Qi1tLUhtFULTJpd6ZWvMMZljowP6m1SKD1Zjt1CwmMCXZRN8biiR_IGy2SeC8iENB7QTn0Mhvicp4_ScJGhyphenhyphen0HuzDPjQvp16JlbAHb8CimZyR0vlIzM3lFYaNwbnvakhVH70jYtmZx5jcTfyFVXoldvrCpOnd0959Uid8AleW3TrdwfaxIJlEqAwJefQ/s1656/contact231108T3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8Qi1tLUhtFULTJpd6ZWvMMZljowP6m1SKD1Zjt1CwmMCXZRN8biiR_IGy2SeC8iENB7QTn0Mhvicp4_ScJGhyphenhyphen0HuzDPjQvp16JlbAHb8CimZyR0vlIzM3lFYaNwbnvakhVH70jYtmZx5jcTfyFVXoldvrCpOnd0959Uid8AleW3TrdwfaxIJlEqAwJefQ/s400/contact231108T3.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8Qi1tLUhtFULTJpd6ZWvMMZljowP6m1SKD1Zjt1CwmMCXZRN8biiR_IGy2SeC8iENB7QTn0Mhvicp4_ScJGhyphenhyphen0HuzDPjQvp16JlbAHb8CimZyR0vlIzM3lFYaNwbnvakhVH70jYtmZx5jcTfyFVXoldvrCpOnd0959Uid8AleW3TrdwfaxIJlEqAwJefQ/s1656/contact231108T3.jpg">enlarge</a>[<a href="#JJ77">JJ77</a>, 76]): Microdensitometer scan along the ridge line of the points of contact of the body with the Shroud. As can be seen, there could not have been direct contact of the body with the Shroud between the chin and chest, and the legs betwen the knees and toes, yet there is an image of such low points on the Shroud (see <a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=2&image=4&lon=1153.0&lat=342.0">Shroud Scope</a>).]</p><p><a name="paraNCC"></a>• Only a cloth collapsing through a `mechanically transparent' body giving off uniform radiant energy can explain all the Shroud image's features[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 234].</p><p><a name="paraCNC"></a><b>Conclusion</b><br>In conclusion, as we can see above, both Jesus and the man on the Shroud:<br><a name="paraDNC"></a>• Died on a cross.<br><a name="paraDNN"></a>• Did not undergo bodily decomposition.<br><a name="paraTBB"></a>• Their bodies became "mechanically transparent."<br><a name="paraWRD"></a>• Were <i>resurrected</i>!</p><p><a name="paraTTR"></a>Therefore they are one and the same! Jesus <i>is</i> the Man on the Shroud!!</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AM00">AM00</a>. Antonacci, M., 2000, "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY.<br><a name="CG82">CG82</a>. Carter, G.F., 1982, "Formation of the Image on the Shroud of Turin by x-Rays: A New Hypothesis," in Lambert, J.B., ed., 1984, "Archaeological Chemistry III: ACS Advances in Chemistry, No. 205," American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 425-446.<br><a name="DR84">DR84</a>. Drews, R., 1984, "In Search of the Shroud of Turin: New Light on Its History and Origins," Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham MD.<br><a name="HG84">HG84"</a>. Habermas, G.R., 1984, "Ancient Evidence for the Life of Jesus," Thomas Nelson: Nashville TN.<br><a name="HT78">HT78"</a>. Humber, T., 1978, "The Sacred Shroud," [1974], Pocket Books: New York NY.<br><a name="IJ98">IJ98"</a>. Iannone, J.C., 1998, "The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin: New Scientific Evidence," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.<br><a name="JJ77">JJ77"</a>. Jackson, J.P., Jumper, E.J., Mottern, R.W. & Stevenson, K.E., ed., 1977, "The Three Dimensional Image on Jesus' Burial Cloth," in Stevenson, K.E., ed., "Proceedings of the 1977 United States Conference of Research on The Shroud of Turin," Holy Shroud Guild: Bronx NY.<br><a name="LM10">LM10</a>. Extract from Latendresse, M., 2010, "<a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=5&image=3&lon=1325.0&lat=7175.0">Shroud Scope: Durante 2002 Vertical</a>," Sindonology.org.<br><a name="MR86">MR86</a>. Morgan, R., 1986, "The Holy Shroud and the Earliest Paintings of Christ," Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.<br><a name="MR93">MR93</a>. Morgan, R.H., 1993, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi42part10.pdf">New Evidence for the Earliest Portrait of Jesus</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 42, December, 28-29.<br><a name="OM10">OM10</a>. Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.<br><a name="PM96">PM96</a>. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.<br><a name="SH81">SH81</a>. Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1981, "Verdict on the Shroud: Evidence for the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ," Servant Books: Ann Arbor MI.<br><a name="SH90">SH90</a>. Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1990, "The Shroud and the Controversy," Thomas Nelson: Nashville TN, -91.<br><a name="VR87">VR87</a>. Van Haelst, R., 1987, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn044Dec87.pdf">Did I see the Lord?</a>," <i>Shroud News</i>, No. 44, December, 11-15.<br><a name="WI92">WI92</a>. Wilson, I., 1992, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n32part4.pdf">Still in Rome: Rediscovery of 'Oldest Painted Likeness of Christ'?</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 32, 7-10.<br><a name="WE54">WE54</a>. Wuenschel, E.A. 1954, "Self-Portrait of Christ: The Holy Shroud of Turin," Holy Shroud Guild: Esopus NY, Third printing, 1961.<br></p><p>Posted 8 November 2023. Updated 2 March 2024.</p>Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-29394830703189674172023-09-09T00:38:00.072+08:002023-11-17T23:59:10.625+08:00Chronology of the Turin Shroud: Twenty-first century (2) <p><a name="para01"></a><center><b>Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 to the present<br>TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY (2)<br>© Stephen E. Jones</b>[<a href="#1">1</a>]<br></center></p><p>This is part #32, "Twenty-first century" (2) of my "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 - present</a>" series. For more information about this series see the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Index #1</a>. This page was initially based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wilson_(author)">Ian Wilson</a>'s 1996, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#2000">Highlights of the Undisputed History: 2000's</a>." Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated.</p><p>[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/06/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twenty-first.html">21st century (1)</a> #31] [Next: 21st century (3) #33] </p><hr><p><a name="21stC2"></a><b>21st century (2)</b> (2011-20). </p><p><a name="2011"></a><b>2011</b> November. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENEA_%28Italy%29">ENEA</a>, Italy's National Agency for New Technologies, <a name="paraNHX"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP9wTftet3bFJNp59GFqKK7yjaLB0hg3F41nKWNPFiUdONohyJvqRaCF_wWO_EgJ3jhERBfxfUJ9Cd1MmZG5J8Fu3Dj7Tl_WhWb2v316AiYU2QAnvZJxAPADetp8Lw07wQUtW-RK9AQ_Kd/s1600/excimer+laser_herculesL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP9wTftet3bFJNp59GFqKK7yjaLB0hg3F41nKWNPFiUdONohyJvqRaCF_wWO_EgJ3jhERBfxfUJ9Cd1MmZG5J8Fu3Dj7Tl_WhWb2v316AiYU2QAnvZJxAPADetp8Lw07wQUtW-RK9AQ_Kd/s800/excimer+laser_herculesL.jpg" /></a></p><p>[<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP9wTftet3bFJNp59GFqKK7yjaLB0hg3F41nKWNPFiUdONohyJvqRaCF_wWO_EgJ3jhERBfxfUJ9Cd1MmZG5J8Fu3Dj7Tl_WhWb2v316AiYU2QAnvZJxAPADetp8Lw07wQUtW-RK9AQ_Kd/s1600/excimer+laser_herculesL.jpg">Right</a>: ENEA's Hercules- L XeCl excimer (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excimer_laser">ultraviolet</a>) laser[<a href="#HEL">HEL</a>]. See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2011/12/italian-study-claims-turin-shroud-is.html">22Dec11</a>.]</p><p>Energy and Sustainable Development, publishes a report[<a href="#MD12">MD12</a>] on five years (2005-10) of experiments conducted in the ENEA center of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Frascati">Frascati</a> on the "shroud-like coloring of linen fabrics by far ultraviolet radiation"[<a href="#TM11">TM11</a>]. "The scientists ... concluded that the exact shade, texture and depth of the imprints on the cloth <i>could only be produced with the aid of ultraviolet lasers</i> ..."!:<blockquote>The double image (front and back) of a scourged and crucified man, barely visible on the linen cloth of the Shroud of Turin, has many physical and chemical characteristics that are so particular that the staining ... is impossible to obtain in a laboratory,' concluded experts from Italy's National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development. The scientists set out to `identify the physical and chemical processes capable of generating a colour similar to that of the image on the Shroud.' They concluded that the exact shade, texture and depth of the imprints on the cloth could only be produced with the aid of ultraviolet lasers – technology that was clearly not available in medieval times. The scientists used extremely brief pulses of ultraviolet light to replicate the kind of marks found on the burial cloth.They concluded that the iconic image of the bearded man must therefore have been created by `some form of electromagnetic energy (such as a flash of light at short wavelength).' Although they stopped short of offering a non-scientific explanation for the phenomenon, their findings will be embraced by those who believe that the marks on the shroud were miraculously created at the moment of Christ's Resurrection'[<a href="#SN11">SN11</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraHTT"></a>"However ... the total power of VUV radiations required to instantly color the surface of linen that corresponds to a human of average height, body surface area equal to = 2000 MW/cm<sup>2</sup> 17000 cm<sup>2</sup> = <i>34 thousand billion watts</i>"!:<blockquote>"One of the assumptions related to the formation of the image was that regarding some form of electromagnetic energy (such as a flash of light at short wavelength), which could fit the requirements for reproducing the main features of the Shroud image, such as superficiality of color, color gradient, the image also in areas of the body not in contact with the cloth and the absence of pigment on the sheet ... the results of ENEA `show that a short and intense burst of VUV [<a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=vuv+vacuum+ultraviolet">vacuum ultraviolet</a>] directional radiation can color a linen cloth so as to reproduce many of the peculiar characteristics of the body image on the Shroud of Turin, including shades of color, the surface color of the fibrils of the outer linen fabric, and the absence of fluorescence'. `However, ENEA scientists warn, `it should be noted that the total power of VUV radiations required to instantly color the surface of linen that corresponds to a human of average height, body surface area equal to = 2000 MW/cm<sup>2</sup> 17000 cm<sup>2</sup> = <i>34 thousand billion watts</i> makes it impractical today to reproduce the entire Shroud image using a single laser excimer, since this power cannot be produced by any VUV light source built to date (the most powerful available on the market come to several billion watts)"[<a href="#TM11">TM11</a>]!</blockquote><a name="paraTSF"></a>This is further evidence that the man on the Shroud is Jesus! And that Jesus' image on the Shroud is, as prefigured by his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus">Transfiguration</a> (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+17:1-13;+Mk+9:2-13;+Lk+9:28-36&version=ESV">Mt 17:1-13; Mk 9:2-13; Lk 9:28-36</a>), where His "face <i>shone like the sun</i>, and his clothes became <i>white as light</i>" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+17:2&version=ESV">Mt 17:2</a>); "his clothes became <i>radiant</i>, intensely white, as no one on earth could bleach them" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+9:3&version=ESV">Mk 9:3</a>); "the appearance of his face was altered, and his clothing became <i>dazzling</i> white" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+9:29&version=ESV">Lk 9:29</a>). (See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/06/shroud-of-turin-news-june-2015.html#smhwvrrnt">23Jun15</a>, <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/09/no-style-16-man-on-shroud-evidence-is.html#paraTT">05Sep16</a>, <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/02/three-dimensional-20-man-on-shroud.html#paraLJL">05Feb17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/03/accetta-august-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html#paraSVF">07Mar19</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#1983c">08Dec22</a>). The Transfiguration was "a preview of the <i>glorified body of Christ following his Resurrection</i>"[<a href="#TJW">TJW</a>]! That is, of Jesus "departure [<i>exodos</i>], which he was soon to accomplish at Jerusalem"[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+9%3A31&version=MOUNCE">Lk 9:31</a>].</p><p><a name="paraNTR"></a>And that radiant energy of "34 thousand billion watts" came from the change of state of Jesus' "lowly," "flesh and blood" body into his "glorious" resurrection body (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2008/10/shroud-of-turin-news-august-2008.html#paraHTS">10Oct08</a>, <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2013/10/shroud-of-turin-news-october-2013.html#paraSMF">06Oct13</a>, <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/02/three-dimensional-20-man-on-shroud.html#paraRSR">05Feb17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraSNP">13Jul22</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#paraBCD">08Dec22</a>):</b><blockquote>"... the Lord Jesus Christ, who, by the power that enables him to bring everything under his control, will <i>transform our lowly bodies so that they will be like his glorious body</i>." (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Php+3:20-21;&version=NIV">Php 3:20-21</a>). <br> <br>"...`How are the dead raised? With what kind of body will they come?' ... ... The body that is sown is perishable, <i>it is raised imperishable</i>; it is sown in dishonor, <i>it is raised in glory</i>." (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Cor+15:35,41-42;&version=NIV">1Cor 15:35,41-42</a>). <br> <br>"... <i>flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God</i>, nor does the perishable inherit <i>the imperishable</i>. ... <i>the dead will be raised imperishable</i>, and <i>we will be changed</i>." (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Cor+15%3A50-52&version=NIV">1Cor 15:50-52</a>). </p></blockquote>Just a fraction of the "7.8 <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=septillion">septillion</a> Joules of energy" in Jesus' human body:<blockquote>"As per e=mc^2 average human body has 7.8 septillion Joules of energy..."[<a href="#QR23">QR23</a>]</blockquote><a name="2012a"></a><b>2012a</b> 26 March 2012. Publication of "<a href="https://www.amazon.com.au/Sign-Thomas-Wesselow/dp/0670921882">The Sign: The Shroud of Turin</a><a name="paraNHX"></a><a href="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51SZgaxrwCL._SY466_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="220" src="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51SZgaxrwCL._SY466_.jpg" /></a></p><p>[<a href="https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51SZgaxrwCL._SY466_.jpg">Left</a>: "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection – 26 March 2012"[<a href="#SS12">SS12</a>]. See my <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/03/my-comments-on-telegraph-article-about.html">28Mar12</a> & <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/03/my-comments-on-telegraph-article-about_29.html">29Mar12</a>.]</p><a href="https://www.amazon.com.au/Sign-Thomas-Wesselow/dp/0670921882">and the Secret of the Resurrection</a>" by agnostic art historian <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Thomas+de+Wesselow">Thomas de Wesselow</a>. This is an important book becauase de Wesselow is an <i>agnostic</i> art historian who believes: 1) <i>the Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet</i>; but 2) the image on the Shroud <i>was</i> Jesus' resurrection! <a name="paraHSD"></a>Here is de Wesselow's description of his conversion to a Shroudie: <blockquote>"One hot, bright morning in the early summer of 2004 I ambled out into the orchard beside my house in Cambridge, lay down on the grass and immersed myself in <i>The Turin Shroud</i> [1978] by Ian Wilson ... I had spent the previous few days reading up on the Shroud, my interest having been kindled by a TV documentary screened that Easter, which cast serious doubt on the reliability of the carbon-dating test. I was now thoroughly hooked on the subject. Since no one else seemed able to unravel the history and significance of the relic, I was determined to think it through for myself ... I hoped Wilson's book ... might act as a catalyst. It did. Leafing through its arguments and illustrations, I became caught up in the Shroud's mystery as never before ... Though sceptical of the relic's authenticity ... I was nevertheless fascinated by some of the historical evidence Wilson presented. Various texts he cited - such as Robert de Clari's account of the Byzantine cloth on which 'the figure of Our Lord could be plainly seen' [see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/11/chronology-of-turin-shroud-thirteenth.html#1216">11Nov17</a></a>] did seem to point to a Shroud-like relic existing long before the fifteenth century, the date indicated by the problematic carbon-14 test. Moreover, I was aware by then of the major clue first recognized by Andre Dubarle: the distinctive pattern of the 'poker-holes' found on the representation of Christ's burial cloth in the Pray Codex [see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/08/poker-holes-29-other-marks-and-images.html">21Aug18</a>]. Unable to dismiss this as a coincidence, I found myself forced to reckon with the heretical idea that the Shroud was already known in the twelfth century. I also had to admit that Wilson's identification of the Shroud with the Mandylion [see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">15Sep12</a>] was plausible and accounted for a good deal of evidence that, as far as I could see, orthodox opinion either ignored or dismissed without proper justification ... If Wilson's theory was correct, the Shroud's provenance could be traced back to the sixth century. And if it was that old, the chances of its being a fake were drastically reduced. As an agnostic, used to thinking about Jesus in conventional Christian terms, I was extremely uncomfortable with the idea that the Shroud might be an authentic marvel; and, as an art historian familiar with the merry-go-round of medieval relics, I was extremely sceptical that this one - the most astonishing of all - might be genuine. Nevertheless, having considered every alternative explanation and found it wanting, I felt pinned down and forced to think the unthinkable. The execution and burial of Jesus, I told myself, is the only recorded event that could have resulted in a length of linen becoming stained by the body of a man flogged, crucified, crowned with thorns and speared in the side, and it is an event that is unlikely ever to have been exactly repeated. I couldn't avoid the conclusion: from a purely historical point of view, <i>the death and burial of Jesus seemed to be the best explanation for the Shroud</i>"[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 190-191]</blockquote>But then, refusing to surrender his "secular worldview" and accept that Jesus was resurrected, and the image on the Shroud is a "snapshot" of His resurrection:<blockquote>"Even from the limited available information, a hypothetical glimpse of the power operating at the moment of creation of the Shroud's image may be ventured. In the darkness of the Jerusalem tomb the dead body of Jesus lay, unwashed, covered in blood, on a stone slab. Suddenly, there is a burst of mysterious power from it. In that instant the ... image ... of the body becomes indelibly fused onto the cloth, preserving for posterity a literal `snapshot' of the Resurrection"[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 251].</blockquote><a name="paraDWD"></a>de Wesselow deludes himself that the Shroud image <i>was</i> Jesus' resurrection:<blockquote>"For a sceptical agnostic, this was a suffocating thought. The idea that the Shroud might be authentic hinted at something uncanny happening to Jesus' body in the tomb. Preconditioned as I was, my thoughts inevitably turned to the supposed miracle that lies at the heart of Christianity, the Resurrection, an idea that challenged some of my deepest convictions ... It was then that I glimpsed, for the first time, the potential significance of the relic. Grappling with the idea that it might have been found in the tomb of Jesus, I asked myself a question that has baffled generations of Shroud-enthusiasts: if the relic is authentic, why do none of the Gospels mention its discovery in the empty tomb? [see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/11/servant-of-priest-1-turin-shroud.html#para04">06Nov14</a>] And then it struck me: maybe they do. Maybe the Gospels contain descriptions of the Shroud that no one has recognized as such since the days of the apostles, because it appears in their legendary narratives not as an image but as a supernatural person"[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 192-193].</blockquote><a name="paraBFP"></a>But <i>fatal</i> problems with de Wesselow's theory that Jesus' image on the Shroud (de Wesselow admits that it <i>is</i> Jesus') <i>was</i> His resurrection, include:<br><a name="paraTRW"></a>• It requires a wholesale rejection of what the Gospels <i>actually</i> say, and replacing it with what the agnostic de Wesselow, <i>wants</i> them to say. <a name="paraPNJ"></a>• Peter and John didn't see in the empty tomb, either the Shroud (<i>sindon</i>) or Jesus (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A3-10%3B+Lk+24%3A12&version=NIV">Jn 20:3-10; Lk 24:12</a> NIV). Shroudies do not require the Shroud to have been in the empty tomb when Peter and John were the first to enter it[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A1-8&version=NIV">Jn 20:1-8 NIV</a>] (see my "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/11/servant-of-priest-1-turin-shroud.html">Servant of the priest</a>" series). But de Wesselow's `the Shroud <i>was</i> the resurrection' theory does require it[see <a href="#paraDWD">above</a> and <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 244ff]. <a name="paraJNN"></a>• Jesus not only appeared to his disciples after his resurrection, he <i>talked</i> to them: Mary Magdalene (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A14-18&version=ESV">Jn 20:14-18</a>); the other women disciples returning from the empty tomb (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+28%3A1%2C8-10&version=ESV">Mt 28:1, 8-10:28</a>); Cleopas and his companion on the road to Emmaus (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+16%3A12%3B+Lk+24%3A13-33&version=ESV">Mk 16:12; Lk 24:13-33</a>); the eleven apostles in a locked room in Jerusalem (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+16%3A14%3B+Lk+24%3A33-49%3B+Jn+20%3A19-49&version=ESV">Mk 16:14; Lk 24:33-49; Jn 20:19-29</a>); the disciples on the shore of the Sea of Galilee (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+21%3A1-23&version=ESV">Jn 21:1-23</a>); the eleven apostles on a mountain in Galilee (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+28%3A16-20%3B+Acts+1%3A1-8&version=ESV">Mt 28:16-20; Acts 1:1-8</a>). The Apostle Paul (then Saul of Tarsus) on the road to Damascus (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+9%3A1-6%3B+22%3A6-10%3B+26%3A12-18&version=ESV">Acts 9:1-6; 22:6-10; 26:12-18</a>). The Shroud doesn't talk. <a name="paraJRB"></a>• Jesus' resurrected body had "flesh and bones" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+24%3A36-40&version=ESV">Lk 24:36-40)</a>. The Shroud doesn't have flesh and bones. <a name="paraTRJ"></a>• The resurrected Jesus ate food (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+24%3A41-42%3B+Jn+21%3A9-15&version=ESV">Lk 24:41-42; Jn 21:9-15</a>). The Shroud doesn't eat. <a name="paraJSN"></a>• Jesus ascended into heaven (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+1%3A9-11&version=ESV">Acts 1:9-11</a>). The Shroud remained here on Earth. <a name="paraTMS"></a>• The image is on the <i>inside</i> of the Shroud, nearest Jesus' body, not the le outside of it, so the disciples would not know that the image was there. The women who went to the tomb to anoint Jesus' body (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+28%3A1%3B+Mk+16%3A1%3B+Lk+23%3A55-24%3A1%3B+Jn+20%3A1&version=ESV">Mt 28:1; Mk 16:1; Lk 23:55-24:1; Jn 20:1</a>) would have pulled back the Shroud from Jesus' dead body, but they didn't because Jesus body wasn't there, having been resurrected (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+28%3A1-6%3B+Mk+16%3A1%2C+5-6%3B+Lk+24%3A1-6%3B+Jn+20%3A1-2&version=ESV">Mt 28:1-6; Mk 16:1, 5-6; Lk 24:1-6; Jn 20:1-2</a>). <a name="paraFTW"></a>• Finally, there <i>wouldn't be</i> an image on the Shroud if Jesus hadn't been resurrected (see the ENEA laser experiment <a href="#2011">above</a>). <a name="paraSFM"></a>See further my "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/05/combined-review-of-sign-by-thomas-de.html">Combined Review of: `The Sign' by Thomas de Wesselow and `Resurrected or Revived?' by Helmut Felzmann</a>."</p><p><a name="2012b"></a><b>2012b</b> 28-30 April. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/valencia.htm">1st International Congress on the Holy Shroud in Spain is held in Valencia, Spain</a>. The event is sponsored by the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Centro+Espa%C3%B1ol+de+Sindonologia">Centro Español de Sindonologia (CES)</a>. Online papers include: "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/dilazzarovppt.pdf">Could A Burst of Radiation Create a Shroud-Like Coloration?</a> A Summary of 5 years of Experiments at ENEA Frascati... by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Paolo+di+Lazzaro">Paolo di Lazzaro</a> ..."; "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/fantiveng.pdf">Analysis of micro-particles vacuumed from the Turin Shroud</a> ... by G. Fanti ...". See my <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/10/uncovering-sources-of-dna-found-on.html#para03">18Oct15</a> that this vacuumed dust in between the underside of the Shroud and its Holland Cloth backing had been sealed from 1534 to 1978 = 444 years. So it is significant that in the dust a pollen grain was identified which was from a Mediterranean plant species, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillyrea_angustifolia">Phillyrea Angustifolia</a></i>, that had been identified on the Shroud by <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/frei-sulzer-max">Max Frei (1913-83)</a>: <blockquote>"During the analysis, some particles were associated, by size, to pollen grain, which, however, were not simple to identify due to surface alterations. In the Stub HH it has been observed a grain identified as pollen grain of <i>Phillyrea Angustifolia</i> ... where M. Frei's reported some micrographs made at SEM of 48 varieties of pollen. Among those SEM photos there is one of the same <i>Phillyrea Angustifolia</i> ..." (footnotes ommitted)[<a href="#FG12">FG12</a>, 5].</blockquote>Fanti, et al., answered the criticism by Shroud sceptic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Schafersman">Steven Schafersman</a> that Frei must have faked his pollen samples because his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope">SEM (scanning electron microscope)</a> photos were too perfect:<blockquote>"I first suspected that Max Frei's data were faked when I saw the movie `Witness of the Shroud' [sic `Silent Witness'] on television. One segment showed Frei addressing the assembled shroud devotees with huge projections of SEM photomicrographs of his pollen. In the dozens of illustrations, each species was represented by four or five perfectly preserved specimens; the pollen looked fresh-as-new. In the four published SEM photomicrographs, each illustration shows four or five pollen grains piled up, with perhaps more underneath. What a treasure trove! Frei had been lucky enough to discover hundreds of perfectly-preserved pollen grains on the Shroud, a number of each species ... I must say that in my opinion, the excellent and abundant pollen in Frei's SEM photomicrographs look like pollen removed from living plants ... At this point, let me again state my argument. Although I can't prove that Max Frei falsified his data by spiking his own samples, I have presented evidence to show that this is the most reasonable explanation for the reported results"[<a href="#SS99">SS99</a>, 306-307].</blockquote>But Frei died unexpectedly in 1983 and could not answer his critics. However, Fanti, et al., pointed out that it was the norm in Frei's day to show perfect SEM photos of pollen grains, therefore other scientists at that time were not mislead by Frei's pollen photos:<blockquote>"M. Frei was accused of fraud because he reported the SEM photos of pollen grains similar to those detected in his glasses and not just the pollen grains coming from the TS. This accusation can be right for scientists of our days, but other scientists in the 1970-1990 used to publish photoscorresponding but not equal to the pollen grain under examination"[<a href="#FG12">FG12</a>, 6].</blockquote><a name="2012c"></a><b>2012c</b> 15 September. My post (perhaps my most important), "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html"><i>Tetradiplon</i> and the Shroud of Turin</a>"[<a href="#JS12">JS12</a>]. Historian <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmpoU6FVXv8">Ian Wilson</a>,</p> <p><a name="paraTNS"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgekBZGOySw8U9EKvmsdkCyf2yA3btj0-4tXILP6hcKMaThELg3ILqW-qxAqtG8hPg5gPwHGCaqLJGXj_nuSlf4tiUzNjyfUa0ZUtqiAzlaOMybIVvdeGzZ2NDBGlUzvlQumYGAiz2bZT-V/s1600/Tetradiplon-ShroudScope.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgekBZGOySw8U9EKvmsdkCyf2yA3btj0-4tXILP6hcKMaThELg3ILqW-qxAqtG8hPg5gPwHGCaqLJGXj_nuSlf4tiUzNjyfUa0ZUtqiAzlaOMybIVvdeGzZ2NDBGlUzvlQumYGAiz2bZT-V/s800/Tetradiplon-ShroudScope.png" /></a><p></p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgekBZGOySw8U9EKvmsdkCyf2yA3btj0-4tXILP6hcKMaThELg3ILqW-qxAqtG8hPg5gPwHGCaqLJGXj_nuSlf4tiUzNjyfUa0ZUtqiAzlaOMybIVvdeGzZ2NDBGlUzvlQumYGAiz2bZT-V/s1600/Tetradiplon-ShroudScope.png">enlarge</a>): <i>Tetradiplon</i> and the Shroud of Turin illustrated: The full-length Shroud of Turin (1), is doubled four times (2 through 5), resulting in Jesus' face within a rectangle, in landscape aspect (5), <i>exactly</i> as depicted in the earliest copies of the Image of Edessa, the 11th century <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/08/my-critique-of-charles-freemans-turin_23.html#para01">Sakli church</a>, Turkey (6) and the 10th century icon of King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V">Abgar V</a> of Edessa <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/chronology-of-turin-shroud-tenth-century.html#10thC">holding the Image of Edessa, St. Catherine's monastery, Sinai</a> (7).[<a href="#JS12">JS12</a>].]</p><p>having read in an English translation of <i>The <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Acts+of+Thaddeus">Acts of Thaddeus</a></i> that Jesus' image was imprinted on a "towel," where the underlying Greek word is <i>tetradiplon</i>, "doubled in four," theorised that the sixth century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a> was actually the Shroud "doubled in four" with the face one-eighth fold uppermost (see above)[<a href="#JS17">JS17</a>]:<blockquote>"Wilson's theory is further endorsed by the unique use of the word <i>tetradiplon</i>, which describes the Image of Edessa/Mandylion. This description occurs soon after the cloth is rediscovered after five centuries of absence. The word <i>tetradiplon</i>, is first found in a sixth-century text, [<i>The Acts of Thaddeus</i>] then again as <i>rakos tetradiplon</i> in a tenth- century text [<i>Monthly Lection</i>] written not long after the cloth's arrival in Constantinople. According to Cambridge University Professor G. W. H. Lampe, editor of the <i>Lexicon of Patristic Greek</i>, in all of literature the word <i>tetradiplon</i> is used only in connection with descriptions of the Image of Edessa/Mandylion. As such, this usage could hardly be said to have been an idle turn of phrase. This word is a compound of two very ordinary Greek words <i>tetra</i></i> meaning `four,' and <i>diplos</i>, meaning `doubled,' hence `doubled in four.' The uniqueness of this term in descriptions of the Mandylion suggests that the author was trying to characterize what he may have been fortunate to observe-the way a full-length cloth was folded within its frame in a doubled-in-four manner. Otherwise, usage of this term in connection with the Mandylion has no apparent meaning"[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 132-133]</blockquote></p><p><a name="2013a"></a><b>2013a</b> 23 March. Publication of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Giulio+Fanti">Prof. Giulio Fanti (1956-)</a> and journalist <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Saverio+Gaeta">Saverio Gaeta (1958-)</a> book, "<a href="https://www.amazon.it/Sindone-sorprendenti-scoperte-scientifiche-sullenigma/dp/8817065587">Il Mistero della Sindone</a>" ("The Mystery of the Shroud"). It is in Italian and there does not appear to have been an English translation of it. But in 2020 Fanti published another book, "<a href="https://www.amazon.com.au/Shroud-Turin-First-Century-Christ/dp/9814800082">The Shroud of Turin: First Century after Christ!</a>" (see future "2020") which covers these same three tests. And there there have been English articles about this 2013 Fanti book:<blockquote>"New scientific experiments carried out at the University of Padua have apparently confirmed that the Shroud Turin can be dated back to the 1st century AD. This makes its compatible with the tradition which claims that the cloth with the image of the crucified man imprinted on it is the very one Jesus' body was wrapped in when he was taken off the cross. The news will be published in a book by Giulio Fanti, professor of mechanical and thermal measurement at the University of Padua's Engineering Faculty, and journalist Saverio Gaeta, out tomorrow. "Il Mistero della Sindone" (The Mystery of the Shroud) is edited by Rizzoli (240 pp, 18 Euro). What's new about this book are Fanti's recent findings, which are also about to be published in a specialist magazine and assessed by a scientific committee. The research includes three new tests, two chemical ones and one mechanical one. The first two were carried out with an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy">FT-IR</a> system, so using infra-red light, and the other using <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=+Raman+spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a>. The third was a multi-parametric mechanical test based on five different mechanical parameters linked to the voltage of the wire. The machine used to examine the Shroud's fibres and test traction, allowed researchers to examine tiny fibres alongside about twenty samples of cloth dated between 3000 BC and 2000 AD. The new tests carried out in the University of Padua labs were carried out by a number of university professors from various Italian universities and agree that the Shroud dates back to the period when Jesus Christ was crucified in Jerusalem. Final results show that the Shroud fibres examined produced the following dates, all of which are 95% certain and centuries away from the medieval dating obtained with Carbon-14 testing in 1988: the dates given to the Shroud after FT-IR testing, is 300 BC ±400, 200 BC ±500 after Raman testing and 400 AD ±400 after multi-parametric mechanical testing. The average of all three dates is 33 BC ±250 years. The book's authors observed that the uncertainty of this date is less than the single uncertainties and the date is compatible with the historic date of Jesus' death on the cross, which historians claim occurred in 30 AD. The tests were carried out using tiny fibres of material extracted from the Shroud by micro-analyst <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n67part9.pdf">Giovanni Riggi di Numana [1935-2008]</a> who passed away in 2008 but had participated in the 1988 research project and gave the material to Fanti through the cultural institute Fondazione 3M.)"[<a href="#TA13">TA13</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraTSS"></a>This is summarised in the following table:</p><p><TABLE WIDTH="400px" BORDER="1" VALIGN=TOP><TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=CENTER><TD WIDTH="35%">Test</TD><TD WIDTH="30%" ALIGN=CENTER>Max/Min</TD><TD WIDTH="35%" ALIGN=CENTER>Range</TD></TR><TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT><TD WIDTH="35%">FT-IR</TD><TD WIDTH="30%" ALIGN=CENTER>300 BC ±400</TD><TD WIDTH="35%" ALIGN=CENTER>700 BC-AD 100</TD></TR><TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT><TD WIDTH="35%">Raman</TD><TD WIDTH="30%" ALIGN=CENTER>200 BC ± 500</TD><TD WIDTH="35%" ALIGN=CENTER>700 BC-AD 300</TD></TR><TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT><TD WIDTH="35%">Mechanical</TD><TD WIDTH="30%" ALIGN=CENTER>400 AD ± 400</TD><TD WIDTH="35%" ALIGN=CENTER>AD 0 - AD 800</TD></TR></TABLE></p><p>So all three tests yield a date range in which Jesus' death in AD 30[<a href="#DK15">DK15</a>] falls! See my posts of <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2013/03/new-experiments-on-shroud-show-its-not.html">27Mar13</a>, <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2013/04/new-tests-by-prof-giulio-fanti-show.html">02Apr13</a> & <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2013/04/fanti-et-als-non-destructive-dating-of.html">21Apr13</a>. I will comment on this further when I post on Fanti's 2000 book (see future "2000"). <a name="paraMTC"></a>Moreover, this complements the finding of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin_Research_Project">STURP</a> chemist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Rogers">Ray Rogers (1927–2005)</a> that the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=vanillin">vanillin</a> content of the Shroud was consistent with it being "between 1300 and 3000 years old," i.e. 150 BC ± 850 (see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/06/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twenty-first.html#2005a">2005a</a>"). And they were in turn complemented by a 2022 (see future "2022") publication by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Liberato+De+Caro">De Caro</a>, et al, that <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Wide+Angle+X-ray+Scattering">Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS)</a> of a Shroud sample had returned a date similar to a first century linen sample from <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Masada">Masada</a>, the Jewish fortress overrun by the Romans in 74 (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html">04Apr22</a>). These <i>five</i> different dating methods of the Shroud are compatible with the <a href="http://www.nowoezone.com/NTCIV.htm">AD 30</a> date of Jesus' death, enshroudment and burial, but are totally incompatible with the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a>!</p><p><a name="2013b"></a><b>2013b</b> 30 March. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI">Pope Benedict XVI (r. 2005-13)</a>, in one of his last acts as Pontiff, authorizes a television only exhibition of the Shroud of Turin directly from the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Turin. This is the first such exhibition in 40 years, since the first ever TV exposition of the Shroud on November 23rd, 1973. Newly elected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis">Pope Francis (r. 2013-)</a> makes the first comments of his papacy on the Turin Shroud just hours before it airs on television.</p><p><a name="2014a"></a><b>2014a</b> 18 February. My first post of a four-part series, "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/02/were-radiocarbon-laboratories-duped-by.html">Were the radiocarbon dating laboratories duped by a computer hacker? (1)</a>," "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/02/were-radiocarbon-laboratories-duped-by_20.html">(2)</a>", "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/02/were-radiocarbon-laboratories-duped-by_22.html">(3)</a>" & "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/03/were-radiocarbon-dating-laboratories.html">Summary</a>". <a name="paraMFT"></a>My first, tentatative, proposal that the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTyiAsvE-ES04Nm1X90nxO_3v4GoP1tT8nCTSlcV1jrTS9q8lRY2nsB36RDzBDMQSfif5gCRiXvaCGQz4YezjIihy_dSogS4E4ljPoMlkqqO0PDOe1Owm3y-FWZgMPzK48QVd0A-rEK7tO/s1600/ArizonaAMSschematic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTyiAsvE-ES04Nm1X90nxO_3v4GoP1tT8nCTSlcV1jrTS9q8lRY2nsB36RDzBDMQSfif5gCRiXvaCGQz4YezjIihy_dSogS4E4ljPoMlkqqO0PDOe1Owm3y-FWZgMPzK48QVd0A-rEK7tO/s800/ArizonaAMSschematic.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTyiAsvE-ES04Nm1X90nxO_3v4GoP1tT8nCTSlcV1jrTS9q8lRY2nsB36RDzBDMQSfif5gCRiXvaCGQz4YezjIihy_dSogS4E4ljPoMlkqqO0PDOe1Owm3y-FWZgMPzK48QVd0A-rEK7tO/s1600/ArizonaAMSschematic.jpg">enlarge</a>[<a href="#PM14">PM14</a>]). Schematic of Arizona radiocarbon dating laboratory's then AMS system[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/02/were-radiocarbon-laboratories-duped-by_22.html#para02">22Feb14</a>], with a photo of its computer at bottom left (evidently a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11#/media/File:PDP-11-70-DDS570.jpg">DEC PDP-11/70</a>).]</p><p><a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a> was the result of a computer hacking, was, for the reasons given:<blockquote><a name="paraSTS"></a>"So it is not an unreasonable proposition that a KGB agent hacked into the AMS system control console computer at each of the three C-14 labs and inserted a program which, when each test was run, replaced the Shroud's 1st or early century C-14 date, with dates which when calibrated, would yield years clustering around AD 1325, just before the Shroud's appearance in undisputed history in the 1350s"[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/03/were-radiocarbon-dating-laboratories.html#para12c">07Mar14</a>].</blockquote><a name="2014b"></a><b>2014b</b> 31 March. The first post of my 18-part series: "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/05/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">My theory that the radiocarbon dating laboratories were duped by a computer hacker</a>." <a name="paraPNC"></a>Points include: • Since the Shroud <i>is</i> first century (according to the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html"><i>overwhelmin</i>g weight of the evidence</a>), the improbability that it has a radiocarbon date of 13th/14th century is "astronomical", "about one in a thousand trillion" and "totally impossible"[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/05/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html#para07">#1</a>]; <a name="paraLTW"></a>• "<i>All this was under computer control</i> and the <i>calculations produced by the computer</i> were displayed on a cathode ray screen" [<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/06/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html#para04">#4</a>]. Between the AMS system and the scientists reading the results <i>was a computer</i>. And a computer is <i>hackable</i>!; <a name="paraGHK"></a>• German hacker <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Koch_(hacker)">Karl Koch (1965 – c. 23 May 1989)</a> committed `suicide' on c. 23 May 1989 and Arizona radiocarbon dating laboratory physicist <a href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/download/16617/16293">Timothy W. Linick (1946- 4 June 1989)</a> committed `suicide' on 4 June 1989 - <i>one day after</i> Koch's body was publicly identified as his by West German police on 3 June 1989! [<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/03/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_31.html#para06">#10(7)</a>]; <a name="paraLWT"></a>• Linick was the primary leaker of Arizona's first "1350" date[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/06/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_24.html#para03">#6</a>]; <a name="paraLWT"></a>• <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/08/obituary-rev-h-david-sox-24-april-1936.html">David Sox (1936-2016)</a> was the secondary leaker of Arizona's first "1350" date[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/03/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html#para07">#7</a>]. Sox worked at the same <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=American+School+London">American School in London</a> at the same time as Timothy Linick's <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Anthony+Linick">half-brother Anthony Linick (1938-)</a>, for at least 13 years from 1982 to 1995[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/02/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#para24">22Feb16</a>]!</p><p><a name="2014c"></a><b>2014c</b> 4-5 September. An international Shroud conference titled, "<a href="https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/abs/2015/02/contents/contents.html">Workshop on Advances in the Turin Shroud Investigation</a>," is sponsored by the Technical University of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Bari%2C+Italy">Bari, Italy</a> and the University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Italy with the technical co-sponsorship of the CIS (<a href="https://sindone.it/museo/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CIS_Overview.pdf">International Center for Turin Shroud Studies</a>), Turin. The event was organized by the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering of the Technical University of Bari, Italy.</p><p><a name="2014d"></a><b>2014d</b> 9-12 October: An international Shroud conference titled, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/stlouis.htm">Shroud of Turin: The Controversial Intersection of Faith and Science</a>," is organized by Joe Marino in St. Louis, Missouri and co-sponsored by the Resurrection of the Shroud Foundation and the Salt River Production Group. More than 160 people attend the four day event.</p><p><a name="2015a"></a><b>2015a</b> 19 April - 24 June. <a name="paraTSN"></a><a href="https://www.shroud.com/expos.htm#2015">The Shroud goes on public display</a> for the <a href="https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/pantagraph.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/1/d5/1d5315c4-3ffa-51ff-a534-fdded7d510ea/5554c9cd5316f.image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/pantagraph.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/1/d5/1d5315c4-3ffa-51ff-a534-fdded7d510ea/5554c9cd5316f.image.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/pantagraph.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/1/d5/1d5315c4-3ffa-51ff-a534-fdded7d510ea/5554c9cd5316f.image.jpg">enlarge</a>): The Shroud in its high-tech container during the 2015 Exposition in Turin Cathedral[<a href="#HS15">HS15</a>].]</p><p>first time since 2010.</p><p><a name="2015b"></a><b>2015b</b> 5 October. Publication of article, Barcaccia, G., et al., "<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep14484">Uncovering the sources of DNA found on the Turin Shroud</a>," <i>Nature</i>, Scientific Reports 5 (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/10/uncovering-sources-of-dna-found-on.html">18Oct15</a>): <blockquote>"The Turin Shroud is traditionally considered to be the burial cloth in which the body of Jesus Christ was wrapped after his death approximately 2000 years ago. Here, we report the main findings from the analysis of genomic DNA extracted from dust particles vacuumed from parts of the body image and the lateral edge used for radiocarbon dating. Several plant taxa native to the Mediterranean area were identified as well as species with a primary center of origin in Asia, the Middle East or the Americas but introduced in a historical interval later than the Medieval period"[<a href="#BG15">BG15</a>]</blockquote><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_EWCLcfVLWYZar8t8rJgigd3t9PdX1BH3x3C6HGv6lWOLcRVD_Vypp8T8lGsM77WBkmxujmuXa2JR6AXPz5XILiMlRsfgapW4Yg4shTAdyDw_HqoU6HgNj930EzSGybq2IfOtjHzhUYZY/s926/PlantDNA151018.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_EWCLcfVLWYZar8t8rJgigd3t9PdX1BH3x3C6HGv6lWOLcRVD_Vypp8T8lGsM77WBkmxujmuXa2JR6AXPz5XILiMlRsfgapW4Yg4shTAdyDw_HqoU6HgNj930EzSGybq2IfOtjHzhUYZY/s926/PlantDNA151018.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep14484/figures/1">enlarge</a>): Figure 1: Plant DNA species found on the Turin Shroud. As can be seen, some of these came from Jerusalem, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Sanliurfa">Sanliurfa</a> (ancient Edessa) and Constantinople. But since the Shroud has <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1355">since 1355 an undisputed, documented history <i>within </i>Western Europe</a>, this is further evidence against the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud</a> claim that: <a name="paraVSS"></a>"Very small samples from the Shroud of Turin have been dated by accelerator mass spectrometry in laboratories at Arizona, Oxford and Zurich. ... The results provide conclusive evidence that the linen of the Shroud of Turin is mediaeval. ... AD 1260-1390"[<a href="#DP89">DP89</a>, 611].</p><p><a name="paraMRH"></a>Moreover (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/11/shroud-of-turin-news-october-2015.html#nddtnTrrni">10Nov15</a>): <blockquote>"Regarding human mitogenome lineages, our analyses detected sequences from multiple subjects of different ethnic origins, which clustered into a number of Western Eurasian haplogroups, including some known to be typical of Western Europe, the Near East, the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian sub-continent. Such diversity does not exclude a Medieval origin in Europe but <i>it would be also compatible with the historic path followed by the Turin Shroud during its presumed journey from the Near East</i>. Furthermore, the results raise the possibility of an Indian manufacture of the linen cloth."[<a href="#BG15">BG15</a>]</blockquote><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk62b2rwxbgsVU2Ql4ALktNsoG5JLhhSOP44DBcNCXRLVLxqe0Z52l7xL2U5CKdYxxq4KvtbWUiZ3_iP1NM2rDDyeWGTbrQywheqOWCt7RvFxRv9DJAVDgukBeYAmrasInW_s0QC4hzrFp/s1600/srep14484-f2Right.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk62b2rwxbgsVU2Ql4ALktNsoG5JLhhSOP44DBcNCXRLVLxqe0Z52l7xL2U5CKdYxxq4KvtbWUiZ3_iP1NM2rDDyeWGTbrQywheqOWCt7RvFxRv9DJAVDgukBeYAmrasInW_s0QC4hzrFp/s800/srep14484-f2Right.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk62b2rwxbgsVU2Ql4ALktNsoG5JLhhSOP44DBcNCXRLVLxqe0Z52l7xL2U5CKdYxxq4KvtbWUiZ3_iP1NM2rDDyeWGTbrQywheqOWCt7RvFxRv9DJAVDgukBeYAmrasInW_s0QC4hzrFp/s1600/srep14484-f2Right.jpg">enlarge</a>): Extract from "Figure 2: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep14484">Human mtDNA haplogroups found on the Turin Shroud</a>." "A haplogroup is a genetic population group of people who share a common ancestor"[<a href="#HPG">HPG</a>]. <a name="paraTRX"></a>The article explains that, "Haplogroup H33 is ... mainly found [in] ... Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria ... while haplogroups M39, M56, R7 and R8 are typical of the Indian subcontinent ..."[<a href="#BG15">BG15</a>]. But, according to the the `twin pillars of Shroud scepticism': 1) The 1389 Memorandum of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes#1300_to_1500">Bishop Pierre d'Arcis (r. 1377-1395)</a>, that one of his predecessors, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes#1300_to_1500">Bishop Henri de Poitiers (r. 1354–1370)</a> had discovered that the Shroud had been "cunningly painted" by a local <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes">Troyes</a> artist (see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-fourteenth.html#1389a">1389a</a>"); and 2) the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud</a>, mid-point 1325 (see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#1988s">1988s</a>"), claimed that, "the flax from which the shroud's linen was made was harvested between 1260 and 1390 AD"[<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 301]. But then Shroud scepticism would have to provide a plausible explanation of <i>why the Shroud has Middle Eastern and Indian human DNA adhering to it, yet found its way to an unknown local artist in Troyes, France in c. 1355</i>! As with the plant DNA, this wide diversity of human mtDNA in the interspace between the underside of the Shroud and its <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1534">Holland cloth backing, which (again) was sewn on in 1534 in Chambéry, France</a>, and only partially opened in 1978 and 1988 <i>inside Turin Cathedral</i>, is consistent with the Shroud having had at least <i>~15 centuries</i> history up to 1534, including Palestine, Syria, Turkey, Greece and France. But it is inconsistent with the Shroud having had only a <i>~2-3 centuries</i> history, <i>in France only</i>, from 1260 up to 1534, as the 1988 <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">radiocarbon dating of the Shroud</a> claimed (<a href="#paraVSS">above</a>).]</p><p><a name="2016a"></a><b>2016a</b> 7 June. Publication of "<a href="http://www.christies.com/features/Turin-shroud-prayerbook-7442-1.aspx">5 minutes with ... The earliest painted representation of the Turin Shroud</a>," <i>Christie's</i>. <a name="paraDPD"></a><a href="https://www.christies.com/media-library/images/features/articles/2016/06/turin-shroud/turin-shroud-feature-christies-daily-image13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://www.christies.com/media-library/images/features/articles/2016/06/turin-shroud/turin-shroud-feature-christies-daily-image13.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://www.christies.com/media-library/images/features/articles/2016/06/turin-shroud/turin-shroud-feature-christies-daily-image13.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#DE16">DE16</a>]: A double-page depiction of the Shroud in <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_von_Erlach_(Schultheiss)?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=scr">Johann von Erlach (1474-1539)</a>,'s prayerbook being held by three Bishops at an exposition. Its undamaged state shows it pre-dates the fire of 1532 [see "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1532">1532</a>"]), and may be the earliest (or second only to the 1516 Lier copy [see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/09/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixteenth.html#1516b">1516b</a>]) surviving painted representation of the Shroud. See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/5-minutes-with-earliest-painted.html">26Jul16</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/09/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixteenth.html#1512">25Sep19</a>].</p><p><a name="2016b"></a><b>2016b</b> 24 July. First post of this my "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 to the present</a>." As far as I am aware, this is the only chronology of the Shroud from AD 30 to the present. However, it relied heavily on Ian Wilson's "Chronology of the Turin Shroud" in his 1998 book, "The Blood and the Shroud"[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 262-313] and his online "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#2000">Highlights of the Undisputed History: 1300s- 2000s</a>." </p><p><a name="2017a"></a><b>2017a</b> 3 April. "In a <a href="http://www.ucam.edu/noticias/cientificos-identifican-la-lanzada-al-cadaver-que-fue-envuelto-en-la-sabana-santa-y-el">study released Friday</a> by the <a href="https://international.ucam.edu/">Catholic University of Murcia</a> (UCAM) in Spain, researchers offered the newest forensic evidence suggesting the Shroud of Turin and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo">Sudarium of Oviedo</a> came from the same period and covered the same person. The Sudarium of Oviedo also shows the man suffered a wound from a sharp object after death. This accords with the account given by St. John in his Gospel, which describes a Roman centurion opening Christ's side with a spear while He still hung on the Cross [<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2019%3A34&version=ESV">Jn 19:34</a>]. <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Alfonso+S%C3%A1nchez+Hermosilla">Alfonso Sánchez Hermosilla</a>, one of the project's lead researchers, says the report `not only reaffirms that both garments involved the same person, but also that, when already a corpse and standing upright, the person suffered a penetrating wound.' Researchers had previously been unsure of the origin of the bloodstains on the Sudarium of Oviedo ... Analysis of the wound also suggested that it had been given to a person who was standing upright. Further examination explains why there were certain stains coming from the nose and mouth. "[W]hen passing through the right lung, the weapon also made its way through the intraparenchymal airways and, as a consequence, part of the organic fluids mentioned were thus opened in an upward trajectory as a result of the intrathoracic pressure caused by the kinetic energy that the advance of the weapon transmitted to the corpse ... These fluids traveled through the upper airways and finally they were also emitted by the mouth and nose of the corpse, causing new spots in these areas in the Sudarium of Oviedo,' he noted. ... Though not as famous as the Shroud of Turin, the Sudarium of Oviedo, which is believed to be the cloth wrapped around the head of Christ, has aroused similar devotion, likewise fostering discussions over its authenticity. The Sudarium of Oviedo has been housed in the cathedral town of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviedo">Oviedo</a> in northern Spain since the 11th century. The report not only reaffirms that both garments involved the same person, but also that, when already a corpse and standing upright, the person suffered a penetrating wound."[<a href="#GD17">GD17</a>] [Further evidence that the Sudarium of Oviedo is, "the face cloth [<i>soudarion</i>] that had been on Jesus' head" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A7&version=MOUNCE">Jn 20:7</a>)! I have replaced the incorrect "Shroud of Oviedo" with the correct "Sudarium of Oviedo"].</p><p><a name="2017b"></a><b>2017b</b> 15 April. "In an interview with RCF Liège, the numismatist <a name="paraGVN"></a><a name="paraNHX"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9MP585xHpiFwxYpBsMa75zBHOWAAK8N6fHS-HqE9bILZ17ajT73C7GUBSwVFB7Cetyu2_AX2qR20NBsNsWTUuxHQshmcLj-5NbG072gQFunedFOpfXnYACRST8CivYK-tXvf8VzqQPmb_VqkXk63QnrGv-fqsvCMjPyQ5NcVeW6rAaFzsmx_3EdFz0Gqu/s815/AgostinoSferrazza230909C2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9MP585xHpiFwxYpBsMa75zBHOWAAK8N6fHS-HqE9bILZ17ajT73C7GUBSwVFB7Cetyu2_AX2qR20NBsNsWTUuxHQshmcLj-5NbG072gQFunedFOpfXnYACRST8CivYK-tXvf8VzqQPmb_VqkXk63QnrGv-fqsvCMjPyQ5NcVeW6rAaFzsmx_3EdFz0Gqu/s815/AgostinoSferrazza230909C2.png" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9MP585xHpiFwxYpBsMa75zBHOWAAK8N6fHS-HqE9bILZ17ajT73C7GUBSwVFB7Cetyu2_AX2qR20NBsNsWTUuxHQshmcLj-5NbG072gQFunedFOpfXnYACRST8CivYK-tXvf8VzqQPmb_VqkXk63QnrGv-fqsvCMjPyQ5NcVeW6rAaFzsmx_3EdFz0Gqu/s815/AgostinoSferrazza230909C2.png">Enlarge</a>: Agostino Sferrazza's video in French, "<a href="https://www.facebook.com/rcfgodstalents/videos/les-monnaies-du-suaire-de-turin-datent-de-lan-29-agostino-/1301113936632125/">Les monnaies du suaire de Turin datent de l'an 29</a>" ("The coins of the Shroud of Turin date from the year 29")</p><p><a href="https://coinsweekly.com/whoswho/sferrazza-agostino/">Agostino Sferrazza</a> addressed the old question on the coins that cover the eyes of the Man of the Shroud. According to his conclusions, these pieces must have been coined in the days of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Pontius+Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, circa the year 29 ... This theory is based on the images produced by computer scientist <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Nello+Balossino">Nello Balossino</a>, an associate professor at the Turin Faculty of Sciences, who succeeded in bringing out an image of the sacrificial cup on the right eye of the Man of the Shroud. According to Agostino Sferazza, there is no doubt: these pieces were indeed coined in 29 AD"[<a href="#ED17">ED17</a>]. And Jesus was crucified in AD 30[<a href="#DK15">DK15</a>]! See my <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/04/coins-over-eyes-32-evidence-is.html">18Apr20</a>.</p><p><a name="2017c"></a><b>2017c</b> 30 June. Publication of journal article, "<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0180487">Atomic resolution studies detect new biologic evidences on the Turin Shroud</a>"[<a href="#CE17">CE17</a>]. "Abstract. We performed reproducible atomic resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Wide Angle X-ray Scanning Microscopy experiments studying for the first time the nanoscale properties of a pristine fiber taken from the Turin Shroud. We found evidence of biologic nanoparticles of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=creatinine">creatinine</a> bounded with small nanoparticles of iron oxide. The kind, size and distribution of the iron oxide nanoparticles cannot be dye for painting but are ferrihydrate cores of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=ferritin">ferritin</a>. The consistent bound of ferritin iron to creatinine occurs in human organism in case of a severe polytrauma. Our results point out that at the nanoscale a scenario of violence is recorded in the funeral fabric and suggest an explanation for some contradictory results so far published"[<a href="#CE17">CE17</a>] See my <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/shroud-of-turin-news-june-2017-stephen-e.html">19Jul17</a>. The article was later retracted by the editors on the grounds of insufficient controls. But the authors, who included <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Giulio+Fanti">Prof. Giulio Fanti</a>, have stood by their conclusions! Hopefully, further tests on different Shroud samples will resolve this impasse.</p><p><a name="2017d"></a><b>2017d</b> 19-22 July. An International Conference on the Shroud of Turin is held in Pasco, Washington, U.S.A. The event is titled, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pasco.htm">Seeking Solutions to the Mysteries of the Shroud</a>," sponsored by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Mark+Antonacci">Mark Antonacci</a> and his "Test the Shroud Foundation" and organized and managed by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Robert+Rucker+Shroud">Robert Rucker</a> (and family).</p><p><a name="2018a"></a><b>2018a</b> 3 March. Article, "<a href="https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2018/05/03/news/doubts-about-the-age-of-the-shroud-experts-re-open-case-1.34012898/">Doubts about the age of the Shroud. Experts re-open case</a>"[<a href="#TA18">TA18</a>]. "Thirty years after the carbon 14 testing that dated the Shroud, new doubts emerge about the reliability of that result ... A topic that will be discussed by the scientific committee of the <a href="https://sindone.it/museo/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CIS_Overview.pdf">International Center of Sindonology</a> at their annual meeting, May 5 and 6 in Chambéry, Savoy ... <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Paolo+Di++Lazzaro%2C">Paolo Di Lazzaro</a> ... in his speech will remind how `the calculation that transforms the number of C-14 atoms in the age of a fabric' presents `greater uncertainties than in other solid samples (bones, artifacts, etc..) because of the greater permeability of the textile sample to external agents (bacterial digestion, mold, dirt). ... [he] also challenges the resolution with which at the time, the three laboratories involved in the dating, from the columns of `Nature' magazine presented their research as `definitive evidence' ["conclusive evidence"]: such unusual words for a scientific article, given that `over the centuries, science has progressed questioning the results acquired previously'. The number of questions has increased, Di Lazzaro explains, also because the three laboratories that dated the Shroud 30 years ago `have always refused to provide the exact distribution of raw data. This is the only case I know of authors of an article refusing to provide data that would allow other scientists to repeat the calculation and verify whether it was done correctly'. ... <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Marco+Riani">Marco Riani</a>, statistician and professor of research techniques and data processing at the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=University+of+Parma">University of Parma</a>. Analyzing the data published in `Nature' he had discovered that an age behaved in an anomalous way, as it `constantly increases as you move from one piece to the one right next to it', a fact that `suggests the presence of a contamination that may have distorted the results'. Riani had also discovered that statistical analysis `provides consistent results only by distributing data on three of the four strips of cloth delivered to the laboratories'. This means that only three linen strips were dated in 1988, and one of the two strips delivered to Tucson's laboratory was never actually dated. `As a result - Lazzaro explains - we learn that Nature's article makes false statements: it is not true that all the strips have been dated'. ... `This fact alone - Di Lazzaro concludes - demonstrates ... the lack of transparency and the insufficient professional ethics' with which the dating was performed. ..."[<a href="#TA18">TA18</a>]. Good points. The `body language' of the 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud scientists shows that they know their "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbon date</a> was <i>fraudulent</i>!</p><p><a name="2018b"></a><b>2018b</b> 22 March. Article, "<a href="https://www.wnd.com/2018/03/shroud-of-turins-3d-encoded-info-howd-it-get-there/">Shroud of Turin's 3D encoded info -- how'd it get there?</a>"[<a href="#AM18">AM18</a>]. The article doesn't answer that question because the interviewee, computer graphics artist, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Ray+Downing">Ray Downing</a>, doesn't accept the resurrection of Jesus (e.g. John Jackson's "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/01/john-p-jackson-unconventional.html">Cloth Collapse Theory</a>") as an explanation, therefore he has <i>no</i> explanation! I only included it <a name="paraCDB"></a><a href="https://www.wnd.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/adams-shroud5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://www.wnd.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/adams-shroud5.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://www.wnd.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/adams-shroud5.jpg">enlarge</a>): "A cloth draped body conceals the specifics of the individual's features. The Shroud's distance information shown in blue (far right image) can be used to restore some of those details. ©Ray Downing"[<a href="#AM18">AM18</a>].</p><p>because of the above computer graphic illustrating the Shroud's 3D information.</p><p><a name="2018c"></a><b>2018c</b> 28 March. Article, "<a href="https://aleteia.org/2018/03/28/this-3d-carbon-copy-of-jesus-was-created-using-the-shroud-of-turin/">This 3D `carbon copy' of Jesus was created using the Shroud of Turin</a>." "`We believe that we have the precise image of what Jesus looked like on this earth,' said Professor Giulio Fanti of the University of Padua. <a href="https://aleteia.org/slideshow/this-3d-carbon-copy-of-jesus-was-created-using-the-shroud-of-turin-9550/">Click here to launch the slideshow</a>.<a name="paraTSN"></a><a href="https://wp.en.aleteia.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/03/web3-sindone-christ-3d-italy-youtube-i-tgpadova-telenuovo1.png?w=640&crop=1" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://wp.en.aleteia.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/03/web3-sindone-christ-3d-italy-youtube-i-tgpadova-telenuovo1.png?w=640&crop=1" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://wp.en.aleteia.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/03/web3-sindone-christ-3d-italy-youtube-i-tgpadova-telenuovo1.png?w=640&crop=1">enlarge</a>[<a href="#ML18">ML18</a>]): Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of the man on the Shroud from information on the Shroud. His body is fixed by rigor mortis in his final hanging-on-the cross death position. Could an unknown French artist in c. 1355 [see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-fourteenth.html#paraNTM">1389d</a>"] have imagined this, let alone depicted it so realistically? In <i>negative</i>?! (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/negative-19-man-on-shroud-evidence-is.html">22Dec16</a>)]</p><p>`This statue is the three-dimensional representation in actual size of the Man of the Shroud, created following the precise measurements taken from the cloth in which the body of Christ was wrapped after the crucifixion,' explains Giulio Fanti, teacher of mechanical and thermal measurements at the University of Padua, who studies the Shroud. Based on his measurements, the professor has created a `carbon copy' in 3D which, he claims, allows him to affirm that these are the true features of the crucified Christ ..." [<a href="#ML18">ML18</a>].</p><p><a name="2018d"></a><b>2018d</b> 9 June. Article, "In a recently published article in the <i><a href="https://www.springer.com/journal/12520">Journal of Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences</a></i>[<a href="#GE19">GE19</a>], a team of scientists led by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Emanuela+Gualdi+">Emanuela</a> Gualdi and <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Ursula+Thun+Hohenstein">Ursula Thun Hohenstein</a> of the University of Ferrara revealed that they had excavated a 2,000-year-old corpse from an isolated tomb in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavello">Gavello</a>, near Venice, in Northern Italy, that showed signs of having been crucified [by nails]. The heel of the skeleton has a hole through it consistent with the kind of injury that would have been sustained during crucifixion. Gualdi told Italian paper</p><p><a name="paraTPW"></a><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324496883/figure/fig4/AS:962370318893077@1606458372759/Position-of-the-body-on-the-cross-a-Body-twisted-to-the-right-with-a-single-nail.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324496883/figure/fig4/AS:962370318893077@1606458372759/Position-of-the-body-on-the-cross-a-Body-twisted-to-the-right-with-a-single-nail.gif" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324496883/figure/fig4/AS:962370318893077@1606458372759/Position-of-the-body-on-the-cross-a-Body-twisted-to-the-right-with-a-single-nail.gif">enlarge</a>[<a href="#GE19">GE19</a>]): Two possible ways the Gavello crucifixion victim could have been affixed by a single nail through his heels.]</p><p><i>Estense</i> that `in [this case] despite the poorly preserved conditions, we could demonstrate the presence of signs on the skeleton that indicate a violence similar to crucifixion.' The fact that the man was buried directly into the ground (instead of a tomb) and without any kinds of grave goods (items that the deceased might need in the hereafter) suggests that the burial was performed without ceremony. It was, in other words, the kind of burial reserved for slaves and criminals"[<a href="#MC18">MC18</a>].</p><p><a name="2018e"></a><b>2018e</b> 27 September. Article, "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_of_the_Holy_Shroud">The Chapel of the Turin Shroud</a>, venerated by Catholics as Christ's winding sheet, was officially reopened in Turin Cathedral Thursday after 21 years of restoration work after it was almost completely destroyed by fire. Culture Minister <a name="paraGVN"></a><a name="paraNHX"></a><a href="https://www.ansa.it/webimages/img_457x/2018/9/27/0f021f3be7e3a480d301027b6ad4bda5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://www.ansa.it/webimages/img_457x/2018/9/27/0f021f3be7e3a480d301027b6ad4bda5.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://www.ansa.it/webimages/img_457x/2018/9/27/0f021f3be7e3a480d301027b6ad4bda5.jpg">Enlarge</a>[<a href="#TS18">TS18</a>]): The dome of the chapel looking up from the inside.]</p><p>Alberto Bonisoli cut the ribbon on the entrance to the famed chapel. He was accompanied by Piedmont Governor Sergio Chiamparino, Turin Mayor Chiara Appendino, the director of the Royal Museums Enrica Pagella and the president of the Compagnia di San Paolo, Francesco Profumo. Bonisoli said the restoration of the chapel could be a model for other cities. The restoration cost a total of 30 million euros. The Turin Shroud was moved to another part of the city cathedral during the restoration, and will now be moved back. The Shroud is normally heavily guarded in a bullet-proof, climate-controlled glass case ... A masterpiece of Baroque architecture, designed by the mathematician priest <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Guarino+Guarini">Guarino Guarini [1624-83]</a>, the chapel was commissioned in 1668 by the Savoy ducal family to house the linen cloth believed to have wrapped the body of the dead Christ. The chapel is raised up behind the high altar of Turin Cathedral and opens into the state rooms of the royal palace, emphasising the importance of the Holy Shroud to the history and aspirations of the house of Savoy. The origin of the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/fire.htm">fire that raged throughout the night of 11 April 1997</a> remains a mystery. It burned especially fiercely because the chapel, which had just been restored, was still full of wooden scaffolding. A dinner for the then secretary-general of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, was being held next door in the palace while firemen struggled to break into the bulletproof case containing the relic, which was rescued undamaged. The long delay in restoring the chapel began with a lengthy judicial seizure of the site while fruitless attempts were made to find out whom to blame for the fire"[<a href="#TS18">TS18</a>]. Following the 1997 fire in the Royal Chapel, the Shroud was moved into the adjoining Turin Cathedral and it hasn't been moved back into the Chapel[<a href="#AB18">AB18</a>]. Presumably because, following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum">1946 Referendum</a> which abolished the Savoy monarchy and established in its place the Italian Republic, all the property of the monarchy, including the Royal Chapel, became the property of the Italian State[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 275].</p><p><a name="2019a"></a><b>2019a</b> 11 June. Article, "<a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=it&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2F2019%2F06%2F11%2Fvaticaninsider%2Fla-sindone-non-di-epoca-medievale-servono-nuovi-studi-per-conoscerne-let-Z01dM6Q8aojIKKVphgfnWO%2Fpagina.html">The Shroud is not from the medieval era. New studies are needed to know its age</a>."[<a href="#AD19">AD19</a>]. "`The dating of the Shroud carried out in 1988 with radiocarbon is not correct'. It was possible to `finally observe the raw data': they are `inhomogeneous' and therefore the medieval location of the Sacred Linen `is not reliable'. We must `carry out another measurement'. <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Benedetto+Torrisi">Benedetto Torrisi</a> , economic statistical professor, has no doubts, summarizing the outcome of a conference he organized at the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=University+of+Catania">University of Catania</a> in collaboration with the <a href="https://sindone.it/museo/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CIS_Overview.pdf">International Center for Studies on the Shroud</a>. And to confirm this result is indirectly precisely one of the three universities that participated in the famous dating with the C-14, that of Oxford. It would not be an absolute novelty, because studies and arguments with this thesis had already been published, in particular by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Marco+Riani">Marco Riani</a> , statistician of the University of Parma; but in the last few months two turns have been recorded. First of all, `the British Museum has finally granted the researcher <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Tristan+Casabianca">Tristan Casabianca</a>, following a legal action, the raw data of the measurements made by the laboratories that dated the Shroud with the radiocarbon method', explains <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Emanuela+Marinelli">Emanuela Marinelli</a>, scholar of the Shroud. Thus the doors were opened for a statistical analysis of the raw data, conducted by Torrisi with Marinelli, Casabianca and <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Giuseppe+Pernagallo">Giuseppe Pernagallo</a>. And the investigation `shows that there is a lack of homogeneity between the samples: therefore, one cannot deduce from those measures that the Shroud is medieval'"[<a href="#AD19">AD19</a>]. <a name="paraTLB"></a>The laboratories' `body language' and particularly that of the then British Museum's <a href="https://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-mike-tite">Michael Tite</a>, who wrote the <i>Nature</i> article and "did the statistical analysis":<blockquote>"I wrote the [<i>Nature</i>] article. I was the person who put it together and circulated it to the labs and they added their bit. In our lab we did the statistical analysis"[<a href="#MR90">MR90</a>, 7]</blockquote>and was rewarded with the retired <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thomas_Hall">Prof. Edward Hall (1924-2001)</a>'s newly endowed Oxford professorship[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 89], shows that they know that they are guilty of "scientific fraud" of at least "making results appear ... more definitive than they really are, or selecting just the `best' data for publication and ignoring those that don't fit":<blockquote>"The term `scientific fraud' is often assumed to mean the wholesale invention of data. But this is almost certainly the rarest kind of fabrication. Those who falsify scientific data probably start and succeed with the much lesser crime of improving upon existing results. Minor and seemingly trivial instances of data manipulation-such as making results appear just a little crisper or more definitive than they really are, or selecting just the `best' data for publication and ignoring those that don't fit the case-are probably far from unusual in science. But there is only a difference in degree between `cooking' the data and inventing a whole experiment out of thin air"[<a href="#BW82">BW82</a>, 20].</blockquote>Scientists who have nothing to hide would gladly provide their raw data to statisticians to check that their experimental results were statistically valid. That they didn't, until forced to by Freedom of Information legal action, shows that they know it wasn't!</p><p><a name="2019b"></a><b>2019b</b> 20 September. Article, "<a href="https://aleteia.org/2019/09/20/gold-dust-may-prove-shroud-of-turin-existed-before-carbon-date-of-14th-century/">Gold dust may prove Shroud of Turin existed before carbon-date of 14th century"[<a href="#BJ19">BJ19</a>]</a> "A longstanding debate over the authenticity of the Shroud of Turin is hung up over radiocarbon-dating, which places its origins in the 14th century. But if the speculations of two investigators are proven, it could be a golden moment in the history of Shroud research ... Now, two Italian researchers have compared gold particles that have been found on the Shroud to Byzantine coins minted between the 7th and 12th centuries. They claim this is evidence that the Shroud was displayed in the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, some time before it was sacked by Crusaders in 1204. <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Giulio+Fanti">Giulio Fanti</a> and <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Claudio+Furlan+of+the+University+of+Padua">Claudio Furlan</a> of the University of Padua say they tested micro-particles of gold that had been vacuumed from the Shroud. They compared them to the gold found in a set of 32 coins minted in the Byzantine Empire, <a href="https://www.medievalists.net/2019/09/the-shroud-of-turin-was-in-the-byzantine-empire-before-1204-ad-researchers-suggest/">Medievalists.net</a> reported. `Among the 17 micro-particles coming from the Shroud, five of them are 100% pure gold and could be related to the golden environment in which the Shroud was exhibited before the Byzantine debasement of the XI century,' Fanti and Fulan write in the <i><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1296207419304534">Journal of Cultural Heritage</a></i>. `Two of the micro-particles are composed of gold (93–96%) with metallic impurities of silver and copper and could be related to Byzantine coins struck in the period 1028–1078; four of them are composed of gold (70–89%) and could be related to coins struck in the period 1059–1180; one of them is composed of gold (32%) and could be related to a coin struck in 1143–1180 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos">Emperor Manuel I [1143-80]</a>.' Interestingly, Fanti and Fulan found that nine of the fragments had <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrum">electrum</a>, an alloy of gold and silver with trace amounts of copper that was used in the Byzantine Empire during the 11th and 12th centuries. Fanti and Fulan believe that the Shroud would have been displayed and stored with items made of gold, `or even that people could have rubbed actual coins onto cloth, leaving behind the gold dust,' Medievalists.net says. ... Evaluation of these results, therefore, is compatible with the Shroud’s presence in the Byzantine Empire in the period up to 1204 A.D., as many historical clues indicate"[<a href="#BJ19">BJ19</a>]. Shroud sceptics need to explain how the ~4.4 x ~1.1 metre (~14.4 x ~3.6 feet) fine linen cloth they claim was used by an unknown <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=troyes+france">Troyes</a> artist to "cunningly paint," in the time of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes#1300_to_1500">Bishop Henri de Poitiers (r. 1354–1370)</a>, the Shroud image on it, as claimed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes#1300_to_1500">Bishop Pierre d'Arcis (r. 1377-1395)</a>[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 267], then why does it have traces of gold and <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=electrum">electrum</a>, an alloy of gold, typical of 11th-12th century <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Byzantine">Byzantine</a> coins, on it?</p><p><a name="2019c"></a><b>2019c</b> 24 November. Article, "<a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-shroud-of-turin-was-declared-a-fraud-new-research-has-some-asking-for-a-retrial">The Shroud of Turin Was Declared a Fraud. New Research Has Some Asking for a Retrial</a>"[<a href="#MC19">MC19</a>]. For the past 600 years [sic] Christians have venerated the Shroud of Turin as ... a portrait of Jesus, and ... even proof of the reality of the resurrection. Then, in 1988, three laboratories based at top universities performed radiocarbon analysis of some of its threads. The results were collected and collated by the British Museum in London and published in a splashy article in the prestigious <i>Nature</i> magazine that claimed to offer definitive proof that the Shroud was a medieval fraud[<a href="#DP89">DP89</a>]. Oddly the original data was unavailable to researchers. But in 2017, a legal request under the Freedom of Information Act obtained the raw information for the first time. Their results, published recently in <i><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/arcm.12467">Archaeometry</a></i>[<a href="#CT19">CT19</a>], show that the issue of the dating of the Turin Shroud is far from settled ... in 1987, laboratories in Arizona, Oxford, and Zurich were selected to perform independent tests ... a sample was taken from one corner of the cloth and distributed to the three sets of scientists. The resulting publication declared that there was `conclusive evidence' that the linen of the shroud dates to 1260-1390 CE with 95 percent confidence in those results[<a href="#DP89">DP89</a>, 611]. Since 2005, however, a growing number of scholars have questioned the results of the now 30-year-old tests ... The fact that testing only used samples from one corner of the cloth makes it impossible to know if this is a claim is correct or not. Oddly, though, neither academic institutions involved or the British Museum would respond to requests for the original raw data that were held in their archives ... It was only when <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Tristan+Casabianca">Tristan Casabianca</a> made a request under British law that he received a favourable reply. According to his co-authored article in <i>Archaeometry</i>, the British Museum `made all its files [hundreds of pages worth] "not dated or arranged in any order," available' to his team. What Casabianca and co-authors <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Emanuela+Marinelli">Emanuela Marinelli</a>, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Giuseppe+Pernagallo">Giuseppe Pernagallo</a>, and <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Benedetto+Torrisi">Benedetto Torrisi</a> discovered is that the results were less conclusive than the <i>Nature</i> article suggests. Casabianca told <i>The Daily Beast</i> that they `examined not only the measurements not included in the <i>Nature</i> article but also the reports and letters from and to the laboratories which mention, for example, foreign material in the samples.' .... What should interest everyone is how hard it was for researchers to obtain copies of the raw data produced during the radiocarbon testing. The British Museum had repeatedly denied requests for the raw data. Bioarchaeologist <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Kristina+Killgrove">Dr. Kristina Killgrove</a>, who was not involved in working on the Turin Shroud, told <i>The Daily Beast</i> that `it makes some sense to release info to researchers who want to check it / build on it ... But to refuse to release data is a big red flag.' ... A "big red flag" that the 1989 <i>Nature</i> article was fatally flawed, indeed <i>fraudulent</i>, and should be withdrawn.</p><p><a name="2020a"></a><b>2020a</b> 11 April. "<a href="https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2020/04/11/pope-welcomes-turin-shroud-livestream-for-those-harshly-tried-by-pandemic/">Pope welcomes Turin Shroud livestream for those `harshly tried by pandemic'</a>"[<a href="#CW20">CW20</a>]. An Internet exposition of the Shroud, especially for those suffering under a Covid-19 lockdown. See "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7BmsSE_4Wk">#HOLYSHROUD2020 - ENG - Contemplation before the Holy Shroud – live streaming in English</a>."</p><p><a name="2020b"></a><b>2020b</b> 27 May. Article "<a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1287791/bible-breakthrough-shroud-turin-jesus-christ-body-crucifixion-catholic-church-spt">`There WAS a body inside' Shroud of Turin oddity discovery exposed in Bible breakthrough</a>"[<a href="#HC20">HC20</a>]. "Rob Walker spoke to <a href="https://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-mike-tite">Professor Michael Tite</a>, who supervised the [1988 radiocarbon] testing process, during the BBC's Witness History podcast. ... Professor Tite then detailed the process the teams took to date the cloth. He said: `The Shroud was brought out from the chapel behind the Cathedral, it's very rarely brought out, but it was laid out on a large table. ... It didn't mean a great deal to me, I was interested to see it – it's a remarkable image. `A cut was taken from the edge and we had experts present to ensure it was part of the original shroud and not a repair. `It was cut into three pieces, one for each laboratory, wrapped in metal foil and then put in a steel container, and my role was to make sure there was no shady business.' The experiments concluded with a 95 percent confidence that the Shroud's material dated between 1260–1390AD. But, Professor Tite revealed why that was not the end of the argument. ... He added: `To some extent, it confirmed what I expected, my suspicions were proved. `But I did make a mistake at the press conference, there was a big blackboard behind me and I put 1260 - 1390 and an exclamation mark afterwards which caused me endless trouble. `The significance of the exclamation mark was to tell the press that this is what you already knew, but all sorts of various things were read into the exclamation mark.' ... But, Professor Tite admitted there was one `oddity' he discovered during the testing, leading him to believe there was a body inside the Shroud at one point ... `There's no real evidence it was painted on there, and the other oddity is if you look at paintings from the Middle Ages they always paint Christ with the nails going through the palms of the hands. `Whereas in reality, you have to put the nails through the wrist, I think a complete replication of the image has not been achieved. `I don't believe it was the Shroud, but I believe it is highly probable that there was a body in there – it was the time of the Crusades and an appropriate way to humiliate a Christian would be to crucify him"[<a href="#HC20">HC20</a>]. In this obscure article Tite: • Admitted that he put the exclamation mark after the "1260-1390" [see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#1988s">1988s</a>]; • Agreed that the Shroud is not a painting; • Noted that the nails are in the Shroudman's wrists, but "paintings from the Middle Ages ... always paint Christ with the nails going through the palms of the hands"; • Confirmed that "a complete replication of the image has not been achieved"; • Agreed that "there was a body in there"; and • Claimed that the Shroudman was an unnamed crusader crucified [by Muslims] in "the Crusades." But: • The only crusade compatible with the 1260-1390 radiocarbon date of the Shroud was the "Ninth" or "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade">Lord Edward's crusade (1271-72)</a>." And it would have been well-known in that small crusade if the Muslims had crucified a crusader in imitation of Jesus, but there is no record of it. • The Muslims would have had to be experts in Roman crucifixion. • Where did the Muslims or the victim's fellow crusaders, get a ~4.4 x ~1.1 metre (~14.4 x ~3.6 feet) fine linen cloth to wrap the crusader victim in? • How was the crusader victim's image imprinted on that cloth? For <i>starters</i>!</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AB18">AB18</a>. Antonetto, B., 2018, "<a href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2018/09/27/turins-chapel-of-the-holy-shroudalmost-entirely-destroyed-by-firereopens-after-euro30m-restoration">Turin's Chapel of the Holy Shroud - almost entirely destroyed by fire - reopens after €30m restoration</a>," <i>The Art Newspaper</i>, 7 September.<br><a name="AD19">AD19</a>. Agasso, D., 2019, "<a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=it&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2F2019%2F06%2F11%2Fvaticaninsider%2Fla-sindone-non-di-epoca-medievale-servono-nuovi-studi-per-conoscerne-let-Z01dM6Q8aojIKKVphgfnWO%2Fpagina.html">The Shroud is not from the medieval era. New studies are needed to know its age</a>," <i>Vatican Insider</i>, 11 June.<br><a name="AM00">AM00</a>. "Antonacci, M., 2000, "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY.<br><a name="AM18">AM18</a>. Adams, M., 2018, "<a href="https://www.wnd.com/2018/03/shroud-of-turins-3d-encoded-info-howd-it-get-there/">Shroud of Turin's 3D encoded info -- how'd it get there?</a>," <i>WorldNet Daily</i>, 22 March.<br><a name="BG15">BG15</a>. Barcaccia, G., Galla, G., Achilli, A., Olivieri, A. & Torroni, A., 2015, "<a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep14484">Uncovering the sources of DNA found on the Turin Shroud</a>," <i>Nature</i>, Scientific Reports 5, Article no. 14484, 5 October.<br><a name="BJ19">BJ19</a>. Burger, J., 2019, "<a href="https://aleteia.org/2019/09/20/gold-dust-may-prove-shroud-of-turin-existed-before-carbon-date-of-14th-century/">Gold dust may prove Shroud of Turin existed before carbon-date of 14th century</a>," <i>Aleteia</i>, 20 September.<br><a name="BW82">BW82</a>. Broad, W. & Wade, N., 1982, "Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science," Simon and Schuster: New York NY.<br><a name="CE17">CE17</a>. Carlino E., et al., 2017, "<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0180487">Atomic resolution studies detect new biologic evidences on the Turin Shroud</a>," <i>PLoS ONE</i>, 12 (6), June 30.<br><a name="CT19">CT19</a>. Casabianca, T., et al., 2019, "<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/arcm.12467">Radiocarbon Dating of the Turin Shroud: New Evidence from Raw Data</a>," <i>Archaeometry</i>, Vol. 61, No. 5, October, 1223-1231.<br><a name="CW20">CW20</a>. "<a href="https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2020/04/11/pope-welcomes-turin-shroud-livestream-for-those-harshly-tried-by-pandemic/">Pope welcomes Turin Shroud livestream for those `harshly tried by pandemic'</a>," <i>Catholic World Report</i>, 11 April .<br><a name="DE16">DE16</a>. Donandoni, E., 2016, "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/5-minutes-with-earliest-painted.html">5 minutes with… The earliest painted representation of the Turin Shroud</a>," <i>Christie's</i>, 7 June,<br><a name="DK15">DK15</a>. Doig, K.F., 2015, "New Testament Chronology: <a href="http://www.nowoezone.com/NTCIV.htm">Part IV, The Crucifixion of Jesus</a>" & "<a href="http://www.nowoezone.com/NTC24.htm">The 30 CE Crucifixion</a>," 22 April.<br><a name="DT12">DT12</a>. de Wesselow, T., "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London, 2012.<br><a name="DP89">DP89</a>. Damon, P.E., et al., 1989, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin</a>," <i>Nature</i>, Vol. 337, 16th February, 611-615.]<br><a name="ED17">ED17</a>. Esparza, D., 2017, "<a href="https://aleteia.org/2017/04/26/shroud-of-turin-coins-may-finally-have-been-identified/">Shroud of Turin coins may finally have been identified</a>," <i>Aleteia</i>, 26 April .<br><a name="FG12">FG12</a>. Fanti, G., et al., "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/fantiveng.pdf">Analysis of micro-particles vacuumed from the Turin Shroud</a>," 1st International Congress on the Holy Shroud in Spain - Valencia," Centro Español de Sindonologia (CES), April 28-30, 2012, Valencia, Spain.<br><a name="GD17">GD17</a>. Ganzhorn, D., 2017, "<a href="http://www.churchmilitant.com/news/article/report-supports-authenticity-of-ancient-shroud">Groundbreaking Study Shows Spear Wound in Burial Shroud of Christ</a>," ChurchMilitant.com, 3 April.<br><a name="GE19">GE19</a>. Gualdi, E., et al, 2019, "<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324496883_A_multidisciplinary_study_of_calcaneal_trauma_in_Roman_Italy_a_possible_case_of_crucifixion">A multidisciplinary study of calcaneal trauma in Roman Italy: a possible case of crucifixion?</a>," <i>Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences</i>, 11(4), May 2019, Research Gate.<br><a name="GH96">GH96</a>. Gove, H.E., 1996, "Relic, Icon or Hoax?: Carbon Dating the Turin Shroud," Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol UK.<br><a name="HC20">HC20</a>. Hoare, C., 2020, "<a href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1287791/bible-breakthrough-shroud-turin-jesus-christ-body-crucifixion-catholic-church-spt">`There WAS a body inside' Shroud of Turin oddity discovery exposed in Bible breakthrough</a>," <i>Daily Express</i>, 27 May.<br><a name="HEL">HEL</a>. ENEA's Hercules-L XeCl excimer laser: ENEA FIS-ACC Excimer Laboratory Annual Report 2000-2001 (no longer online).<br><a name="HS15">HS15</a>. Hazlett, S., 2015, "<a href="https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/pantagraph.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/1/d5/1d5315c4-3ffa-51ff-a534-fdded7d510ea/5554c9cd5316f.image.jpg">Hazlett: Seeing Shroud of Turin a life-changing experience</a>," Pantagraph.com, 16 May.<br><a name="HPG">HPG</a>. <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/Haplogroup">"Haplogroup</a>," International Society of Genetic Genealogy Wiki, 27 June 2022.<br><a name="JS12">JS12</a>. Jones, S.E., 2012, "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html"><i>Tetradiplon</i> and the Shroud of Turin</a>," <i>Shroud of Turin</i> blog, 15 September.<br><a name="JS17">JS17</a>. Jones, S.E., 2017, "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/01/the-date-of-ian-wilsons-tetradiplon.html">The date of Ian Wilson's <i>tetradiplon</i> = `doubled in four' Shroud experiment</a>," <i>Shroud of Turin</i> blog, 20 January.<br><a name="MC18">MC18</a>. Moss, C., 2018, "<a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/new-evidence-of-how-romans-would-have-crucified-jesus">New Evidence of How Romans Would Have Crucified Jesus</a>," <i>The Daily Beast</i>, 9 June.<br><a name="MC19">MC19</a>. Moss, C., 2019, "<a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-shroud-of-turin-was-declared-a-fraud-new-research-has-some-asking-for-a-retrial">The Shroud of Turin Was Declared a Fraud. New Research Has Some Asking for a Retrial</a>," <i>The Daily Beast</i>, 24 November.<br><a name="MD12">MD12</a>. Murra, D., et al., 2012, "<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262201333_Shroud-like_coloration_of_linen_by_nanosecond_laser_pulses_in_the_vacuum_ultraviolet">Shroud-like coloration of linen by nanosecond laser pulses in the vacuum ultraviolet</a>," <i>Research Gate</i>, September 2012.<br><a name="ML18">ML18</a>. Massaro, L., 2018, "<a href="https://aleteia.org/2018/03/28/this-3d-carbon-copy-of-jesus-was-created-using-the-shroud-of-turin/">This 3D `carbon copy' of Jesus was created using the Shroud of Turin</a>," <i>Aleteia</i>, 28 March.<br><a name="MR90">MR90</a>. Morgan, R., 1990, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn059Jun90.pdf">Interview With Dr. Michael Tite by Orazio Petrosillo and Emanuela Marinelli, 8 September 1989, during the Paris Symposium</a>," <i>Shroud News</i>, No 59, June, 3-9, 7.<br><a name="PM14">PM14</a>. "Principle of AMS," Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Lab: University of Arizona. Accessed 22 February 2014. No longer online.<br><a name="QR23">QR23</a>. "<a href="https://www.quora.com/As-per-e-mc-2-average-human-body-has-7-8-septillion-Joules-of-energy-is-there-a-way-to-use-this-energy">As per e=mc^2 average human body has 7.8 septillion Joules of energy, is there a way to use this energy?</a>," Quora, Accessed 16 September 2023.<br><a name="RC08">RC08</a>. Ramsey, C., 2008, "<a href="https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/shroud.html">The Shroud of Turin</a>," Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, March.<br><a name="SN11">SN11</a>. Squires, N., 2011, "<a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8966422/Italian-study-claims-Turin-Shroud-is-Christs-authentic-burial-robe.html)">Italian study claims Turin Shroud is Christ's authentic burial robe</a>," <i>The Telegraph</i>, 19 December.<br><a name="SS12">SS12</a>. "<a href="https://www.amazon.com.au/Sign-Thomas-Wesselow/dp/0670921874/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=">The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection</a> Hardcover – 26 March 2012 by Thomas de Wesselow (Author)," Amazon.com.<br><a name="TJW">TJW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus#Transfiguration_and_resurrection">Transfiguration of Jesus: Transfiguration and Resurrection</a>," Wikipedia, 28 July 2023.<br><a name="TA13">TA13</a>. Tornielli, A., 2013, "<a href="https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2013/03/26/news/new-experiments-on-shroud-show-it-s-not-medieval-1.36115559/">New experiments on Shroud show it's not medieval</a>," <i>Vatican Insider</i>, 26 March.<br><a name="TA18">TA18</a>. Tornielli, A., 2018, "<a href="http://www.lastampa.it/2018/05/03/vaticaninsider/doubts-about-the-age-of-the-shroud-experts-reopen-case-cIxh5oVgX8qTJ2essfVZlN/pagina.html">Doubts about the age of the Shroud. Experts re-open case</a>," <i>Vatican Insider</i>, 3 May.<br><a name="TM11">TM11</a>. Tosatti, M., 2011, "<a href="https://www.lastampa.it/vatican-insider/en/2011/12/14/news/the-shroud-is-not-a-fake-1.36913560/">The Shroud is not a fake</a>," <i>The Vatican Insider</i>, <i>La Stampa</i>, 12 December.<br><a name="TS18">TS18</a>. "<a href="http://www.ansa.it/english/news/vatican/2018/09/27/turin-shroud-chapel-reopens_7679c042-fef5-4126-aec9-550fd0a06b90.html">Turin Shroud Chapel reopens</a>," <i>ANSA</i>, 27 September 2018.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.<br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>, Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.<br></p><p>Posted 9 September 2023. Updated 17 November 2023.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-59696889203419756302023-08-23T23:20:00.027+08:002024-01-01T22:31:02.726+08:00The Shroudman and Jesus were buried in a rock tomb #42: The evidence is overwhelming that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet! <p><a name="para01"></a><center><b>THE SHROUDMAN AND JESUS WERE BURIED IN A ROCK TOMB #42<br></b>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is part #42, "The Shroudman and Jesus were buried in a rock tomb," of my series, "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">The evidence is <i>overwhelming</i> that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet!</a>." For more information about this series, see the "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index #1</a>" and "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/01/other-marks-and-images-26-evidence-is.html">Other marks and images</a> #26." Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated.</p><p><a name="para03"></a>[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/05/the-shroudman-and-jesus-were-wrapped-in.html">The Shroudman and Jesus were wrapped in a linen shroud</a> #41] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-shroudman-and-jesus-were.html">The Shroudman and Jesus were <i>resurrected!</a></i> #43]</p><hr><p><a name="para04"></a><ol start="5"><li><a href="https://tinyurl.com/y4l6x944">The Bible and the Shroud</a> #33</li><ol type="A" start="9"><li>The Shroudman and Jesus were buried in a rock tomb #42</li></ol></ol><a name="paraTSW"></a><b>The Shroudman was buried in a rock tomb</b> As per my post of <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-shroud-of-turin-26-other-marks-3_22.html">22Mar13</a>:<br><br><a name="paraDNF"></a><b><i>Dirt on foot</i></b> In 1978 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin_Research_Project">STURP</a> members, husband and wife, <a href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/darientimes/name/roger-gilbert-obituary?id=7172673">Roger (1933-2021)</a> and <a href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/darientimes/name/marion-gilbert-obituary?id=50138588">Marion (Marty) Gilbert (1933-2023)</a>, while carrying out <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=reflectance+spectroscopy">reflectance spectroscopy</a> on the Shroud, discovered an unusual spectral signal from the heel of the right foot on the dorsal side and </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgySLyoJKJe74OeMi1LrEs39SxQQash5AsZ5I5MYQ3RXxW2lB9VxN_3fCqZJYL8GhfJntrCVPQhTw8Qv3uk-rljIs0xuYcQbcROGEU2P59hiOSU2C4d6h8gF-eVVkWabjOh5wJKyc6cFChR/s1600/footrightdorsalShroudScope.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgySLyoJKJe74OeMi1LrEs39SxQQash5AsZ5I5MYQ3RXxW2lB9VxN_3fCqZJYL8GhfJntrCVPQhTw8Qv3uk-rljIs0xuYcQbcROGEU2P59hiOSU2C4d6h8gF-eVVkWabjOh5wJKyc6cFChR/s800/footrightdorsalShroudScope.png" /></a><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgySLyoJKJe74OeMi1LrEs39SxQQash5AsZ5I5MYQ3RXxW2lB9VxN_3fCqZJYL8GhfJntrCVPQhTw8Qv3uk-rljIs0xuYcQbcROGEU2P59hiOSU2C4d6h8gF-eVVkWabjOh5wJKyc6cFChR/s1600/footrightdorsalShroudScope.png">enlarge</a>): bloodstains and image of the right foot, on the dorsal side of the Shroud[<a href="#LM10">LM10</a>]. The heel is lower left.]</p><p>nowhere else on the Shroud[<a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 93]. As we saw in "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com.au/2013/02/the-shroud-of-jesus-25-bloodstains.html">2.5. The bloodstains</a>" there is a clear imprint of the right foot only and that only on the dorsal side of the Shroud[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 42]. When the area was examined under a microscope, dirt particles could be seen deep between the threads[<a href="#HJ83">HJ83</a>, 112-113]. It is logical to find dirt on the foot of a man who wore sandals, as Jesus did (<a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt%203:11%20;%20Mk%201:7;%20Jn%201:27&version=ESV">Mt 3:11; Mk 1:7; Jn 1:27</a>), and who would have been barefoot before he was crucified (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A35%3B+Mk+15%3A24%3B+Lk+23%3A34%3B+Jn+19%3A23&version=ESV">Mt 27:35; Mk 15:24; Lk 23:34; Jn 19:23</a>)[<a href="#HJ83">HJ83</a>, 113]. That the dirt is not a later contamination is shown by it being under the bloodstains on the foot[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 67]. But the dirt is not easily seen with the naked eye[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 66], so no forger would have put it there[<a href="#HJ83">HJ83</a>, 113]. </p><p><a name="paraLMS"></a><b><i>Limestone</i></b> In October 1978 STURP, as part of its five day intensive scientific investigation of the Shroud, took thirty-two samples[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 4] of surface material on the Shroud by pressing a specially formulated sticky-tape onto body image, bloodstain, waterstain and non-image areas of the cloth[<a href="#WM86">WM86</a>, 59]. Los Alamos chemist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Rogers">Ray Rogers (1927–2005)</a>, was responsible for this task and so he took the sticky tape samples back with him to the USA[<a href="#WM86">WM86</a>, 59-61]. In 1982 Rogers gave some of the sticky-tape samples to optical crystallographer <a href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/saltlaketribune/name/joseph-kohlbeck-obituary?id=38213601">Joseph Kohlbeck (1927-2022)</a>, for him to make photomicrographs of them[<a href="#WM86">WM86</a>, 104]. Kohlbeck became interested in some crystals of calcium carbonate (limestone) he found on some of the tapes[<a href="#WM86">WM86</a>, 104]. Under his microscope he found from their crystalline structure that they were of the comparatively rare <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=travertine">travertine</a> (deposited from springs) <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=aragonite">aragonite</a> variety of calcium carbonate rather than the more common calcite[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 105]. Kohlbeck knew that travertine aragonite limestone was typically found in limestone caves in Palestine[<a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 103]. The question then occurred to him whether their chemical signature might match the limestone of the tomb in which Jesus was laid in Jerusalem[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 104]. Kohlbeck realised that it might be difficult obtaining samples from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in Jerusalem but he reasoned that limestone from other tombs around Jerusalem should have the same characteristics[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 104-105].</p><p><a name="paraNRG"></a>An archaeologist, <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/nitowski.pdf">Eugenia Nitowski (1949-2007)</a>, who had made a study of ancient Jewish tombs in Israel, was able to obtain for Kohlbeck limestone samples from a number of tombs in and around Jerusalem[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 105]. Kohlbeck found that that the calcium carbonate in the Jerusalem samples was indeed of the same rare travertine aragonite variety as the samples taken from the Shroud[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 105]!</p><p><a name="paraTCW"></a>To confirm whether or not the Jerusalem tombs limestone did have the same chemical signature as the Shroud samples, Kohlbeck asked Prof. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Levi-Setti">Ricardo Levi-Setti (1927–2018)</a> at the University of Chicago to compare them using the University's high-resolution scanning ion </p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq5nVTZNPShp8ORQr_TsuuPz6iIOt-nnrD1oKSjW-_nQblQ6M17aN_9RQjajaXaDifNEiyEaXkMjPpOqogBF33sWZmKbGW7g_Z-G-XRnYEMYc-wxhGb-8PCKOHaU9Wvi1UEScZ8SdcEbXK/s1600/Limestone1BARJul1986x400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq5nVTZNPShp8ORQr_TsuuPz6iIOt-nnrD1oKSjW-_nQblQ6M17aN_9RQjajaXaDifNEiyEaXkMjPpOqogBF33sWZmKbGW7g_Z-G-XRnYEMYc-wxhGb-8PCKOHaU9Wvi1UEScZ8SdcEbXK/s800/Limestone1BARJul1986x400.jpg" /></a> <br><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtIokOz3tT3_ne0BrsEy8sMnk1_aUL99BLPv-HKMaW3CvG5TOvMhR6qX62drcb5GUdzfjJgqcmp8M5Vhu5Gf1hdvY-tUYQ0cXVSr9aICDnXWsjrUXbZTsnAUpATasM5kRrz_xRtxUQOvDx/s1600/Limestone2BARJul1986x400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtIokOz3tT3_ne0BrsEy8sMnk1_aUL99BLPv-HKMaW3CvG5TOvMhR6qX62drcb5GUdzfjJgqcmp8M5Vhu5Gf1hdvY-tUYQ0cXVSr9aICDnXWsjrUXbZTsnAUpATasM5kRrz_xRtxUQOvDx/s800/Limestone2BARJul1986x400.jpg" /></a> <p>[<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq5nVTZNPShp8ORQr_TsuuPz6iIOt-nnrD1oKSjW-_nQblQ6M17aN_9RQjajaXaDifNEiyEaXkMjPpOqogBF33sWZmKbGW7g_Z-G-XRnYEMYc-wxhGb-8PCKOHaU9Wvi1UEScZ8SdcEbXK/s1600/Limestone1BARJul1986x400.jpg">Above</a>: Prof. Ricardo Levi-Setti's scanning ion microprobe comparisons of Jerusalem limestone and limestone on Shroud[<a href="#KN86">KN86</a>, 23-24].]<p>microprobe[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 105]. The Shroud sample tested was from the same foot area of the Shroud where Roger and Marty Gilbert had found the abovementioned dirt because it had a larger concentration of calcium carbonate than other areas[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 105]. From their spectral patterns it was clear that the Shroud and Jerusalem tomb limestone samples a were very close match[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 106]. Both the Shroud and the Jerusalem samples contained small amounts of iron and strontium, but no lead[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 105]. They would have been an even closer match but for a slight organic variation due to particles of flax which could not be separated from the Shroud's calcium[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 106].</p><p><a name="para6"></a>This is further evidence (if not proof beyond reasonable doubt) that the aragonite limestone dust on the foot of the Shroud man came from a Jerusalem limestone tomb[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 105]. The onus is on the Shroud sceptics to explain how limestone which specifically (if not uniquely) matches that found in and around Jerusalem came to be on the Shroud[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 115]. It is a major problem for the forgery theory to explain how the barely visible dirt on the heel of the Shroud man, `just happens' to contain the same rare travertine aragonite limestone found in and around Jerusalem. A medieval would not know that Jerusalem limestone was travertine aragonite and he would not have included such details as they could barely be seen by him or his contemporaries[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 79].</p><p><a name="paraJWB"></a><b>Jesus was buried in a rock tomb</b><br><a name="paraJWL"></a><b><i>Jesus was laid in a new tomb that had been cut out of the rock</i></b> The body of Jesus had been taken down from the cross by his disciples <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Joseph+of+Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> and <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A39&version=ESV">Jn 19:39</a>) and laid in a new tomb that had been cut out of the rock (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59-60%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A52-53&version=ESV">Mt 27:59-60; Mk 15:46; Lk 23:52-53</a>). It was nearby (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A42&version=MOUNCE">Jn 19:42</a>) to <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Golgotha">Golgotha</a> the place of Jesus' crucifixion (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A33-35%3B+Mk+15%3A22-24%3B+Jn+19%3A17-18&version=ESV">Mt 27:33-35; Mk 15:22-24; Jn 19:17-18</a>)[<a href="#RJ77">RJ77</a>, 24; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 5].</p><p><a name="paraJTS"></a><b><i>Jesus' tomb still exists today!</i></b> As per my post of <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/05/you-claim-that-shroud-is-genuine-yet.html#paraTDV">08May18</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> was built over the site of Jesus' Tomb (and also over the site of His crucifixion-see below). The Gospels state </p><p><a name="paraCHS"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFjfiQhqg8rvL5OieN9tF0_Xn6lAHqT5zexVgB7qbOqdFWdeCuw9PaFZqkPWfTaETPk-LJH6CtwquoAYP8opAsmkCfEFgM1IJvPrm3JeC0RtnN6c_SqI6SVeaPANh5aVEiMfsJfaJcUavl/s1600/holy-sepulcher-overlay-450.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFjfiQhqg8rvL5OieN9tF0_Xn6lAHqT5zexVgB7qbOqdFWdeCuw9PaFZqkPWfTaETPk-LJH6CtwquoAYP8opAsmkCfEFgM1IJvPrm3JeC0RtnN6c_SqI6SVeaPANh5aVEiMfsJfaJcUavl/s800/holy-sepulcher-overlay-450.gif" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFjfiQhqg8rvL5OieN9tF0_Xn6lAHqT5zexVgB7qbOqdFWdeCuw9PaFZqkPWfTaETPk-LJH6CtwquoAYP8opAsmkCfEFgM1IJvPrm3JeC0RtnN6c_SqI6SVeaPANh5aVEiMfsJfaJcUavl/s1600/holy-sepulcher-overlay-450.gif">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#CS17">CS17</a>]: Cross-section showing that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre">Church of The Holy Sepulchre</a> was built over both the Tomb of Jesus and the site of His crucifixion (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary">L. <i>Calvary</i>, Gk. <i>Golgotha</i></a> - <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27:33;+Mk+15:22;+Jn+19:17&version=ESV">Mt 27:33; Mk 15:22; Jn 19:17</a>): "Today's Church of the Holy Sepulcher sets over two sites: Calvary and the tomb of Jesus. Both these sites were in the same garden outside the walls of Jerusalem in 30 AD, and now they are under one roof. John wrote that they were close to each other: `At the place where Jesus was crucified, there was a garden, and in the garden a new tomb, in which no one had ever been laid. Because it was the Jewish day of Preparation and since the tomb was nearby, they laid Jesus there.' - <a href="https://goo.gl/zzw81D">John 19:41-42</a> [NIV]"[<a href="#CJ14">CJ14</a>].]</p><p>that both Christians (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27:60-61;+28:1-8;+Mk+15:46-16:8;+Lk+23:50-24:12;+Jn+19:38-20:18&version=ESV">Mt 27:60-61; 28:1-8; Mk 15:46-16:8; Lk 23:50-24:12; Jn 19:38-20:18</a>) and Jews (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27:62-66;+28:11-15&version=ESV">Mt 27:62-66; 28:11-15</a>) in Jerusalem at the time of Jesus' death and resurrection knew where His tomb was. The early church historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius">Eusebius (c.260-340)</a> recorded that there were Christians living in Jerusalem up to immediately before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)">destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in AD 70</a>, when the Christians, warned in prophecy, left Jerusalem to live in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pella,_Jordan">Pella</a> across the Jordan River: <blockquote>"The whole body, however, of the church at Jerusalem, having been commanded by a divine revelation, given to men of approved piety there before the war, removed from the city, and dwelt at a certain town beyond the Jordan, called Pella"[<a href="#EEH">EEH</a>, 86].</blockquote><a name="paraTCH"></a>That Christians had returned to live in and/or around Jerusalem soon after AD 70 is evident from there having been 14 Jewish Christian Bishops of Jerusalem from 107 up to the Jewish <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt of 132-136</a>[<a href="#JBW">JBW</a>]. Then from 135 to 325 there were 24 Gentile Christian Bishops of Jerusalem[<a href="#GBW">GBW</a>]. So from 30-325 there never was a time when Jerusalem Christians could have forgotten where Jesus' tomb had been!</p><p><a name="paraBTY"></a>About ten years after Jesus' death, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Agrippa">King Herod Agrippa I (r. 41-44)</a>, the "Herod the King" of <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+12:1-23&version=ESV">Acts 12:1-23</a>, began the construction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Jerusalem#Jewish_postexilic_city">Jerusalem's Third Wall</a>[<a href="#WJW">WJW</a>], which enclosed within the city the Tomb and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary">Golgotha</a>, which at the time of Jesus' death were outside Jerusalem's then wall (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Heb+13:12;+Mk+15:20;+Jn+19:17&version=ESV">Heb 13:12; Mk 15:20; Jn 19:17</a>)[<a href="#BM99">BM99</a>, 1]. <a name="paraNNT"></a>In 130 the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian">Roman Emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138)</a> visited the ruins of Jerusalem and decided to rebuild it as a city dedicated to the god Jupiter and renamed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>[<a href="#TJW">TJW</a>]. Then in 136, following the crushing of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt of 132-136</a>, Hadrian formally reestablished Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina and forbade the presence of both Jews and Christian in the new Roman city[<a href="#TJW">TJW</a>]. From 136–140 Hadrian built a temple to Jupiter on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount">Temple Mount</a> and also a temple to Venus on the site of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary">Golgotha/Calvary</a>[<a href="#TJW">TJW</a>]. The Tomb was buried under the rubble of the ruins of Jerusalem used to level the site, but the location of nearby Golgotha was marked by the temple to Venus[<a href="#BM99">BM99</a>, 1]! <a name="paraFHD"></a>After Hadrian's death in 138 his successor, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius">Emperor Antoninus Pius (138–161)</a>, relaxed the restrictions on Christians' presence in the city[<a href="#TJW">TJW</a>]. </p><p><a name="paraNTT"></a>In 325 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarius_of_Jerusalem">Macarius, the Bishop of Jerusalem (r. 312-335)</a>, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a>, petitioned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great">Emperor Constantine I (r. 306-337)</a> to demolish Hadrian's temple to Venus and uncover the tomb of Christ[<a href="#CJ14">CJ14</a>]. So Macarius knew, presumably from accurate but now-lost traditional sources, where the Tomb was underneath the rubble[<a href="#PP85">PP85</a>, 925-926]. Constantine granted Macarius' petition and in 326 Constantine's mother, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I#The_True_Cross_and_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre">Empress Helena (c. 246-c. 330)</a>, travelled to Jerusalem and having been told by Macarius the exact location of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary">Golgotha/Calvary</a> and Christ's tomb[<a href="#CJ14">CJ14</a>], ordered the demolition of Hadrian's Venus temple and their excavation[<a href="#HEW">HEW</a>]. That by 326 these sites were <i>inside</i> Jerusalem's wall but Scripture states that Jesus was crucified and buried <i>outside</i> the city's walls [see <a href="#paraBTY">above</a>] adds credibility to Macarius' correct identification of these sites[<a href="#CJ14">CJ14</a>]. <a name="paraTNT"></a>Then in 326 Constantine ordered the construction of two churches, connected by a great basilica (the <i>Martyrium</i>) an enclosed colonnaded atrium (the <i>Triportico</i>) with the site of Golgotha in one corner, and a <i>rotunda</i> which contained the <i>Aedicula</i> (<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Edicule&ie=utf-8&oe">Edicule</a>), which in turn enclosed the rock-cut Tomb that Helena and Macarius had identified as the burial site of Jesus (see <a href="#paraNTT">above</a>)[<a href="#HCW">HCW</a>]. Construction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre#Construction_(4th_century)">Church of Holy Sepulchre</a> was completed in 335[<a href="#CCW">CCW</a>].</p><p><a name="paraNSF"></a>In 614 the Church was damaged by fire when the Persian king <a href="https://goo.gl/zkEs5R">Khosrow II (r. 590-628)</a> invaded Jerusalem [see "<a href="https://goo.gl/tJCnU4">614"</a>][<a href="#CDW">CDW</a>]. In 630, the Byzantine <a href="https://goo.gl/W6GZMB">Emperor Heraclius (r. 610-641)</a> restored Jerusalem and rebuilt the Church[<a href="#CDW">CDW</a>]. But then in 1009 the Muslim caliph <a href="https://goo.gl/3aJjXG">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996–1021)</a> ordered the complete destruction of the Church[<a href="#CDW">CDW</a>]:<blockquote>"... the 'basilica of the Lord's Sepulchre [was] destroyed down to the ground'. ... everything was razed 'except those parts which were impossible to destroy or would have been too difficult to carry away' ... The Church's foundations were hacked down to bedrock. The Edicule and the east and west walls and the roof of the cut-rock tomb it encased were destroyed or damaged ... the north and south walls were likely protected by rubble from further damage. The `mighty pillars resisted destruction up to the height of the gallery pavement, and are now effectively the only remnant of the fourth-century buildings'"[<a href="#CDW">CDW</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraNTF"></a>In 1048 partial reconstruction of the ruined Church by order of the Byzantine Emperor <a href="https://goo.gl/beUgNn">Constantine IX Monomachos (r. 1042-1055)</a> was completed[<a href="#CRW">CRW</a>]. But despite spending vast sums on the project, construction was concentrated on the rotunda and its surrounding buildings, leaving the great basilica in ruins[<a href="#CRW">CRW</a>]. The rebuilt Church consisted of a court open to the sky, with five small chapels attached to it[<a href="#CRW">CRW</a>]. In 1099 Jerusalem was recaptured by soldiers of the <a href="https://goo.gl/dee9Nj">First Crusade</a> [see "<a href="https://goo.gl/fvpkti">1095</a>"][<a href="#CPW">CPW</a>]. <a name="paraTCN"></a>The crusaders unified the chapels on the site by placing them all under one roof, completing their reconstruction<a name="paraCHS"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTAAKsl8UdG2TPqcsSbomglvwF9-Igknuhl0oH3f44apcHQBxL2cwfmx94atFEXg5SB6o-SHvXOd4_4-BdrK2rKZ1ny5-125Zn01z9gUAC1Ur3C12WFRjDWbDqTKL5HI9y2eQdSp-58uGW/s1600/ChurchHolySepulchreBidderP3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTAAKsl8UdG2TPqcsSbomglvwF9-Igknuhl0oH3f44apcHQBxL2cwfmx94atFEXg5SB6o-SHvXOd4_4-BdrK2rKZ1ny5-125Zn01z9gUAC1Ur3C12WFRjDWbDqTKL5HI9y2eQdSp-58uGW/s800/ChurchHolySepulchreBidderP3.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTAAKsl8UdG2TPqcsSbomglvwF9-Igknuhl0oH3f44apcHQBxL2cwfmx94atFEXg5SB6o-SHvXOd4_4-BdrK2rKZ1ny5-125Zn01z9gUAC1Ur3C12WFRjDWbDqTKL5HI9y2eQdSp-58uGW/s1600/ChurchHolySepulchreBidderP3.jpg">enlarge</a>): The Church of the Holy Sepulchre today. The large dome on the left is over the Tomb, the smaller middle dome is over the church itself (the <i><a href="https://goo.gl/v34dFG">Katholikon</a></i>) and the small dome below and to the right of the latter (not the one in the courtyard) is over the site of <a href="https://goo.gl/i11GV7">Golgotha/Calvary</a>[<a href="#BM99">BM99</a>, 3], i.e. the <a href="https://www.mikemasonbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/IMG_3388-600x987.jpeg">Rock of Calvary</a>-see "8" on <a href="https://seetheholyland.net/wp-content/Uploads/Holy_Sep_Plan-800px.jpg">this plan</a>.]</p><p><a name="paraDTR"></a>during the reign of crusader <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melisende,_Queen_of_Jerusalem">Queen of Jerusalem, Melisende (r. 1131–1153)</a> in 1149[<a href="#BM99">BM99</a>, 3] [see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/09/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twelfth.html#paraTNT">c.1149</a>"].</p><p><a name="paraNFF"></a>In 1555 <a href="https://goo.gl/9A498f">Franciscan friars</a> rebuilt the <a href="https://goo.gl/5ZtKj4">Edicule</a> and extended it to create the ante-chamber[<a href="#CLW">CLW</a>]. A protective marble sheath was also then installed over the Tomb[<a href="#CLW">CLW</a>]. A fire in 1808 caused the dome of the rotunda to collapse and smash the Edicule's exterior, but these were rebuilt in 1809–1810 by a Greek architect Nikolaos Komnenos[<a href="#CLW">CLW</a>]. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwrRU4VgpnwdJqlrXyyQsl7bwnMmAOIn3vCwmv-Jpm2rgvH1HnLPj4qcu3ZAW4khHhQ6YXydg_HALowqenfY64OtRq2CP_ZL8AFU0SwTzwTawjBCvilP24lcBNX-1c3xvQ1hZF601jeZjE/s1900/ChurchHolySepulchreNationalGeographic180508yc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwrRU4VgpnwdJqlrXyyQsl7bwnMmAOIn3vCwmv-Jpm2rgvH1HnLPj4qcu3ZAW4khHhQ6YXydg_HALowqenfY64OtRq2CP_ZL8AFU0SwTzwTawjBCvilP24lcBNX-1c3xvQ1hZF601jeZjE/s800/ChurchHolySepulchreNationalGeographic180508yc.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwrRU4VgpnwdJqlrXyyQsl7bwnMmAOIn3vCwmv-Jpm2rgvH1HnLPj4qcu3ZAW4khHhQ6YXydg_HALowqenfY64OtRq2CP_ZL8AFU0SwTzwTawjBCvilP24lcBNX-1c3xvQ1hZF601jeZjE/s1900/ChurchHolySepulchreNationalGeographic180508yc.jpg">enlarge</a>): The rotunda (which contains the Edicule, which in turn contains the Tomb of Jesus-see future below) and its ante-chamber extension, from the dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre[<a href="#RK17">RK17</a>].]</p><p><a name="paraDDF"></a>The current dome of the rotunda dates from 1870 and was restored during 1994–1997, as part of extensive modern renovations to the Church[<a href="#CLW">CLW</a>]. During the 1970–1978 restoration works and excavations inside the building, and under the nearby <a href="https://goo.gl/JXJYVG">Muristan</a>, it was found that the area was originally a quarry, from which white <a href="https://goo.gl/FQ12RM">meleke</a> <i>limestone</i> was mined[<a href="#CLW">CLW</a>].</p><p><a name="paraNTS"></a>In 2016, restoration works were performed in the <a href="https://goo.gl/5ZtKj4">Edicule</a>, including temporarily removing the 1555 marble cladding (see <a href="#paraNFF">above</a>) which <a name="paraRRD"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAGx638OiwT2lyZWAOmkVE_rzZqeFgp8EoUSBKt8B4OJduZ-0xiybG7IMgWEGqDgQV5K0skU_3gfMYe6InN5e5x6QxQwGjh3IsuHohZyp4h1tggGRsaTY-3cuqAD-J2VZjhtHhE7cOPA_u/s1900/JesusTombNationalGeographic180508yc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAGx638OiwT2lyZWAOmkVE_rzZqeFgp8EoUSBKt8B4OJduZ-0xiybG7IMgWEGqDgQV5K0skU_3gfMYe6InN5e5x6QxQwGjh3IsuHohZyp4h1tggGRsaTY-3cuqAD-J2VZjhtHhE7cOPA_u/s800/JesusTombNationalGeographic180508yc.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAGx638OiwT2lyZWAOmkVE_rzZqeFgp8EoUSBKt8B4OJduZ-0xiybG7IMgWEGqDgQV5K0skU_3gfMYe6InN5e5x6QxQwGjh3IsuHohZyp4h1tggGRsaTY-3cuqAD-J2VZjhtHhE7cOPA_u/s1900/JesusTombNationalGeographic180508yc.jpg">enlarge</a>): A restorer removes debris beneath a broken marble slab to expose the original <i>limestone</i> rock surface of the burial bed of Jesus[<a href="#RK17">RK17</a>]! The Shroud has <i>limestone</i> dust adhering to it, particularly its underside, which matches the limestone of Jerusalem cave tombs [see <a href="https://goo.gl/y5JMyJ">22Mar13</a>]!]</p><p><a name="paraTTL"></a><a name="paraPTB"></a>protected the burial bed of Jesus[<a href="#RK17">RK17</a>]. The <i>original limestone burial bed of Jesus was revealed intact</i>, meaning that <i>the Tomb location had not changed</i> and confirming the existence of <i>the original limestone cave walls within the Edicule</i>[<a href="#RK17">RK17</a>]! The Tomb was then resealed shortly after[<a href="#RK17">RK17</a>].</p><p><a name="paraNCN"></a>In conclusion I want to reflect on what an amazing `coincidence' it was </p><p><a name="paraSFT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRLIbmXI0t05nXCSLjKeLFdvWg24mTSN-t3DN5FZrWw5Usai4D4NfW4qPsDlDo0Fs7HodvdmPaE4pgRWxsbBUpI-qz74lNJMjyQKDJLDf9l7CUwAfsEsiWJo4sLiDsLgMvseBj_dB2B-MhE9WrbM7uT0aV1IoRUPjDNWms16D5stnFuwAGbQvzAn-izsnv/s1432/ChurchHolySepluchre325.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRLIbmXI0t05nXCSLjKeLFdvWg24mTSN-t3DN5FZrWw5Usai4D4NfW4qPsDlDo0Fs7HodvdmPaE4pgRWxsbBUpI-qz74lNJMjyQKDJLDf9l7CUwAfsEsiWJo4sLiDsLgMvseBj_dB2B-MhE9WrbM7uT0aV1IoRUPjDNWms16D5stnFuwAGbQvzAn-izsnv/s800/ChurchHolySepluchre325.png" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRLIbmXI0t05nXCSLjKeLFdvWg24mTSN-t3DN5FZrWw5Usai4D4NfW4qPsDlDo0Fs7HodvdmPaE4pgRWxsbBUpI-qz74lNJMjyQKDJLDf9l7CUwAfsEsiWJo4sLiDsLgMvseBj_dB2B-MhE9WrbM7uT0aV1IoRUPjDNWms16D5stnFuwAGbQvzAn-izsnv/s1432/ChurchHolySepluchre325.png">enlarge</a>)[Video "Church of Holy Sepulchre Explained" in <a href="#CJ14">CJ14</a>]: Sketch of the excavated site of the Tomb and Golgotha in 325, showing that the distance between the site of Jesus' crucifixion and burial was very close (43 metres or 141 feet[<a href="#WG23">WG23</a>]).</p><p>that Joseph of Arimathea `just happened' to have a new, unused tomb that was "nearby" to Golgotha, the site of Jesus crucifixion. Because: 1) The sabbath was about to begin[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+23%3A54&version=MOUNCE">Lk 23:54</a>], 2) If there had been no ready-to-use grave which `just happened[' to be "nearby" to the site of Jesus' crucifixion[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A41-42&version=MOUNCE">Jn 19:41-42</a>], Jesus could not have been buried on that first Easter Friday, which would have meant that He could not have been resurrected on that first Easter Sunday! Yet 3) Joseph did not plan for his tomb to be used to bury Jesus. Rather he bought the site for his own burial and had it cut out of the rock[<a href="#https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A60%3B+Mk+15%3A46&version=MOUNCE">Mt 27:60; Mk 15:46</a>], which had to have been well before Jesus' burial. So it was no coincidence. God had worked through Joseph's choosing and acquiring that site for his tomb[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Php+2%3A13&version=ESV>Php 2:13</a>] without Joseph then realising it! And further proof that Jesus was and is the man on the Shroud! Because a mere man could not have had arranged years before his tomb to be less than 50 metres from the place he would be crucified as the sacrifice for the sins of the world[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Heb+9%3A26&version=ESV">Heb 9:26</a>]!</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="BM99">BM99</a>. Biddle, M., 1999, "The Tomb of Christ," Sutton Publishing: Stroud UK. <br><a name="CCW">CCW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre#Construction_(4th_century)">Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Construction (4th century)</a>," Wikipedia, 25 August 2023. <br><a name="CPW">CPW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre#Crusader_period_(1099%E2%80%931244)">Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Crusader period (1099–1244)</a>," Wikipedia, 25 August 2023.<br><a name="CDW">CDW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre#Damage_and_destruction_(614%E2%80%931009)">Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Damage and destruction (614–1009)</a>," Wikipedia, 25 August 2023. <br><a name="CJ14">CJ14</a>. "<a href="https://www.generationword.com/jerusalem101/52-holy-sepulcher.html">The Church of the Holy Sepulcher</a>," <i>Jerusalem 101</i>, 2 December 2014. <br><a name="CLW">CLW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre#Later_periods">History of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Later periods</a>," Wikipedia, 25 August 2023; "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre#Ottoman_and_later_periods">Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Ottoman and later periods</a>," Wikipedia, 25 August 2023. <br><a name="CS17">CS17</a>. "<a href="https://steemit.com/travel/@coldsteem/church-of-the-holy-sepulchre-jerusalem-israel">Church of the Holy Sepulchre - Jerusalem, Israel</a>," Steemit, 2017.<br><a name="DT12">DT12</a>. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London.<br><a name="EEH">EEH</a>. Eusebius, "Ecclesiastical History," Book III:V, Baker: Grand Rapids MI, 1966.<br><a name="GBW">GBW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_bishops_of_Jerusalem#Bishops_of_Aelia_Capitolina">Early bishops of Jerusalem: Gentile Bishops of Jerusalem</a>," Wikipedia, 27 June 2023.<br><a name="GM98">GM98</a>. Guscin, M., 1998, "The Oviedo Cloth," Lutterworth Press: Cambridge UK.<br><a name="HCW">HCW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre#Construction">History of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Construction</a>," Wikipedia, 25 August 2023<br><a name="HEW">HEW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I#The_True_Cross_and_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre">Helena (empress): The `True Cross' and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>," Wikipedia, 22 August 2023<br><a name="HJ83">HJ83</a>. Heller, J.H., 1983, "Report on the Shroud of Turin," Houghton Mifflin Co: Boston MA. <br><a name="JBW">JBW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_bishops_of_Jerusalem#Jewish_bishops_of_Jerusalem">Early bishops of Jerusalem: Jewish Bishops of Jerusalem</a>," Wikipedia, 27 June 2023.<br><a name="KN86">KN86</a>. Kohlbeck, J. & Nitowski, E., 1986, "<a href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/12/4/1">New evidence may explain image on Shroud of Turin</a>," <i>Biblical Archeological Review</i> (BAR), Vol 12, No. 4.<br><a name="LM10">LM10</a>. Extract from Latendresse, M., 2010, "<a href="http://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=7&image=3&lon=2071.0&lat=982.5">Shroud Scope: Durante 2002 Vertical</a>," Sindonology.org.<br><a name="PP85">PP85</a>. Perkins, P., "Sepulchre, Church of the Holy," in Achtemeier, P.J., et al., eds, 1985, "Harper's Bible Dictionary," Harper & Row: San Francisco CA. <br><a name="RC99">RC99</a>. Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.<br><a name="RJ77">RJ77</a>. Robinson, J.A.T., 1977, " The Shroud of Turin and the Grave-Clothes of the Gospels," in Stevenson, K.E., ed., 1977, "Proceedings of the 1977 United States Conference of Research on The Shroud of Turin," Holy Shroud Guild: Bronx NY, 23-30. <br><a name="RK17">RK17</a>. Romey, K., 2017, "<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2017/11/exclusive-age-of-jesus-christs-purported-tomb-revealed">Exclusive: Age of Jesus Christ's Purported Tomb Revealed</a>," <i>National Geographic</i>, November 28.<br><a name="TJW">TJW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem#Late_Roman_period_(Aelia_Capitolina)">Timeline of Jerusalem: Late Roman period (Aelia Capitolina)</a>," Wikipedia, 8 July 2023. <br><a name="WG23">WG23</a>. Galyn Wiemers, Email 5 September 2023 to S.E. Jones, "One more ... Re: What is the distance between Golgotha and the Tomb in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?"<br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London. <br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition. <br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.<br><a name="WJW">WJW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Jerusalem#Jewish_postexilic_city">Walls of Jerusalem: Jewish postexilic city</a>," Wikipedia, 14 August 2023.<br><a name="WM86">WM86</a>. Wilson, I. & Miller, V., 1986, "The Evidence of the Shroud," Guild Publishing: London. <br><a name="WS00">WS00</a>. Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books: London. <br></p><p>Posted 23 August 2023. Updated 1 January 2024.</p>Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-68051044057639007562023-07-07T23:37:00.100+08:002024-02-13T23:36:56.994+08:00Objections answered (1), Turin Shroud Encyclopedia<p><a name="para01"></a><center><b><i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i><br>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones</b>[<a href="#1">1</a>]</p><p><h1>Objections answered (1) #25</h1></center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is "Objections answered (1)," part #25 of my <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i>, which will help me write Chapter "21. Objections answered" of my book in progress, "Shroud of Turin: Burial Sheet of Jesus!" See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#mybk">06Jul17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#paraMBK">03Jun18</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html#paraMNW">04Apr22</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraPTS">13Jul22</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">8 Nov 22</a>.</p><p>I am basing this "Objections answered (1)" on an online article by leading Shroud sceptic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell">Joe Nickell (1944-)</a>: "<a href="https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2004/07/22164654/p08.pdf">PBS 'Secrets of the Dead' Buries the Truth about Turin Shroud</a>." I had intended to also base it on Nickell's "<a href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/fake-turin-shroud-deceives-national-geographic-author/">Fake Turin Shroud Deceives National Geographic Author</a>." but this post grew too long, so that will have to be in "Objections answered (2)."</p><p>[<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/01/index-z-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html">Index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/05/john-calvin-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html">John Calvin</a> #24] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2024/02/report-of-1969-turin-commission-on.html">Report of the 1969 Turin Commission on the Shroud</a> #26]<hr></p><p><a name="paraWPN"></a>I will present Nickell's objections to the Shroud being Jesus' burial sheet under headings using his words as far as possible. They will be in bullet points, enclosed in single quotation marks as from an imaginary objector, which will be closer to what will appear in my book.</p><p><a name="paraLSN"></a>• `Science and scholarship have demonstrated that the Shroud of Turin is a medieval fake'<blockquote>"Although science and scholarship have demonstrated that the Shroud of Turin is a medieval fake, die-hard shroud enthusiasts continue to claim otherwise. Just in time for Easter 2004 viewing, a PBS television documentary that aired Wednesday, April 7, gave them a forum to state their conviction that the image on the cloth is a first-century picture--miraculous or otherwise--of Jesus' crucified body"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote> Nickell, whose PhD is in <i>English</i> is a master of rhetoric and <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivq_hFgWAlctmqa3nEul7R7YThRmYyFAVWnH9yDt924p5c7ffzlLOR1mYgJM9sW22xOBkgrcHq4rLMCUx3mEEMyob9mNmpfqr4du6eL32gbSD2jGRCLHtbByOvRW09Q_O1HqOyh0PhCx9q/s1600/JoeNickellWhiteCoat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:right; float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivq_hFgWAlctmqa3nEul7R7YThRmYyFAVWnH9yDt924p5c7ffzlLOR1mYgJM9sW22xOBkgrcHq4rLMCUx3mEEMyob9mNmpfqr4du6eL32gbSD2jGRCLHtbByOvRW09Q_O1HqOyh0PhCx9q/s800/JoeNickellWhiteCoat.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="http://www.joenickell.com/images/Mainpage/triptych.jpg">original</a>): Shroud sceptic Joe Nickell, whose "Ph.D. is in English for graduate work focusing on literary investigation and folklore"[<a href="#JNW">JNW</a>] posing as a white-coated scientist[<a href="#PSS">PSS</a>]!]</p><p>propaganda! Those (like me) who are <i>persuaded by the evidence</i> that the Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet are, according to Nickell, all "die-hard shroud enthusiasts"! And as for "science and scholarship have demonstrated that the Shroud ... is a medieval fake," of <i>those who have studied the Shroud</i>, there are <i>far more</i> "scientists and scholars" on the pro-Shroud side, than there are on the sceptics' side. And in 2022 British pro-Shroud film-maker <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=david+rolfe+silent+witness">David Rolfe</a> offered one million US dollars to the British Museum (which was involved in the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud to 1260-1390</a>) to, "<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/17/the-1m-challenge-if-the-turin-shroud-is-a-forgery-show-how-it-was-done">If the Turin Shroud is a forgery, show how it was done</a>"[<a href="#MJ22">MJ22</a>]. And, as far as I am aware, there have been no takers!</p><p><a name="paraCVN"></a>• `Contrary evidence includes the gospel accounts, the forger's confession, the blood and body images are painted and the radiocarbon results'<blockquote>"Omitted were mention of the contrary gospel evidence, the reported forger's confession, and the microanalytical analyses that showed the `blood' and `body' images were rendered in tempera paint. Unsubstantiated claims were presented as fact, and the radiocarbon results--which dated the cloth to the time of the forger's confession--were treated in straw-man fashion: presented as virtually the sole impediment to authenticity"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraNSW"></a>Nickell is wrong about the first three. There is <i>no</i> "contrary gospel evidence" to the Shroud being Jesus' burial sheeet. See my "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/09/the-bible-and-shroud-33-evidence-is.html">The Bible and the Shroud</a> #33." <a name="paraNTW"></a>And there was <i>no</i> "forger's confession." See my "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-fourteenth.html#1389d">1389d</a>" where I wrote (footnotes omitted):<blockquote>"D'Arcis appealed to Pope Clement VII to stop the exposition, claiming that one of his predecessors, Bishop Henri de Poitiers (r. 1354–70) had discovered that the Shroud was `cunningly painted':<blockquote>`... Henry of Poitiers ... then Bishop of Troyes ... after diligent inquiry and examination, he discovered the fraud and how the said cloth had been cunningly painted, the truth being attested by the artist who had painted it, to wit, that it was a work of human skill and not miraculously wrought or bestowed'.</blockquote><a name="paraBDP"></a>But d'Arcis provided no evidence in his memorandum to substantiate his claims, which he would have if there had been any. D'Arcis did not provide the name of the artist, nor a record of his confession, nor the source of his allegations. There is also no record of Henri de Poitiers conducting any inquiry into the origin of Shroud and d'Arcis did not even know its date! But there is a record of a letter of 28 May 1356, from Bishop Henri de Poitiers, praising Geoffroy I, ratifying the Lirey church and approving its `divine cult', which presumably refers to the Shroud! It is also highly unlikely that Geoffrey I de Charny, the owner of the Shroud in the 1350s, one of France's most ethical knights, and a devout author of religious poetry, was complicit in forging Jesus' burial shroud. The final refutation of the d'Arcis memorandum is that <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/no-paint-etc-15-man-on-shroud-evidence.html">the image of the man on the Shroud is not painted</a>!"</blockquote><a name="paraSFT"></a>As for "the `blood' and `body' images were rendered in tempera paint," Nickell wrote this article in 2004, but in his 1987 book (~17 years earlier), hidden in its middle with no index entry (so his Shroud sceptic readers would be unlikely to find it), Nickell (to his credit) effectively admitted that <i>the Shroud image was not painted</i>, including with "<a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=tempera">egg tempera</a>":<blockquote>"While we should never underestimate what an unknown, skillful artist might be capable of - and so cannot conclusively rule out freehand painting - we must add that <i>convincing evidence for any painting medium</i> (that is, oil, egg tempera, etc.) on shroud image fibers <i>is lacking</i> ... Even at 40X magnification there are no obvious encrustations and no apparent cementing between threads nor any consistent and confirmed coating of fibers to indicate the presence of a painting medium ... The <i>superficiality</i> of the stain - extending `only 2 or 3 fibers deep into the thread structure' - is <i>another strong argument against painting</i>. A fluid medium (for example, paint, dye, ink) would be expected, by capillary action, to penetrate much farther - to the depth of a full thread, or even to the reverse of the cloth. Finally, tests at several laboratories <i>failed to detect the presence of any foreign organic substance in `body' image areas</i>"(my emphasis)[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, 99-100].</blockquote><a name="paraNSR"></a>Nickell is right about his fourth item of contrary evidence that the Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet, "the radiocarbon results ... dated the cloth to the time of the forger's confession" i.e. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390</a> or 1325 ± 65 years[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 7]. But there was <i>no</i> "forger's confession" that he painted the Shroud image (see <a href="#paraBDP">above</a>), and Nickell himself effectively admitted the Shroud image is not painted (see <a href="#paraSFT">above</a>). <a name="paraSTS"></a>So there is no valid independent corroboration of the Shroud's 1260-1390 radiocarbon date! And if the radiocarbon dating itself was a fraud (<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/05/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">which it was</a>), then "1325 ± 65 years" is the date that the fraudster would make the Shroud appear to be[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 170]. So as to agree with Bishop's d'Arcis <i>false</i> claim that one of his <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Bishop+of+Troyes">Bishop of Troyes</a>' predecessors, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes#1300_to_1500">Henri de Poitiers (r. 1354-70)</a>, had obtained the confession of the forger who had "cunningly painted" the Shroud"[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 267]. <a name="paraTPC"></a>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray_Codex">Pray Codex</a> alone (and it is <i>not</i> alone), "a <a name="paraPCX"></a><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Hungarianpraymanuscript1192-1195.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Hungarianpraymanuscript1192-1195.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Hungarianpraymanuscript1192-1195.jpg">enlarge</a>): "The Entombment of Christ (above) and Three Marys [<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/05/my-critique-of-pray-codex-wikipedia-1.html#paraTTM">sic</a>] at the tomb (below). <i>The images are claimed as one of the evidences against the radiocarbon 14 dating of the Shroud of Turin</i>"[<a href="#PCW">PCW</a>]. There are "eight telling correspondences between the Shroud and the drawings on a [this] single page of the Pray Codex"[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 180]!]</p><p>collection of medieval manuscripts, dated to the late 12th to early 13th centuries"[<a href="#PCW">PCW</a>]. But "1260-1390" is late 13th to late 14th centuries - they don't overlap! The <i>latest</i> date of the Pray Codex is 1195[<a href="#PCW">PCW</a>], but that is 65 years before the <i>earliest</i> 1260 date of the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud</a>!</p><p><a name="paraTSC"></a>• `The Shroud contradicts the Gospels which describe multiple cloths including a separate cloth over Jesus' face'<blockquote>"The shroud contradicts the Gospel of John, which describes multiple cloths (including a separate "napkin" over the face) ..."</blockquote>I answer this objection in my book (in progress): "This is fallacious. That there are multiple gravecloths of Jesus in the Gospels, doesn't mean that one of them can't be the Shroud. No Shroudie, as far as I am aware, claims that there was <i>only one</i> cloth, the Shroud, in Jesus' tomb. The Gospels reveal that there were three different types of gravecloths in Jesus' tomb: the <i>sindon</i> "shroud"[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=MOUNCE">Mt 27:59; Mk 15:46; Lk 23:53]</a>; the <i>soudarion</i> "face cloth" [<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A7&version=MOUNCE">Jn 20:7</a>]; and the <i>othonia</i> "strips of linen"[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+24%3A12%3B+Jn+20%3A5%2C6&version=MOUNCE">Lk 24:12; Jn 20:5,6</a>]. And many, if not most, Shroudies, including me, accept that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo">Sudarium of Oviedo</a> is "the face cloth, which had been on Jesus' head"[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A7&version=MOUNCE">Jn 20:7</a>]. </p><p><a name="paraJNT"></a>• `<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+19%3A39-40&version=NIV">John 19:39-40</a> says that Jesus’ body was wrapped with a mixture of myrrh and aloes of about seventy-five pounds weight but not a trace of those spices appears on the cloth.'<blockquote>"... the Gospel of John ... describes ... `an hundred pound weight' of burial spices--not a trace of which appears on the cloth."[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>The key Greek word in <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A39-40&version=MOUNCE">Jn 19:39-40</a> is <i>meta</i>[<a href="#BW57">BW57</a>, 94], "with"[<a href="#RA32">RA32</a>, 307], not <i>epi</i> "on." That is, the "hundred pound weight' of burial spices" were <i>with</i>, not <i>on</i> Jesus' body:<blockquote>"What of the spices? St. John tells us that Nicodemus, assisting Joseph of Arimathea, brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes weighing about a hundred pounds. He also tells us that these were wrapped with the body in the burial linen (Jn. 19:39, 40). Had such spices been used for anointing, it would have been requisite in Jewish ritual and indeed in that of any other culture to wash the body first. As it is quite evident from the Shroud that the body was not washed, and as the weight of spices described would be vastly excessive even for the most lavish anointing, the most likely explanation would seem to be that they were dry blocks of aromatics packed around the body as antiputrefacients"[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 56].</blockquote>So, since the spices were <i>alongside</i> Jesus' body, not <i>over</i> it, it would not be surprising if there were no traces of myrrh and aloes on the Shroud. Especially after almost 2000 years. But Nickell is wrong again. There <i>are</i> traces of myrrh and aloes on the Shroud: <blockquote>"During the tests of 1978, one of the scientists was permitted to remove fragments of threads from the Holy Shroud ... Recent research with immunofluorescence methods has also demonstrated <i>the presence of traces of aloes and myrrh</i>. These traces occur both in areas corresponding to bloodstains and in other areas as well." (my emphasis)</blockquote><a name="paraNXF"></a>• `No examples of the Shroud's complex herringbone twill weave in linen date from the first century.'<blockquote>"No examples of the shroud linen's complex herringbone twill weave date from the first century, when burial cloths tended to be of plain weave in any case"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>This is misleading. Nickell's "... first century ... burial cloths tended to be of plain weave" implies that there are many existing first century burial cloths. But, as Nickell would surely have known, there is <i>only one</i> burial shroud, other than the Shroud, which has survived from first </p><p><a name="paraFFT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeROUU8jwveNFhKK5_PRyg8C0YK329t6rUUc8TePpV1hTOcUE2Hx2aOTNm6V0s2lNUIIBCFR-VwpvpZUMuV2tEpfuoJQHhn9WWJtd_EHZvblEHk90vq3VOWONey_-xeiM9p2NAn7MO9lme/s1600/Jerusalem091217.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeROUU8jwveNFhKK5_PRyg8C0YK329t6rUUc8TePpV1hTOcUE2Hx2aOTNm6V0s2lNUIIBCFR-VwpvpZUMuV2tEpfuoJQHhn9WWJtd_EHZvblEHk90vq3VOWONey_-xeiM9p2NAn7MO9lme/s800/Jerusalem091217.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeROUU8jwveNFhKK5_PRyg8C0YK329t6rUUc8TePpV1hTOcUE2Hx2aOTNm6V0s2lNUIIBCFR-VwpvpZUMuV2tEpfuoJQHhn9WWJtd_EHZvblEHk90vq3VOWONey_-xeiM9p2NAn7MO9lme/s800/Jerusalem091217.jpg">enlarge</a>): Fragment of the only first century shroud, a simple two-way weave in wool[<a href="#MM09">MM09</a>].]</p><p>century Jerusalem, out of what must have been tens of thousands, and it was a simple weave in wool. <a name="paraBTS"></a>Besides, it is not a Shroudie claim that the Shroud was an average first century cloth. Indeed, the very <i>opposite</i>! That Jesus' shroud would have been expensive, is consistent with it having been bought by Jesus' "rich man" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A57-59&version=ESV">Mt 27:57-59</a>) disciple, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Joseph+of+Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+15%3A46&version=ESV">Mk 15:46</a>):<blockquote>"The normal weave in Palestinian, Roman and Egyptian loom-technology was a one-over-one. The three-to-one herringbone twill was a more refined weave. It would have been an expensive piece of cloth for the first century. However, we know from the Gospels that Joseph of Arimathea</a> was a rich man and it was he who provided the Shroud used to bury Jesus <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A57-61&version=ESV">(Mt 27:57-61</a>)[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 13].</blockquote>In this article Nickell railed against "The intellectual incompetence or outright dishonesty of the show's producers ..."[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>]. but he needs to look in a mirror! Because he <i>must</i> know that there are herringbone twill woven cloths far older than the Shroud, in linen as well as other fabrics:<blockquote>"Several authors have questioned whether the complex weaves found on the shroud were capable of being produced in the first century A.D. However, cloths with Z twist and twill weaves have been dated to times well before the time of Christ, as evidenced by a late - Bronze Age cloak found at Gerumsberg, Germany. In the burial wrappings of the mummy of King Thutmes II (c. 1450 B.C.), fabrics with a 4:1 twill were found. A scarf from the burial garments of King Seti I (1300 B.C.) contained a border with a 1:3 weave. The disposition of threads in the frame and the operation of the loom are identical with 1:3 and 3:1 twills. A piece of fabric from the tomb of Queen Makeri (1100 B.C.) had a 1:3 twill bordered with a 1:10 twill. Similarly, mummy cloth of the high priest Nessita-neb-Ashir from the same period contained weaves with 1:2 twill, 1:3 twill, and 1:6 twill. One particularly striking example of fabric weaving is a linen girdle of Ramses III (1200 B.C) This specimen, which is seventeen feet long, is woven with threads of five colors in a design composed of a 3:1 twill alternating with a 4:1 and 5:1 pattern. William Geilmann, who was a textile expert from the University of Mainz, studied pieces of linen from Palmyra, dating between the first and third centuries A.D., and one of them had the same 3:1 pattern as the Shroud. Herringbone twill examples in silk, thought to be of Syrian manufacture and dating from A.D. 250 and A.D. 276, have been found in Syria and England" (footnotes omitted)[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 98-99].</blockquote><a name="paraTSH"></a>• `The shroud has no known history prior to the mid-fourteenth century'<blockquote>"The shroud has no known history prior to the mid-fourteenth century, when it turned up in the possession of a man who never explained how he had obtained the most holy relic in Christendom"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraTSF"></a>It is <i>false</i> that "The shroud has no known history prior to the mid-fourteenth century." The <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Pray+Codex">Pray Codex</a> (see <a href="#paraTPC">above </a>) is proof that the Shroud had a history prior to the late 12th century, let alone "the mid-fourteenth century". See my "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 to the present</a>," from "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/11/chronology-of-turin-shroud-thirteenth.html#1201">1201</a>" back to "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0544">544</a>."</p><p><a name="paraSFN"></a>• `In the mid-fourteenth century the Shroud turned up in the possession of a French knight, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroi_de_Charny">Geoffroy I de Charny (c. 1306-56)</a>, who never explained how he had obtained it.' <blockquote>"The shroud ... [in] the mid-fourteenth century ... turned up in the possession of a man who never explained how he had obtained the most holy relic in Christendom"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>Nickell is again misleading his readers. He would surely be aware that there is a plausible explanation why Geoffroy I de Charny "turned up" owning the Shroud in "the mid-fourteenth century." And that is, his wife <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeanne_de_Vergy?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en">Jeanne de Vergy (c.1332–1428)</a> (note their ~26 year age difference, proving that this was no ordinary marriage), was a direct descendent of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>r <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othon_de_la_Roche">Othon de la Roche (c.1170-1234)</a>, who looted the Shroud in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople">1204 Sack of Constantinople</a>, and passed it down through his descendants, one of whom was Jeanne de Vergy. See my: <blockquote>"<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-fourteenth.html#1389f">1389f</a> Pope Clement VII allowed expositions of the Shroud to continue as a `figure' and `representation' of Jesus' burial shroud and commanded Bishop d'Arcis to `perpetual silence' on this matter. This unexpected siding of the Pope with the de Charnys against a senior bishop is explained by Clement, as Robert of Geneva, being not only a nephew of Jeanne de Vergy[Geoffroy I's wife]'s second husband Aymon of Geneva, but also having been their neighbour. So Clement presumably had a private viewing of the Shroud and was told by Jeanne that her ancestor, Othon de la Roche (c.1170-1234) had looted the Shroud in the 1204 sack of Constantinople. The problem for the Pope was that the Byzantine Empire (c.330–1453) still existed and its Emperor John V Palaiologos (1332–1391) lived in Chambéry, France! So if the de Charny's continued to claim that the Shroud was Jesus' burial Shroud, John V would have known it was the one looted from Constantinople and demanded it be returned to him, creating a diplomatic crisis for the Pope! It may be no coincidence that the year the Byzantine Empire ended, 1453, was the same year that Geoffroy II's daughter, Marguerite de Charny, transferred the Shroud to Duke Louis I of Savoy (1440-1465)" (references omitted).</blockquote><a name="paraTRW"></a>• `The earliest written record of the Shroud is a 1389 memorandum of a Bishop of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes">Troyes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes#1300_to_1500">Pierre d'Arcis (r. 1377-95)</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII">Pope Clement VII (r. 1523-34)</a>, which alleged, "to attract the multitude so that money might cunningly be wrung from them, pretended miracles were worked"[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 267]'<blockquote>"The earliest written record of the shroud is a bishop's report to Pope Clement VII, dated 1389, stating that it originated as part of a faith-healing scheme, with `pretended miracles' being staged to defraud credulous pilgrims"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>But d'Arcis (a former lawyer) <i>did not provide any evidence for his allegations</i>, and it is<i> contrary to the evidence</i> that we do have. So d'Arcis was <i>fraudulently making it up</i>! See my: <blockquote>"<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-fourteenth.html#1389d">1389d</a>. In October Bishop d'Arcis appealed to Pope Clement VII about the current exhibition of the Shroud at Lirey, describing it as bearing the double imprint of a crucified man and that it was being claimed to be the true Shroud in which Jesus's body was wrapped, and was attracting crowds of pilgrims. But according to d'Arcis' information it had been discovered to be the work of an artist ... But d'Arcis provided no evidence in his memorandum to substantiate his claims, which he would have if there had been any. D'Arcis did not provide the name of the artist, nor a record of his confession, nor the source of his allegations. There is also no record of Henri de Poitiers conducting any inquiry into the origin of Shroud and d'Arcis did not even know its date! But there is a record of a letter of 28 May 1356, from Bishop Henri de Poitiers, praising Geoffroy I, ratifying the Lirey church and approving its `divine cult', which presumably refers to the Shroud! It is also highly unlikely that Geoffrey I de Charny, the owner of the Shroud in the 1350s, one of France's most ethical knights, and a devout author of religious poetry, was complicit in forging Jesus' burial shroud. The final refutation of the d'Arcis memorandum is that the image of the man on the Shroud is not painted!" (references omitted)</blockquote><a name="paraMTD"></a>Moreover, the de Charnys never were wealthy, as they would have been if d'Arcis' allegations were true. In 1356 the newly widowed Jeanne de Vergy had to petition the future king <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France">Charles V (r. 1364-80)</a>, whose father <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_France">King John II (r. 1350-64)</a> was a prisoner in France, for the two houses in Paris that King John had promised Geoffroy I, to be granted to their son <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n66part5.pdf">Geoffroy II de Charny (1352-98)</a>[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 279]. And the small wooden Lirey church, far from being very wealthy, as it would have been if d'Arcis' allegations were true, became dilapidated and was not rebuilt in stone until 1526, 171 years after 1355:<blockquote>"1508 ... Under the direction of John Huart, dean of Lirey, work begins in this year on the rebuilding in stone of Geoffrey de Charny's wooden church at Lirey, now fallen into disrepair. This will take another eighteen years[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 287].</blockquote><a name="paraDNH"></a>• `Bishop d'Arcis in his memorandum claimed that, "Henry of Poitiers ... then Bishop of Troyes ... after diligent inquiry and examination ... discovered the fraud and how the said cloth had been cunningly painted, the truth being attested by the artist who had painted it, to wit, that it was a work of human skill and not miraculously wrought or bestowed'[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 267].<blockquote>"The bishop's report also stated that a predecessor had `discovered the fraud and how the said cloth had been cunningly painted, the truth being attested by the artist who had painted it'"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>This shows the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=duplicity">duplicity</a> of Joe Nickell! As we saw <a href="#paraSFT">above</a>, Nickell had <i>admitted ~17 years before, that the Shroud image was not painted</i>! So at best d'Arcis was <i>mistaken</i> that one of his predecessors Henri de Poitiers, had discovered the artist who had painted the Shroud and obtained his confession that he did it, or more likely, d'Arcis was <i>lying</i> about it! Either way, Nickell is again misleading his readers by claiming the Shroud was "cunningly painted" <i>when he knows it was not painted!</i></p><p><a name="paraSSA"></a>• `As St. Augustine wrote in the early fifth century, the portraits in his time were "innumerable in concept and design," and for one very good reason: "We do not know of his external appearance, nor that of his mother"'[<a href="#ADT">ADT</a>].<blockquote>"Although, as St.Augustine lamented in the fourth century, Jesus' appearance was completely unknown, the shroud image follows the conventional artistic likeness"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>First, Augustine was not lamenting - this is an example of Nickell's constant anti-Christian spin. In his <i>De Trinitate</i> ("<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Trinity">On the Trinity</a>") <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo">Augustine (354-430)</a> was arguing for "the impossibility for the finite human mind to know deeply the faith mystery of the Most Holy <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity">Trinity</a>"[<a href="#NTW">NTW</a>]. So Augustine would have been happy to claim that (if he actually did-see next). Second, it was the fifth century (Augustine began <i>De Trinitate</i> in 400[<a href="#NTW">NTW</a>] - the last year of the fourth century). Third, Augustine did not actually write the words attributed to Augustine by Wilson, quoted above by Nickell, and repeated in several of Wilson's books[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 101, <a href="#WI86">WI86</a>, 110, <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 126 & <a href="#WS00">WS00</a> 109]. What Augustine actually wrote in his <i>De Trinitate</i> was:<blockquote>"For even the countenance of our Lord Himself in the flesh is variously fancied by the diversity of countless imaginations, which yet was one, whatever it was ... And whether that was the countenance of Mary which occurred to the mind in speaking of those things or recollecting them, we neither know at all, nor believe"[<a href="#HA87">HA87</a>]</blockquote>So Augustine did not write in his <i>De Trinitate</i> that "Jesus' appearance was completely unknown" but rather there were a diversity of depictions of Jesus then current but there was only one actual face of Jesus. Augustine may have been aware of Shroud-like depictions of Jesus like this c. 400 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator">Pantocrator</a> ("<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator#Meaning">Ruler of All</a>") in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Marcellinus_and_Peter">Catacomb of</a> </p><p><a name="paraCMP"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJpdnE0Gov4gocEZfdvNrdFJK0s5Yi4ot57K8nbH7cH6K7QReQI-NIY01B4pBK7_DIMR4xy8j3LsaLw2wWuORjt9qabo_07nhnLd6VT96wPRcTlRSbHezvhkaJF-DUvW0OJpqZNnTjgdD0/s1600/MarcellinusAndPeter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJpdnE0Gov4gocEZfdvNrdFJK0s5Yi4ot57K8nbH7cH6K7QReQI-NIY01B4pBK7_DIMR4xy8j3LsaLw2wWuORjt9qabo_07nhnLd6VT96wPRcTlRSbHezvhkaJF-DUvW0OJpqZNnTjgdD0/s800/MarcellinusAndPeter.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJpdnE0Gov4gocEZfdvNrdFJK0s5Yi4ot57K8nbH7cH6K7QReQI-NIY01B4pBK7_DIMR4xy8j3LsaLw2wWuORjt9qabo_07nhnLd6VT96wPRcTlRSbHezvhkaJF-DUvW0OJpqZNnTjgdD0/s1600/MarcellinusAndPeter.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#MPW">MPW</a>]: Extract of the c.400 Pantocrator in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Marcellinus_and_Peter">Catacomb of Saints Marcellinus and Peter</a> (not the Apostle), Rome. Although Jesus' Shroud-like face does not have the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/02/four-proofs-that-ad-1260-1390.html">Vignon markings</a> of later Byzantine icons, it is such a radical departure from the "<a href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=_FdNjPxBETIC&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173&dq=beardless+Apollo+Shroud&source=bl&ots=bJOZcYhr2U&sig=GAXmL1rZ-ypuzKJY7eL76BLmU1c&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZ4Ind_8TPAhVD74MKHRx2D5UQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=beardless%20Apollo%20Shroud&f=false">beardless Apollo</a>" depictions of Jesus then current, the simplest explanation is that the artist had seen the Shroud in the 4th century!]</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Marcellinus_and_Peter">Saints Marcellinus and Peter</a>, Rome. But living in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Augustine may not have known the history of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud </a> for him to realise that such images are indeed Shroud-like!</p><p><a name="paraTPS"></a>• `The man's physique is unnaturally elongated'"<blockquote>"The physique is unnaturally elongated (like figures in Gothic art) ..."[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzU1Y2_-3eEJ-FNW7svZbCDuw5jAazjo5EBtpOalSE2-G8iatu-q5bGKxgVwxshVH9AxqYU-2JiRrHPsVcKnZFkmT1Uig10VjVIiqpNTWykhGHDK2TOTQX0OmI_jmWWZI-T_8Lprd-QRMb3hrVM_gA85cL17hJnlo8HjLgh6X8RHeybVNJxU2vz1ceFMMY/s701/Durante2002Vertical230707E5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:right; float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzU1Y2_-3eEJ-FNW7svZbCDuw5jAazjo5EBtpOalSE2-G8iatu-q5bGKxgVwxshVH9AxqYU-2JiRrHPsVcKnZFkmT1Uig10VjVIiqpNTWykhGHDK2TOTQX0OmI_jmWWZI-T_8Lprd-QRMb3hrVM_gA85cL17hJnlo8HjLgh6X8RHeybVNJxU2vz1ceFMMY/s701/Durante2002Vertical230707E5.png" /></a> [Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzU1Y2_-3eEJ-FNW7svZbCDuw5jAazjo5EBtpOalSE2-G8iatu-q5bGKxgVwxshVH9AxqYU-2JiRrHPsVcKnZFkmT1Uig10VjVIiqpNTWykhGHDK2TOTQX0OmI_jmWWZI-T_8Lprd-QRMb3hrVM_gA85cL17hJnlo8HjLgh6X8RHeybVNJxU2vz1ceFMMY/s701/Durante2002Vertical230707E5.png">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#LM10a">LM10a</a>]: The full-length Shroud. As can be seen, the man's image is not "unnaturally elongated." It does however reflect the Shroudman's forward-leaning final crucifixion position, fixed by rigor mortis (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/06/the-shroudman-and-jesus-were-crucified.html#paraTSN">05Jun22</a>).]</p><p></p><p><a name="paraTSL"></a>• `There is a lack of wrap-around distortions that would be expected if the cloth had enclosed a three-dimensional human body'<blockquote>"... there is a lack of wrap-around distortions that would be expected if the cloth had enclosed an actual three-dimensional object like a human body"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>This is explained by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin_Research_Project">STURP</a> founder <a href="https://www.shroudofturin.com/founders.html">Prof. John Jackson</a>'s Cloth Collapse Theory (see my <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/01/john-p-jackson-unconventional.html">18Jan12</a>), where the Shroud fell through the man's "mechanically transparent" body, flattening out by air resistance as it fell:<blockquote>"Jackson's [cloth collapse] theory predicts that the Shroud's images would be encoded if the body became insubstantial and emitted ultraviolet light. As the cloth fell through the body region, each point on the cloth would receive a radiation dose in proportion to the time it was within the region. The parts of the cloth that were over the highest points of the supine body (for example, the tip of the nose) would receive the longest dose of radiation, while the parts of the cloth over the lowest points of the body would receive the least. Thus, the intensity of all points on the resultant body image on the two-dimensional cloth would be directly correlated to the distance that they originally were from the surface of the three-dimensional body. Furthermore, since the draped cloth fell by gravity, all points of the resultant body image would have aligned vertically with the corresponding body point below it"[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 220]</blockquote><a name="paraTMH"></a>• `The man's hair hangs as though he is standing, rather than reclining'<blockquote>"The hair hangs as for a standing, rather than reclining figure ..."[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraTRT"></a>There are three plausible explanations why the Shroudman's hair is parallel to his face, as though he is standing, not lying on his back. </p><p><a name="paraFFT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVOGuqO4XhMZvmiVoOIqIUA7u4q5UY2GzWvbj4p-NphdxivdyZCFHW0n91YlpwpCsETfiBxcBtwZMvBrB5nwhuKj-rdut86EZ1gq72PkwD3cpmNXqfxbJZtrJNIuxWP3dieIra1XeXyCY0vMaTIHJarM9z2rGi7Z7VuNNRZEqnKpI506e4r7kwK6av3JO9/s696/HairDuranteFaceShroudScope230707E5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVOGuqO4XhMZvmiVoOIqIUA7u4q5UY2GzWvbj4p-NphdxivdyZCFHW0n91YlpwpCsETfiBxcBtwZMvBrB5nwhuKj-rdut86EZ1gq72PkwD3cpmNXqfxbJZtrJNIuxWP3dieIra1XeXyCY0vMaTIHJarM9z2rGi7Z7VuNNRZEqnKpI506e4r7kwK6av3JO9/s696/HairDuranteFaceShroudScope230707E5.png" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVOGuqO4XhMZvmiVoOIqIUA7u4q5UY2GzWvbj4p-NphdxivdyZCFHW0n91YlpwpCsETfiBxcBtwZMvBrB5nwhuKj-rdut86EZ1gq72PkwD3cpmNXqfxbJZtrJNIuxWP3dieIra1XeXyCY0vMaTIHJarM9z2rGi7Z7VuNNRZEqnKpI506e4r7kwK6av3JO9/s696/HairDuranteFaceShroudScope230707E5.png">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#LM10c">LM10c</a>]: Positive of the Shroud-man's face, showing his hair parallel to his face.]</p><p>First, if the man in the Shroud was laid in a trough grave, his hair would be held by the sides of the trough, parallel to his upturned face:<blockquote>"According to the researches of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Dalman">G. Dalman [1855– 1941]</a>, the celebrated authority on Palestine, the actual burial chamber was a small cubicle roughly three and one quarter feet wide, six and a half feet long, and six and a half feet high (1 m. by 2 m. by 2 m.). It was entered by a small opening, a little more than three feet (1 m.) high at most. To the right was the grave, cut from the living rock and set about two feet (60 cm.) above the floor of the chamber. Its dimensions were roughly six and a half feet long by three feet wide (2 m. by 90 cm.). Above it, there probably was a vaulted roof hewn from the rock. The grave proper was either a so-called `bench grave' upon which the dead was laid, <i>or more likely, a `trough grave,' hollowed out of the rock in the shape of a coffin, into which the corpse was placed</i>. A number of such graves have been preserved to us (the most ancient go back to the first century) so that we know approximately the proportions of the tomb under discussion" (my emphasis)[<a href="#BW57">BW57</a>, 96-97]</blockquote> Second, the man's hair may have been pressed parallel to his face by the spices packed around his head and body (see <a href="#paraJNT">above </a>). Third, a <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Corona+discharge">corona discharge</a> may have caused the man's hair to `stand on end' and<a href="https://www.physikanten.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/van-de-graaff-generator_Inhalt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://www.physikanten.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/van-de-graaff-generator_Inhalt.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://www.physikanten.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/van-de-graaff-generator_Inhalt.jpg">enlarge</a>): "The classic is holding your hands on the [<a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Van+de+Graaff+Generator">Van de Graaff Generator</a>'s] metal sphere as it charges, the results really can be <i>hair-raising</i>!"[<a href="#EVD">EVD</a>].</p><p>make it appear to be lighter (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/12/flower-plant-images-31-other-marks-and.html#paraCDX">17Dec19</a>).</p><p><a name="paraTMP"></a>• `The imprint of a bloody foot is incompatible with the outstretched leg to which it belongs'<blockquote>"... the imprint of a bloody foot is incompatible with the outstretched leg to which it belongs"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote> This is simply <i>false</i> and Nickell (who is not stupid and has read pro-<a name="paraFLD"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_GfRmr-0Q2hJHzxUWoQw78jz-dfXEo6Sup7IVOLEc5MonNf7K-WRzRS51c-jBS5sKw4L_dqs8fkcMTENmuINumcALBz4wsMXv14OZWsOXCiyzuctntjYT_kvVYhXm1Am4O0FH-1EgXPZDgqou8j0ZGbI0Y8CrSRFPn39w0N7Dx6hK29B2OWGXpWvDIxe3/s548/Feet&LegsDorsal230707E5.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_GfRmr-0Q2hJHzxUWoQw78jz-dfXEo6Sup7IVOLEc5MonNf7K-WRzRS51c-jBS5sKw4L_dqs8fkcMTENmuINumcALBz4wsMXv14OZWsOXCiyzuctntjYT_kvVYhXm1Am4O0FH-1EgXPZDgqou8j0ZGbI0Y8CrSRFPn39w0N7Dx6hK29B2OWGXpWvDIxe3/s548/Feet&LegsDorsal230707E5.png" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_GfRmr-0Q2hJHzxUWoQw78jz-dfXEo6Sup7IVOLEc5MonNf7K-WRzRS51c-jBS5sKw4L_dqs8fkcMTENmuINumcALBz4wsMXv14OZWsOXCiyzuctntjYT_kvVYhXm1Am4O0FH-1EgXPZDgqou8j0ZGbI0Y8CrSRFPn39w0N7Dx6hK29B2OWGXpWvDIxe3/s548/Feet&LegsDorsal230707E5.png">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#LM10b">LM10b</a>]: Shroud feet and legs, dorsal. As can be seen, the imprints of both bloody feet <i>are</i> compatible with the outstretched legs to which they belongs!]</p><p>Shroud literature) must <i>know</i> it is false! The frontal image of the legs and feet looks like what Nickell described, because the man was lying on his back and from his thighs down the front of the Shroud only touched his knees and toes. But the back, or dorsal image shows that both feet were connected normally to their respective legs. The left foot, because its leg was bent at the knee, placed over the right foot, and a single nail driven through both feet into the cross under them, remained bent by rigor mortis and didn't fully touch the Shroud under it[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 22].</p><p><a name="paraTBR"></a>• `The bloodstains are unnaturally picture-like'<blockquote>"The alleged blood stains are unnaturally picture-like"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraNKT"></a>Nickell knows the answer to this objection but he keeps it from his readers: "what is seen on the Shroud is not so much whole blood as an exudate from clotted wounds":<blockquote>"Again, from our experience with cut fingers we know that blood upon clotting quickly becomes crusty and flakes off, both from the skin and from any covering bandage, regardless of what injury it may have derived from. Yet one of the extraordinary features of the Shroud's bloodflows is that they appear suspiciously complete - effectively, whole images of stains, without any indications of anything having flaked away. So how is any of this possible, without the Shroud being an obvious forgery? ... [Dr.] <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Gilbert+Lavoie">Gilbert Lavoie</a> threw some significant light on this question by dripping fresh blood onto various surfaces, then applying a linen cloth at various intervals during the clotting process, finding that the impression had to be transferred onto the cloth within two hours in order to produce imprints like those on the Shroud[<a href="#LG83">LG83</a>] From such experiments both he and others have formed the opinion that what is seen on the Shroud is not so much whole blood as an exudate from clotted wounds. This contains very few actual cells of blood and would give us more in the way of images of blood rather than whole bloodstains ..."[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 85-86, 88].</blockquote>The transfer from the blood clots to the Shroud was due to "<a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=fibrinolysis">fibrinolysis</a>, which causes blood clots to dissolve again":<blockquote>"From his study of the Shroud, Gilbert Lavoie has deduced that, until a few moments before death, blood was flowing from the wounds and that the body was wrapped in a winding sheet not more than two-and-a-half hours after his death ... The experimental studies of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Dr+Sebastiano+Rodante+1924-2016">[Dr] Sebastiano Rodante [1924-2016]</a> have shown that to effect a transfer of the blood onto the cloth as that which took place on the Shroud, the body has to remain in contact with the sheet for about 36 hours. During this period of time, an important part was carried out by fibrinolysis, which causes blood clots to dissolve again." <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Carlo+Brillante+1931-2006">Carlo Brillante [1931-2006]</a>, a professor in chemistry and clinical microscopy at the University of Bologna, has developed the study of fibrinolysis in connection with the Shroud: `The coagulating and fibrinolytic systems are in a dynamic equilibrium between them. The first one forms the fibrin, the second one removes it. The phenomenon of the lysis must have happened in a relatively short time, in any case not more than 36 hours. The fibrinolytic phenomenon follows precise laws according to the period of contact; if this does not exceed a certain amount of hours, the transfer does not take place or takes place in a rudimentary manner, while, if it exceeds that number of hours, the blood will smear the fabric (and therefore it will not form a transfer) because of the increased friability of the blood clots. This is one of the fundamental observations that confirms the undeniable relationships between fibrinolysis and the haematic stains on the Shroud. The Shroud shows that fibrinolysis had started and ceased at an unknown time `X' (probably not more than 36-40 hours) since the haematic imprints are perfectly transferred and delineated'" [<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 211-212].</blockquote><a name="paraNFM"></a>• `Instead of matting the hair, the bloodstains run in rivulets on the outside of the locks'<blockquote>"Instead of matting the hair, for instance, they [the bloodstains] run in rivulets on the outside of the locks"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>Again, Nickell must know that "the bloodstains [which] run in rivulets on the outside of the locks" <i>are not in his hair but on his face</i>! From my post of <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/06/real-human-blood-23-man-on-shroud.html">03Jun17</a> (references omitted): "In 1986 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_R._Lavoie">Dr Gilbert Lavoie</a> was looking at a life-size positive photograph of the Shroud face (Fig. 1), </p><p><a name="paraFGN"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxncUhyphenhyphenq7jK31Wbiy4ZMO_-B5cRDhZnFtJTNPlxoMOGvxrmOqJ5AMw18RtiLyULwIzouZDkMBlDASx3xBRIHP0I0VkRLnFfOEJBzmmHmjVBw4Xdzyp0zehYQARV_22-2qMhKhyphenhyphena7nqfRAT/s1600/Fig1%25263Lavoie1998p103%2526106.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxncUhyphenhyphenq7jK31Wbiy4ZMO_-B5cRDhZnFtJTNPlxoMOGvxrmOqJ5AMw18RtiLyULwIzouZDkMBlDASx3xBRIHP0I0VkRLnFfOEJBzmmHmjVBw4Xdzyp0zehYQARV_22-2qMhKhyphenhyphena7nqfRAT/s800/Fig1%25263Lavoie1998p103%2526106.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxncUhyphenhyphenq7jK31Wbiy4ZMO_-B5cRDhZnFtJTNPlxoMOGvxrmOqJ5AMw18RtiLyULwIzouZDkMBlDASx3xBRIHP0I0VkRLnFfOEJBzmmHmjVBw4Xdzyp0zehYQARV_22-2qMhKhyphenhyphena7nqfRAT/s1600/Fig1%25263Lavoie1998p103%2526106.jpg">enlarge</a>): Fig. 1, Shroud face, positive image (left), and Fig. 3, cutouts of the blood marks on the face and hair of the Shroud (right).<br><br>[Below (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVTvb1S_x8fqgAb-G2HYpvpP71kQGxMmY9k-qvt8RjELDG9OIO38FpyAfLH-9LRPkjCOBKO9UHt9nwnQdNmr3_7bikih-CV6j_T1y4d-G71uzvSubexloOyYZY-yP-aGiP1w7J0CmsaCDm/s1600/Fig4%25265Lavoie1998p106%2526108.jpg">enlarge</a>): Fig. 4, cutouts of the blood marks above right draped over a man's face (left), and Fig. 5, `blood' marks painted on the man's face through the cutouts.]</p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVTvb1S_x8fqgAb-G2HYpvpP71kQGxMmY9k-qvt8RjELDG9OIO38FpyAfLH-9LRPkjCOBKO9UHt9nwnQdNmr3_7bikih-CV6j_T1y4d-G71uzvSubexloOyYZY-yP-aGiP1w7J0CmsaCDm/s1600/Fig4%25265Lavoie1998p106%2526108.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVTvb1S_x8fqgAb-G2HYpvpP71kQGxMmY9k-qvt8RjELDG9OIO38FpyAfLH-9LRPkjCOBKO9UHt9nwnQdNmr3_7bikih-CV6j_T1y4d-G71uzvSubexloOyYZY-yP-aGiP1w7J0CmsaCDm/s800/Fig4%25265Lavoie1998p106%2526108.jpg" /></a><a name="paraMSF"></a>when it occurred to him that the blood was a little too far out on either side of the face. To test this he asked his daughters to outline on tracing paper the blood marks on the forehead and hair, trace the position of the eyes and nose, make a cutout of the tracing, remove the paper within the outlined blood marks, and make holes at the eyes large enough to see through. When Lavoie placed the tracing paper with its blood mark cutouts over his face, aligning the eyes and nose with his own, and looked through the eye slits in a mirror, it confirmed that the blood in the hair is actually on the sides of the face! Lavoie then visually reproduced this by painting through the blood mark cutouts onto the face of a bearded man volunteer (see Fig. 1, 3, 4 and 5 <a href="#paraFGN">above</a>). <a name="paraTMT"></a>This means that the blood on the Shroud and the body image were caused by <i>two different processes separated in space and time</i>! The blood marks have been transferred to the cloth by direct contact with clots from wounds, while <i>the body image has been projected onto the cloth by a non-contact type of radiation</i>. <a name="paraJCC"></a>This is explained by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin_Research_Project">STURP</a>'s <a href="https://www.shroudofturin.com/founders.html">John P. Jackson</a>'s "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/01/john-p-jackson-unconventional.html">cloth collapse theory</a>" where the body became "mechanically transparent," and the cloth fell through the space where the radiating body was, flattening out due to air resistance.</p><a name="paraDBS"></a>• `Dried blood, as on the arms, has been transferred to the cloth"<blockquote>"Also, dried `blood' (as on the arms) has been implausibly transferred to the cloth"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>First, the blood on the Shroud is not `blood' in quotation marks but <i>real, human blood</i>! See again my post of <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/06/real-human-blood-23-man-on-shroud.html">03Jun17</a> which is titled "Real human blood #23." <a name="paraNTP"></a>In that post I showed <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/06/real-human-blood-23-man-on-shroud.html#paraRBD">a table of 12 tests for blood</a> used by STURP blood chemist <a href="http://www.katjaorlova.com/ShroudDadObit.html">Alan D. Adler (1931-2000)</a>, at STURP's final public meeting in October 1981 (references omitted):<blockquote>"Table 5: Summary of tests by Adler and Heller which confirmed that the blood on the Shroud was real blood. At the public final meeting of STURP in New London, Connecticut in October 1981, after explaining each item in this table, Adler, who had `already published close to a hundred articles on his blood research; forty-odd concerned porphyrins' concluded: `That means that the red stuff on the Shroud is emphatically, and without any reservation, nothing else but B-L-O-O-D!'"</blockquote>Second, see <a href="#paraTBR">above</a> that all the blood on the Shroudman at the time of his burial had dried but in the tomb it became briefly liquid again by the process of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=fibrinolysis">fibrinolysis</a> (which again Nickell would surely know but keeps that from his `sceptic' readers).</p><p><a name="paraTBS"></a>• `The blood is bright red whereas blood blackens with age.'<blockquote>"The blood remains bright red, unlike genuine blood that blackens with age."[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>Again Nickell, who is well-read in pro-Shroud literature, knows the answer to this objection but does not tell his so-called `sceptic' readers, that the Shroudman's blood is red, because of its extraordinarily high <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> content, found in the blood of victims of severe trauma, as that of a crucifixion victim would be:<blockquote>"Furthermore, Alan Adler tumbled upon one very important explanation for why, as has been agreed by everyone, the `blood' looks too red. A particular oddity that he discovered of the Shroud `blood's' bile pigments was that these seemed to contain what he called `an extraordinarily high' level of the pigment bilirubin, giving rise to the question why this should be so. As he explained[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 88-89]: <blockquote>`One possibility is that the person had a severe malaria, but this does not seem very likely. But a torture, scourging and crucifixion leading to shock - that would produce a tremendous hemolysis [break-up of red blood corpuscles-IW]. In less than 30 seconds the haemolyzed haemoglobin will run through the liver, building up a very high bilirubin. If that blood then clots the exudate forms, and all the intact cells with haemoglobin stay behind, only the haemolyzed goes out along with the serum albumin which bind the bilirubin. So what one ends up with on the cloth is an exudate which has an enhanced bilirubin index with respect to the haemolyzed haemoglobin. You now mix bilirubin which is yellow-orange with methaemoglobin in its para-hemic form, which is an orangey-brown, and you get blood which has a red colour"[<a href="#AA86">AA86</a>, 60-61].</blockquote></blockquote><a name="paraTNS"></a>• `The 1973 Turin Commission, which included Prof. Giorgio Frache, a forensic serologist from the University of Modena, Italy, was unable to detect blood in bloodstained threads taken from the Shroud.'<blockquote>"Subsequently, the distinguished microanalyst Walter McCrone identified the "blood" as red ocher and vermilion tempera paint and concluded that the entire image had been painted."[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>It was <i>one</i> forensic serologist, Giorgio Frache, Professor of Legal Medicine at the University of Modena, Italy, and his assistants. And I doubt that he was "internationally known" since a Google search reveals very little about him. So Nickell is indulging in his usual rhetoric, boosting those who are favourable to his anti-Shroud position and denigrating those unfavourable to it! And nor were the "reddish granules" they found "suspicious" - Nickell is making that up!</p><p>The problem was that, as a <i>truly</i> "internationally known" blood expert, Prof. Alan Adler, "who had `already published close to a hundred articles on his blood research" (see <a href="#paraNTP">above</a>), pointed out, Frache's team had failed to dissolve the "granules" into a solution to conduct the necessary wet chemical test:<blockquote>"A more complete examination was made in the autumn of 1973 by a team made up of most of the scientists " who had made the preliminary study. They included Giorgio Frache, forensic serologist from the University of Modena; Guido Filogamo, director of the Institute of Human Anatomy at the University of Turin; Alberto Zina, another professor from the University of Turin; Enzo DeLorenzi, who headed a radiological laboratory in Turin; Gilbert Raes, a professor of the Ghent Institute of Textile Technology in Belgium; Silvio Curto, a museum curator; Cesare Codegone, a physicist; and Noemi Gabrielli, former curator of the art galleries in Italy's Piedmont region. This group viewed the Shroud on November 24, 1973, and were allowed to remove seventeen samples, mostly single threads, for study. Three years later [1976], they published their findings in a one hundred twenty page report entitled <i>La Sindone: Richerche e studi della Commissione di Esperti</i> ("The Shroud: Research and Studies of the Commission of Experts"). One of the most significant findings was that the body image did not penetrate the cloth, but was confined to the topmost layers of the fabric ... Frache studied several threads from the areas of the Shroud that appear to be stained with blood. He subjected them to a test with a chemical solution of benzidine, followed by treatment with hydrogen peroxide. If the threads contained blood, this solution should have turned blue when it came in contact with them. It did not, and Frache and his colleagues therefore had no evidence of the presence of blood on the Shroud. Alan Adler, the American chemist who later demonstrated the presence of blood, believed that his Italian colleagues were unsuccessful because they were unable to get the blood into a solution in order to perform the necessary wet chemical test"[<a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 74-75].</blockquote><a name="paraNGN"></a>And again, Nickell deceived his `sceptic' readers by not telling them that subsequently blood chemist <a href="http://www.katjaorlova.com/ShroudDadObit.html">Alan D. Adler (1931-2000)</a>[<a href="#HJ83">HJ83</a>, 216] and Medical Examiner at the University of Turin, Prof. <a href="http://www.opac.unicatt.it/search~S1*eng?/sS%7Bu012B%7Dmorg+%3B/ssimorg/-3%2C-1%2C0%2CE/frameset&FF=ssindone+di+torino&3%2C4%2C">Pierluigi Baima Bollone (1937-)</a>[<a href="#BZ98">BZ98</a>, 21], did show that the Shroudman's bloodstains are real, human blood!</p><p><a name="paraTLM"></a>• `The leading sceptic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_McCrone">Walter McCrone (1916-2002)</a> identified the Shroudman's blood' as red ochre and vermilion tempera paint and concluded that the entire Shroud image had been painted.'<blockquote>"Subsequently, the distinguished microanalyst Walter McCrone identified the `blood' as red ocher and vermilion tempera paint and concluded that the entire image had been painted."[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>McCrone ignored STURP'S battery of chemical and physical tests which proved that the Shroud image was <i>not</i> painted, and claimed that just by looking through an optical microscope he could determine that the Shroud image <i>was</i> painted[<a href="#HJ83">HJ83</a>, 99-100]! But another leading sceptic, Joe Nickell, effectively admitted in his 1987 book, "Inquest of the Shroud of Turin," that the Shroudman's image was <i>not painted</i> (see <a href="#paraSFT">above</a>):<blockquote>"... convincing evidence for any painting medium (that is, oil, egg tempera, etc.) on shroud image fibers is lacking ... Even at 40X magnification there are no obvious encrustations and no apparent cementing between threads nor any consistent and confirmed coating of fibers to indicate the presence of a painting medium ... The superficiality of the stain - extending `only 2 or 3 fibers deep into the thread structure'[<a href="#SR82">SR82</a>, 11] - is another strong argument against painting. A fluid medium (for example, paint, dye, ink) would be expected, by capillary action, to penetrate much farther - to the depth of a full thread, or even to the reverse of the cloth. Finally, tests at several laboratories[<a href="#SR82">SR82</a>, 14, 29, 31] failed to detect the presence of any foreign organic substance in `body' image areas"[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, 99-100].</blockquote><a name="paraNNN"></a>• `In <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1988, the Shroud was radiocarbon dated 1260-1390 by three laboratories at Zurich, Oxford and Arizona</a>, each using the identical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry">AMS</a> technique. The midpoint, 1325 ± 65, was about the time of the forger's confession claimed by Bishop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes#1300_to_1500">Pierre d'Arcis (r. 1377-95)</a> in his 1389 memorandum.'<blockquote>"In 1988, the shroud cloth was radiocarbon dated by three different laboratories (at Zurich, Oxford, and the University of Arizona). The results were in close agreement and yield a date range of A.D.1260-1390, about the time of the reported forger's confession"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>First, there was no "forger's confession" (see <a href="#paraNTW">above</a>), so there is no independent corroboration of the Shroud's 1260-1390 radiocarbon date (see <a href="#paraSTS">above</a>). The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray_Codex">Pray Codex (1192-95)</a> with its "eight telling correspondences" between the Shroud and one of its the drawings (see <a href="#paraTPC">above</a>) alone is proof beyond reasonable doubt that the 1260-1390 radiocarbon date of the Shroud <i>cannot</i> be correct. <a name="paraNPC"></a>And the Pray Codex is <i>not</i> alone as visual proof beyond reasonable doubt that the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a> was wrong! <a name="paraTMS"></a>One of 574 miniatures in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a>, a twelfth century illuminated manuscript, titled "<a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=surrender+of+the+mandylion">The surrender of the Holy Mandylion</a>, depicts Edessa's Muslim ruler handing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a> to Byzantine </p><p><a name="paraTSF"></a><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Surrender_of_the_Mandylion_to_the_Byzantines.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Surrender_of_the_Mandylion_to_the_Byzantines.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Surrender_of_the_Mandylion_to_the_Byzantines.jpg">enlarge</a>): "<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Surrender_of_the_Mandylion_to_the_Byzantines.jpg">The surrender of the Holy Mandylion</a>" (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>), one of 574 miniatures, which may be copies of earlier Byzantine images, in the 12th Century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes">"Madrid Skylitzes</a>," which was based on the <i>Synopsis of Histories</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skylitzes">John Skylitzes (c. 1040s – aft. 1101)</a>. The persons on the left are wearing turbans and the buildings on their side have no Christian crosses, hence they are Muslims. The buildings on the right have Christian crosses, which means that the artist depicted both the Image being handed over by muslims in Edessa and its arrival in Christian Constantinople. Note that <i>behind the face-only Image of Edessa is depicted the full-length Shroud</i>! So by at least the 12th century (and the earliest <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud</a> was 13th century) the <a href="https://goo.gl/LTMUFu">Image of Edessa/Mandylion</a> was known to be the full-length Shroud! See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/#0944a">31May17</a> (footnotes omitted).]</p><p>general <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kourkouas">John Kourkouas (bef. 900-aft. 946)</a> in the summer of 944 (see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/#0944a">944a</a>"), who carried it to Constantinople in August 945 (see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/#0944b">944b</a>"). As can be seen, behind the face of the Image of Edessa is a long, folded cloth, which can only be the Shroud! This proves beyond reasonable doubt that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a> was the Shroud "four-doubled" <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html"><i>tetradiplon</i></a>! Which was in Edessa in 544 (see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0544">544</a>"), <i>seven centuries</i> before the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">earliest 1260 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a>!</p><p><a name="paraDFT"></a>• `Defenders of the Shroud's authenticity have answers for each claimed piece of evidence against the Shroud being Jesus' burial sheet.'<blockquote>"Defenders of the shroud's authenticity have rationalizations for each damning piece of evidence."[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>Nickell is deceiving himself if he really thinks that there is <i>even one</i> "damning piece of evidence" against the Shroud being Jesus' burial sheet. He hasn't presented one in this article! Rather, <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">the evidence is <i>overwhelming</i> that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet</a>! </p><p><a name="paraNDF"></a>• `Defenders of the Shroud's authenticity assert that microbial contamination of the Shroud shifted its first century date thirteen centuries into the future.'<blockquote></p><p>"`Defenders of the Shroud's authenticity ... assert that microbial contamination might have altered the radiocarbon date, although for an error of thirteen centuries, there would have to be twice as much contamination by weight as the cloth itself!"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>Nickell is setting up a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man">strawman</a>. As far as I am aware, the only defender of the Shroud's authenticity who asserted that microbial contamination altered the radiocarbon date by thirteen centuries was <a href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sanantonio/name/leoncio-garza-valdes-obituary?id=22836167">Dr Leoncio Garza-Valdes (1939-2010)</a>. And as per my <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/03/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#paraTCL">21Mar23</a> post (footnotes omitted) <a name="paraTCL"></a>... in 1999 Adler delivered a <i>devastating</i> critique of Garza-Valdes' "bioplastic coating" claim:<blockquote>"In `The DNA of God?' Garza-Valdez makes a large number of extravagant claims, many of them self-contradictory, at odds with accepted Shroud scientific literature, or at odds with basic accepted biochemical, chemical, or physical knowledge ... His ... contention is that the entire cloth is more or less covered by a bioplastic coating deposited by a novel microbe [sic] that he himself has discovered in the Shroud samples in his possession. He claims this bioplastic has corrupted the radiocarbon date and even suggests that the microbes may be responsible for creating the body image ... Are we to take seriously the notion that such microbial growth could produce the VP-8 characteristic? It should be noted that to corrupt the observed radiodate from a first century date to that reported [1260-1390] requires about a 50% increase in the C14 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_fraction ">mole fraction</a>. This is a prodigious amount of bacterial metabolism. Even if we ignore the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics ">Second Law of Thermodynamics</a> and only satisfy the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics ">First Law</a>, where does all this energy for growth come from? Are the organisms photosynthetic? Where does the mass come from? Does this microorganism fix the nitrogen from air as required for its growth and metabolism? Where does it get its sulfur, phosphorus, and minerals from and to where have they disappeared ... It seems that his evidence for large amounts is based on what he sees in a microscope. Looking at his micrographs, however, gives us pause for new concerns. He shows us a magnified picture of the weave of the whole cloth and says see how shiny it is — bioplastic coated. Unfortunately, he seems to be unaware that all linen looks like this. It is called luster and it is one of the characteristics by which linen is distinguished from other fabrics. For many of the pictures ... a question arises as to whether one is really seeing ... only diffraction artifacts, as the smaller objects in the field show pronounced diffraction rings, indicating that the field is simply out of focus. His work lacks hard convincing quantitative evidence on which one can judge the merit of his claims ..."</blockquote><a name="paraDFS"></a>• `Defenders of the Shroud's authenticity begin with the assumption that the Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet, then they work backward to the evidence.'<blockquote>"Defenders of the shroud's authenticity ... Beginning with the desired answer, they work backward to the evidence, picking and choosing and-all too often-engaging in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>First, Nickell is deluding himself if he thinks that sceptics like him <i>don't</i> have the "desired answer" that the Shroud is <i>not</i> Jesus' burial sheet and they <i>don't</i> "work backward to the evidence, picking and choosing" evidence that confirms their "desired answer"! Second, even if it were true of Shroud defenders, it would be consistent with modern science's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model">hypothetico-deductive method</a>" in which "scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that can be falsifiable, using a test on observable data where the outcome is not yet known" and "A test outcome that could have, but does not run contrary to the hypothesis corroborates the theory." But it is not true in my case where, as I stated in <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2007/06/introduction-to-my-shroud-of-turin-tsot.html">my first post to this blog</a>, as an evangelical Christian, "to the extent that I thought about it [the Shroud] at all, I assumed it was just another medieval fake relic." But I found Stevenson & Habermas' "Verdict on the Shroud" (1981) for sale in a second-hand bookstore and was willing to consider their evidence for the Shroud's authenticity. To my surprise, the evidence they presented was compelling, so "I accepted ... that the Shroud of Turin is the actual burial sheet of Jesus Christ and therefore extrabiblical evidence of His death and resurrection"! But perhaps the best example is the agnostic art historian <a href="https://www.google.com/search?b-d&q=Thomas+de+Wesselow">Thomas de Wesselow</a>. It was <i>definitely not</i> his "desired answer" that the Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet, but he was <i>forced by the evidence</i> to accept that it is (and moreover <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9162459/Mystery-solved-Turin-Shroud-linked-to-Resurrection-of-Christ.html">de Wesselow remained a non-Christian</a>):<blockquote>"Though sceptical of the relic's authenticity ... I was nevertheless fascinated by some of the historical evidence Wilson presented. Various texts he cited - such as Robert de Clari's account of the Byzantine cloth on which 'the figure of Our Lord could be plainly seen' [see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/11/chronology-of-turin-shroud-thirteenth.html#1216">11Nov17</a>] did seem to point to a Shroud-like relic existing long before the fourteenth century, the date indicated by the problematic carbon-14 test. Moreover, I was aware by then of the major clue first recognized by Andre Dubarle: the distinctive pattern of the 'poker- holes' found on the representation of Christ's burial cloth in the Pray Codex [see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/08/poker-holes-29-other-marks-and-images.html">21Aug18</a>]. Unable to dismiss this as a coincidence, I found myself forced to reckon with the heretical idea that the Shroud was already known in the twelfth century. I also had to admit that Wilson's identification of the Shroud with the Mandylion [see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">15Sep12</a>] was plausible and accounted for a good deal of evidence that, as far as I could see, orthodox opinion either ignored or dismissed without proper justification ... If Wilson's theory was correct, the Shroud's provenance could be traced back to the sixth century. And if it was that old, the chances of its being a fake were drastically reduced. As an agnostic ... I was extremely uncomfortable with the idea that the Shroud might be ... authentic ... I was extremely sceptical that this one - the most astonishing of all - might be genuine. Nevertheless, having considered every alternative explanation and found it wanting, I felt pinned down and forced to think the unthinkable. The execution and burial of Jesus, I told myself, is the only recorded event that could have resulted in a length of linen becoming stained by the body of a man flogged, crucified, crowned with thorns and speared in the side, and it is an event that is unlikely ever to have been exactly repeated. I couldn't avoid the conclusion: from a purely historical point of view, the death and burial of Jesus seemed to be the best explanation for the Shroud"[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 191-192].</blockquote></p><p><a name="paraSFL"></a>As for "and-all too often-engaging in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>" this is Nickell's attempt to "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_the_well">poison the well</a>" against <a href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sindonology">sindonology</a>, "the scientific study of the Shroud of Turin." And it is <i>false</i>! <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin_Research_Project">STURP</a>, for example, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=STURP+peer+review+journals">published all its scientific findings in peer-reviewed scientific journals</a>.</p><p><a name="paraTPF"></a>• `The preponderance of evidence leads to a conclusion: the Shroud is the work of a medieval artisan.'<blockquote>"In contrast, the scientific approach allows the preponderance of evidence to lead to a conclusion: the shroud is the work of a medieval artisan. The various pieces of the puzzle effectively interlock and corroborate each other"[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>The <i>exact opposite</i> is true. <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">The evidence is <i>overwhelming</i> that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet</a>! See above on the <a href="#paraTPC">Pray Codex</a> and the <a href="#paraTMS">Madrid Skylitzes</a>, for example. And as we saw <a href="#paraSFT">above</a>, in 1987, ~17 years before this 2004 article, Nickell admitted that the Shroudman's image was <i>not painted</i>. That is presumably why Nickell changed "painter" to "artisan" without alerting his `sceptic' readers of the change. But that the Shroud image was not painted is a <i>huge</i> blow to the medieval forgery theory. As the leading proponent of the painting theory, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_McCrone">Walter McCrone (1916-2002)</a> pointed out, why would a medieval artist go to all the work of preparing a bas relief, etc., when he could simply paint the Shroud image?<blockquote>"I realize that there are still, perhaps, a majority of people convinced by the carbon-dating that the `Shroud' is medieval, who are still looking for an answer as to how the `Shroud' was produced. Many mechanisms have already been proposed. Some say it was draped wet over a bas-relief to which it was shaped then dabbed with powder or a paint. Some say a painting was prepared and transferred to a cloth in contact with it by pressure. However, I see no reason to doubt that an artist ... simply took up his brush and a dilute red ochre watercolor paint based on scraps of parchment as the vehicle and proceeded to paint the `Shroud.' Why go to all the work of preparing a statue or bas-relief or making a transfer of the image from a primary artist's rendering? A direct approach to painting a dilute watercolor image on a canvas of the proper size is a common sense assumption; Occam's Razor applies here …"[<a href="#MW99">MW99</a>, 122].</blockquote><a name="paraTCH"></a>• `The Catholic historian, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Ulysse+Chevalier">Ulysse Chevalier (1841-1923)</a> brought to light the documentary evidence of the Shroud's medieval origin.'<blockquote>"In the words of Catholic historian, Ulysse Chevalier, who brought to light the documentary evidence of the Shroud's medieval origin, `The history of the shroud constitutes a protracted violation so often condemned by our holy books: justice and truth'[<a href="#NJ04">NJ04</a>].</blockquote>See my post of <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/01/ulysse-chevalier-turin-shroud.html#paraHCW">11Jan23</a> (footnotes omitted) that in <i>creating the d'Arcis Memorandum on parchment out of two rough paper drafts</i>, and which was never sent to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII">Pope Clement VII (r. 1378-94)</a> because it never existed, <i>Chevalier committed literary fraud</i>:</p><hr><p><a name="paraHCW"></a>However, Chevalier's worst act of dishonesty, indeed <i>literary fraud</i>, was in <i>creating</i> the d'Arcis Memorandum out of two rough drafts:<blockquote>"There are two handwritten copies of the memorandum attributed to d'Arcis, `Folio 137' and `Folio 138' Folio 138 is a first draft with some parts crossed out, underlinings, and some very violent expressions expressions canceled; it is unsigned and undated and the addressee is not even shown. Chevalier made an orderly and careful transcription of this and published it in his very influential book. But Chevalier affixed the heading from Folio 137, `The Truth about the Cloth of Lirey, which was and now is being exhibited and about which I intend to write to our Lord the Pope in the following manner and as briefly as possible,' onto Folio 138. Thus, <i>the document seen in Chevalier's book does not even exist</i>, for it is actually a combination of two documents! Folio 137, the second draft, is neater than the first, and with its proper heading removed and affixed to the earlier messy draft, Chevalier gives the impression that Folio 137 was sent to Clement VII" (my emphasis).</blockquote><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs5YjzUFjSh4WWdKYBTWuqogLzzheYUGg8XyKGcW5nUdbRbrUwowFIYY_t0CftM7IgcnuyCjtNjTGhO_Rtu4J4k8e4_PVR9-OLHvQOBLVX1unTrdaG92__FmRePWAFSJiMEgHx-oE2WJs-/s1600/Memorandum1389.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs5YjzUFjSh4WWdKYBTWuqogLzzheYUGg8XyKGcW5nUdbRbrUwowFIYY_t0CftM7IgcnuyCjtNjTGhO_Rtu4J4k8e4_PVR9-OLHvQOBLVX1unTrdaG92__FmRePWAFSJiMEgHx-oE2WJs-/s800/Memorandum1389.jpg"/></a>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs5YjzUFjSh4WWdKYBTWuqogLzzheYUGg8XyKGcW5nUdbRbrUwowFIYY_t0CftM7IgcnuyCjtNjTGhO_Rtu4J4k8e4_PVR9-OLHvQOBLVX1unTrdaG92__FmRePWAFSJiMEgHx-oE2WJs-/s1600/Memorandum1389.jpg">enlarge</a>): Folio 137, the second of the two drafts, the first being folio 138, of the so-called d'Arcis Memorandum]</p><p><a name="paraTTF"></a>At the foot of Folio 137, not part of the Latin document itself, a scribe had written in French "Fin 1389", i.e. "end of 1389". Chevalier forged the "Fin 1389" at the head of the d'Arcis Memorandum in his Appendix, without informing his readers that the date, though probably correct, is not on the document itself.</p><hr><p>In my post of <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/01/ulysse-chevalier-turin-shroud.html#paraNTF">11Jan23</a> I quoted from the "Chevalier" Wikipedia article, that in this Chevalier "showed ... <i>intellectual dishonesty</i>" but the quote has since been removed (footnotes omitted):<blockquote>"In 2006 French historian Emmanuel Poulle wrote in a peer-reviewed journal that Ulysse Chevalier showed in this case <i>intellectual dishonesty</i>. According to Poulle, Chevalier deliberately did not correctly mention the Papal bulls of antipope Clement VII issued in 1390. In fact Clement VII never opted for the forgery thesis" (my emphasis).</blockquote>And Nickell would have us believe that, as regards the Shroud, Chevalier the <i>literary fraudster</i> was concerned for "justice and truth"!</p><p><a name="paraNCN"></a>In conclusion, we have seen above that <i>none</i> of Nickell's objections are a problem for the Shroud being Jesus' burial sheet. That is not surprising because the Shroud <i>is</i> Jesus' burial sheet!</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]</p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AA86">AA86</a>. Adler, A.D., 1986, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi43part4.pdf">The Origin and Nature of Blood on the Turin Shroud</a>," in Adler, A.D. & Crispino, D., ed., 2002, "The Orphaned Manuscript: A Gathering of Publications on the Shroud of Turin," Effatà Editrice: Cantalupa, Italy, 59-66.<br><a name="ADT">ADT</a>. St. Augustine, <i>De Trinitate</i>, VIII, 4, 5 in <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 101.<br><a name="AM00">AM00</a>. Antonacci, M., 2000, "The Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY.<br><a name="BG84">BG84</a>. Baima Bollone, P. & Gaglio, A., 1984, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi13part3.pdf">Demonstration of Blood, Aloes and Myrrh on the Holy Shroud with Immunofluorescence Techniques</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No.13, December, 3-8.<br><a name="BW57">BW57</a>. Bulst, W., 1957, "The Shroud of Turin," McKenna, S. & Galvin, J.J., transl., Bruce Publishing Co: Milwaukee WI.<br><a name="BZ98">BZ98</a>. Baima-Bollone, P. & Zaca, S., 1998, "The Shroud Under the Microscope: Forensic Examination," Neame, A., transl., St Pauls: London.<br><a name="DT12">DT12</a>. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London.<br><a name="EVD">EVD</a>. "<a href="https://www.physikanten.de/experimente/van-de-graaff-generator/">Experiments - Van de Graaff Generator</a>," Physikanten & Co.," 2019.<br><a name="FB08">FB08</a>. Fanti, G. & Basso, R., 2008, "Turin Shroud: Optical Research in the Past Present and Future," Nova Science Publishers: Hauppauge, NY.<br><a name="HA87">HA87</a>. Haddan, A.W., 1887, "<a href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/130108.htm">St Augustine: On the Trinity</a>," Book VIII, in Schaff, P., ed., Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, Vol. 3., Christian Literature Publishing Co, Buffalo, NY.<br><a name="HDW">HDW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model">Hypothetico-deductive model</a>," Wikipedia, 6 August 2023. <br><a name="HJ83">HJ83</a>. Heller, J.H., 1983, "Report on the Shroud of Turin," Houghton Mifflin Co: Boston MA.<br><a name="JNW">JNW</a>. "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell">Joe Nickell</a>," Wikipedia, 7 June 2023.<br><a name="IJ98">IJ98</a>. Iannone, J.C., 1998, "The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin: New Scientific Evidence," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.<br><a name="LG83">LG83</a>. Lavoie, G.R., et al., 1983, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi08part3.pdf">Blood on the Shroud of Turin: Part II</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 8, September, 2-10.<br><a name="LM10a">LM10a</a>. Extract from Latendresse, M., 2010, "<a href="http://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=0&image=3&lon=135.0&lat=376.0">Shroud Scope: Durante 2002 Vertical</a>," Sindonology.org.<br><a name="LM10b">LM10b</a>. Extract from Latendresse, M., 2010, "<a href="http://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=0&image=3&lon=181.0&lat=164.0">Shroud Scope: Durante 2002 Vertical</a>," Sindonology.org.<br><a name="LM10c">LM10c</a>. Extract from Latendresse, M., 2010, "<a href="http://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=3&image=5&lon=514.0&lat=520.0">Shroud Scope: Durante 2002 Face Only Vertical</a>," Sindonology.org.<br><a name="MJ22">MJ22</a>. Moorhead, J., 2022, "<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/17/the-1m-challenge-if-the-turin-shroud-is-a-forgery-show-how-it-was-done">The $1m challenge: `If the Turin Shroud is a forgery, show how it was done'</a>," <i>The Observer</i>, 17 April.<br><a name="MM09">MM09</a>. Milstein, M., 2009, "<a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/12/091216-shroud-of-turin-jesus-jerusalem-leprosy.html">Shroud of Turin Not Jesus', Tomb Discovery Suggests</a>," <i>National Geographic News</i>, 16 December (link no longer works).<br><a name="MPW">MPW</a>. "<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/ChristPeterPaul_detail.jpg">File:ChristPeterPaul detail.jpg</a>," Wikimedia, 1 July 2023.<br><a name="MW99">MW99</a>. McCrone, W.C., 1999, "Judgment Day for the Shroud of Turin," Prometheus Books: Amherst NY.<br><a name="NJ87">NJ87</a>. Nickell, J., 1987, "Inquest on the Shroud of Turin," [1983], Prometheus Books: Buffalo NY, Revised, Reprinted, 2000.<br><a name="NJ04">NJ04</a>. Nickell, J., 2004, "<a href="https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2004/07/22164654/p08.pdf">PBS `Secrets of the Dead' Buries the Truth About Turin Shroud</a>," <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>, 9 April.<br><a name="NTW">NTW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Trinity">On the Trinity</a>," Wikipedia, 31 March 2023.<br><a name="PCW">PCW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray_Codex">Pray Codex</a>," Wikipedia, 13 February 2023.<br><a name="PM96">PM96</a>. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.<br><a name="PSS">PSS</a>. Extract from photograph "<a href="http://www.joenickell.com/images/Mainpage/triptych.jpg">Triptych</a>," 2005, by Andrew A. Skolnick, <a href="http://www.joenickell.com/">joenickell.com</a><br><a name="RA32">RA32</a>. Robertson, A.T., 1932, "Word Pictures in the New Testament: Volume V: The Fourth Gospel & the Epistle to the Hebrews," Broadman Press: Nashville TN.<br><a name="RC99">RC99</a>. Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.<br><a name="SR82">SR82</a>. Schwalbe, L.A. & Rogers, R.N., 1982, "Physics and Chemistry of the Shroud of Turin: A Summary of the 1978 Investigation," <i>Analytica Chimica Acta</i>, No. 135, 3-49.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI86">WI86</a>. Wilson, I., 1986, "The Evidence of the Shroud," Guild Publishing: London.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.<br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.<br><a name="WS00">WS00</a>. Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books: London.<br></p><p>Posted 7 July 2023. Updated 13 February 2024.</p>Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-76034106185114642142023-06-11T23:57:00.050+08:002024-01-21T22:10:28.305+08:00Chronology of the Turin Shroud: Twenty-first century (1) <p><a name="para01"></a><center><b>Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 to the present<br>TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY (1)<br>© Stephen E. Jones</b>[<a href="#1">1</a>]<br></center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is part #31, "Twenty-first century" (1) of my "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 - present</a>" series. For more information about this series see the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Index #1</a>. To save time I have quoted from some articles without quotation marks because I changed the wording for clarity, but I have provided a link to each article. Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated. This page was initially based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wilson_(author)">Ian Wilson</a>'s 1996, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#2000">Highlights of the Undisputed History: 2000's</a>." See <a href="#paraTCT">below</a> <font color="red">the devastating refutation by Fanti of <i>ALL</i> painting and powdering with colouring matter Shroud forgery theories</font>"!</p><p>[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/03/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html">20th century (6)</a> #30] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/09/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twenty-first.html">21st century (2)</a> #32] </p><p><hr><a name="21stC1"></a><b>21st century (1)</b> (2001-10). </p><p><a name="2001"></a><b>2001</b> 11 August. Death of Prof. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thomas_Hall">Edward Hall (1924–2001)</a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7oo3d7dfNmc6Agf5anF15A1IPebGg2A6F9whZUQMXv-mycLhXKiOkkQecvOI6xQpBCTy5wMJrg4Tz4uXFJk7BUcmijS5clgghH6gqVUph_R2IMXn9RRiTiMU8oA7qzX1ARvT_56UoheMl/s1600/1260-1390!ProfEHall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7oo3d7dfNmc6Agf5anF15A1IPebGg2A6F9whZUQMXv-mycLhXKiOkkQecvOI6xQpBCTy5wMJrg4Tz4uXFJk7BUcmijS5clgghH6gqVUph_R2IMXn9RRiTiMU8oA7qzX1ARvT_56UoheMl/s800/1260-1390!ProfEHall.jpg" /></a>[<a href="#EHW">EHW</a>]. Hall was the Director of the Oxford radiocarbon dating laboratory from 1954 to 1989[<a href="#EHW">EHW</a>], which along with Arizona and Zurich radiocarbon dating laboratories, <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">in 1988 dated the Shroud to 1260-1390</a>[<a href="#DP89">DP89</a>]. [<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7oo3d7dfNmc6Agf5anF15A1IPebGg2A6F9whZUQMXv-mycLhXKiOkkQecvOI6xQpBCTy5wMJrg4Tz4uXFJk7BUcmijS5clgghH6gqVUph_R2IMXn9RRiTiMU8oA7qzX1ARvT_56UoheMl/s1600/1260-1390!ProfEHall.jpg">Right</a>: Prof. Edward Hall</a> on 13 October 1988 in the British Museum, London, announcing with <a href="https://www.archaeological.org/grant/pomerance-award-for-scientific-contributions/">Michael Tite</a> (British Museum) and <a href="https://tinyurl.com/yc6pl64m">Robert Hedges</a> (Oxford) that the Shroud had been radiocarbon dated to "1260-1390!"[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, pl. 3b].]</p><p><a name="paraHWN"></a>Hall was an agnostic who frankly admitted that he didn't want the Shroud to be Jesus':<blockquote>"Professor Hall, who heads the Oxford research laboratory in archaeology and the history of art, said he was not disappointed in the result [of the Shroud's 1260-1390 radiocarbon dating]. 'I have to admit I am an agnostic and <i>I don't want</i> at my time of life <i>to have to change my ideas</i>'"[<a href="#RT88">RT88</a>].</blockquote>Hall showed his anti-Christian bias against the Shroud by publicly denigrating both the Shroud and shroudies (in my book [in progress] I am reluctantly going to use "shroudies" and "sceptics" instead of the mouthfulls "pro-authenticists" and "anti-authenticists"):<blockquote><a name="paraSTN"></a>"The mix of good science, intricate instrumentation, the attention of the world's press, the ambivalence of the religious authorities and sheer importance of the outcome for so many people appealed to him immensely; he also took pleasure in, as he saw it, the debunking of any conviction that could not be rationally demonstrated. `There was a multi-million-pound business in making forgeries during the 14th century,' he bluntly told a British Museum press conference. `Someone just got a bit of linen, faked it up and flogged it.' And again, `Some people may continue to fight for the authenticity of the shroud, like the Flat Earth Society, but this settles it all as far as we are concerned'"[<a href="#HT01">HT01</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraBND"></a>But in doing so, Hall <i>refuted the forgery theory</i>. First, because he admitted that the forger was an unknown "someone." But if the forger was part of "a multi-million-pound business" he would have been well-known. Second, a medieval forger <i>would have</i> "just got a bit of linen, faked it up and flogged [sold ] it." But the Shroud is not just "a bit of linen". It is a 4.4 x 1.1 metre (14.4 x 3.6 foot) sheet of herringbone twill fine linen which would have been "ranked with gold, silver and silk" in the first century[<a href="#DI90">DI90</a>, 10-11], and <i>unobtainable</i> in the fourteenth century[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 68]!</p><p><a name="paraNTR"></a>And the <i>real</i> `Flat Earthers' in this are Hall and his anti-Shroud ilk! <i>They</i> are the "science deniers": <blockquote>"Flat Earth advocates are classified by experts in philosophy and physics as science deniers[<a href="#MFW">MFW</a>]."</blockquote>clinging to <i>one experiment 35 years ago</i> and refusing to even consider the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html"><i>overwhelming</i> evidence that the Shroud <i>is</i> Jesus' burial sheet</a>!</p><p><a name="2002a"></a><b>2002a</b> April 25-26, 2002: The International Center for the Study of the Shroud of Turin (<a href="https://linceuldeturin.com/">CIELT</a>), the largest Shroud study organization in France, sponsors their fourth major symposium, the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/paris02.htm">IV Symposium Scientifique International du CIELT</a>, in Paris, France. Many researchers from around the world attend the event and present papers and abstracts regarding current and future Shroud studies. A paper </p><p><a name="paraSSJ"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhELEJnmFwNz0pAbFM0UM-bUddBmALBQ52_wiqP0S_IJHbAF_qtaRZk1C5oaozHt9DsGvkGjbtqqSexwvl1yH8Cdn9z5Jxx5uWTUuIyUaCl2qITxdGiJEWndU0oya_rnmkJFtODqWNDiTicRyJ6uujgDkjIE7dOdU7QZSFsSc-TlfkoUQTj3ttYREdU5A/s600/WaterStainsFrontFolded&Jar220713E6.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhELEJnmFwNz0pAbFM0UM-bUddBmALBQ52_wiqP0S_IJHbAF_qtaRZk1C5oaozHt9DsGvkGjbtqqSexwvl1yH8Cdn9z5Jxx5uWTUuIyUaCl2qITxdGiJEWndU0oya_rnmkJFtODqWNDiTicRyJ6uujgDkjIE7dOdU7QZSFsSc-TlfkoUQTj3ttYREdU5A/s400/WaterStainsFrontFolded&Jar220713E6.png" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhELEJnmFwNz0pAbFM0UM-bUddBmALBQ52_wiqP0S_IJHbAF_qtaRZk1C5oaozHt9DsGvkGjbtqqSexwvl1yH8Cdn9z5Jxx5uWTUuIyUaCl2qITxdGiJEWndU0oya_rnmkJFtODqWNDiTicRyJ6uujgDkjIE7dOdU7QZSFsSc-TlfkoUQTj3ttYREdU5A/s600/WaterStainsFrontFolded&Jar220713E6.png">enlarge</a>): Large water stains on the Shroud (left) were discovered by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Aldo+Guerreschi">Aldo Guerreschi</a> and <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Michele+Salcito">Michele Salcito</a> not to have been caused by water to extinguish the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1532">1532 fire</a> (only the small water stains were), but <i>exactly match</i> the pattern of the Shroud having been folded (top right) and hididen in a part-filled first century earthenware jar (bottom right). This is from <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraWSJ">13Jul22</a>. See also <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/04/water-stains-28-other-marks-and-images.html">05Apr18</a>.]</p><p>that I have commented on is "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/aldo3.pdf">Photographic and Computer Studies Concerning the Burn and Water Stains Visible on the Shroud and Their Historical Consequences</a> by Aldo Guerreschi and Michele Salcito" (see <a href="#paraSSJ">above</a>).</p><p><a name="2002b"></a><b>2002b</b> June 20-July 22. A small group of textile experts, headed by <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0HLvBWPs_-emu041Q7siepGdYhG01slQBkiiNnAHbOEUL11y7ww1xjq55K3Ke1SN5m9zwt_UY9PukJzUUgLdbowE5RNQxACje88ifxawDtRWQWtAPkDBAemozthZPkgl-Dghf21qIa14F/s1600/2002restoration150121ES.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0HLvBWPs_-emu041Q7siepGdYhG01slQBkiiNnAHbOEUL11y7ww1xjq55K3Ke1SN5m9zwt_UY9PukJzUUgLdbowE5RNQxACje88ifxawDtRWQWtAPkDBAemozthZPkgl-Dghf21qIa14F/s800/2002restoration150121ES.jpg" /></a><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Mechthild+Flury-Lemberg">Mechtild Flury-Lemberg (1929-)</a> of Switzerland, perform a dramatic and radical "restoration" of the Shroud under the auspices of the Archbishop of Turin and his advisors at the Turin Center for Shroud Studies, and with the full permission of the Vatican. They remove the thirty patches sewn into the cloth by Poor Clare Nuns in 1534 [see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/09/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixteenth.html#1534">1534</a>"] to repair burn holes from the 1532 fire. They remove the </p><p><a name="paraTSF"></a>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0HLvBWPs_-emu041Q7siepGdYhG01slQBkiiNnAHbOEUL11y7ww1xjq55K3Ke1SN5m9zwt_UY9PukJzUUgLdbowE5RNQxACje88ifxawDtRWQWtAPkDBAemozthZPkgl-Dghf21qIa14F/s1600/2002restoration150121ES.jpg">enlarge</a>): The Shroud after the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/restored.htm">2002 restoration</a>[<a href="#HR14">HR14</a>].] </p><p>backing cloth (frequently referred to as the "Holland Cloth") that was sewn onto the back of the Shroud in 1534 to strengthen the fire damaged relic. They photograph the hidden back side of the cloth and then re-attach a new, whiter linen backing cloth. They use lead weights suspended from the edges of the Shroud to "flatten" many of the creases in the cloth and apply steam to certain areas to help accomplish this. They handle the cloth without gloves or special clothing. They scrape away the charred edges of all the burned areas and collect the scrapings into small containers. They perform this restoration in secret, without consulting any of the world's Shroud experts who could have contributed important scientific guidance to ensure that no valuable scientific or historical data was lost or damaged during the restoration. They set off a firestorm of controversy, criticism, debate and recrimination that ultimately engulfs, polarizes and divides the Shroud research community. See the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/late02.htm#restored">2002 Website News page</a>. See also <a href="https://www.shroud.com/restored.htm">Comments On The Restoration</a>, where fourteen noted Shroud experts express their own opinions of the restoration.</p><p><a name="2002c"></a><b>2002c</b> 14 October. Textile historian Mechthild Flury-Lemberg (1929-) has become the latest specialist to say that the Turin shroud bearing the features of a crucified man may well be the cloth that enveloped the body of Christ. Disputing inconclusive carbon-dating tests suggesting the shroud hailed from medieval times, Swiss specialist said it could be almost 2,000 years old. Flury-Lemberg examined the back of the shroud, the first researcher ever to do so, and it bore bloodstains, there were no mysterious marks comparable to those on the front of the cloth. She said the outline of the body was only in the top 2 millimeters of the cloth. Flury-Lemberg related that she discovered identical forms of weaving and high-quality sewing on textiles found at Masada, the ancient fortress in southeastern Israel, that hailed from the year 73 A.D. Other first-century cloths found in the Red Sea region showed weaving patterns similar to those of the Turin shroud[<a href="#CX02">CX02</a>].</p><p><a name="2004"></a><b>2004</b> 12 April. The ghostly image of a man's face has emerged on the </p><p><a name="paraSSJ"></a><a href="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-1240w,f_auto,q_auto:best/msnbc/Components/Photos/040415/040415_shroud_vlarge12p.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="240" src="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-1240w,f_auto,q_auto:best/msnbc/Components/Photos/040415/040415_shroud_vlarge12p.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-1240w,f_auto,q_auto:best/msnbc/Components/Photos/040415/040415_shroud_vlarge12p.jpg">enlarge</a>): "This photo released on April 13 by the <i>Journal of Optics</i> shows the new face found on the back side of the Turin shroud, as revealed by the studies of Italian scholars <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Giulio+Fanti">Giulio Fanti</a> and <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Roberto+Maggiolo+computer+scientist">Roberto Maggiolo</a>. Franco Tanel / EPA via Sipa"]</p><p>reverse side of the Shroud of Turin, the piece of linen believed to have been wrapped around the body of Jesus after he was crucified, scientists say. The discovery, using new digital imaging techniques, adds new complexity to one of the most controversial relics in Christendom. The study, which was published in the <i><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1464-4258/6/6/001">Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics</a></i>, examined the back surface of the famous handwoven linen. The front side of the shroud, which carries the outline of the body of a man, has been venerated as proof that Christ was resurrected from the grave, yet dismissed by others as a brilliant medieval fake. While a multitude of scientists have investigated the front side of the shroud, the back side has remained hidden for centuries beneath a piece of so-called Holland cloth. Nuns had sewn on the cloth in 1534 to protect the shroud after it had been damaged by fire. And researchers only fully scrutinised the cloth's back surface in 2002, when the 14-foot-long linen was unstitched from the Holland cloth during a restoration project. To the naked eye, the back surface of the shroud showed almost nothing, apart from a peculiar stitching that Mechtild Flury-Lemberg, the Swiss textile expert who performed the restoration work, identified as a style seen in the first century AD or before. The back surface, however, was photographed in detail and the pictures published in a book by Monsignor <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Giuseppe+Ghiberti">Giuseppe Ghiberti (1934-)</a>, one of the Church's top shroud officials. At the end of the restoration, a new reinforcing cloth was sewn back in place, hiding the shroud's reverse side once more. `As I saw the pictures in the book, I was caught by the perception of a faint image on the back surface of the shroud. I thought that perhaps there was much more that wasn't visible to the naked eye,' said Giulio Fanti, professor of mechanical and thermic measurements at the University of Padua and the study's lead author. Imaging the face Fanti used sophisticated image processing based on direct and inverse Fourier transform, enhancement and template-matching techniques on Ghiberti's pictures to uncover the image of a man's face. Lying behind the known image of the bearded man bearing the marks of crucifixion, the new image had a striking 3-D quality and matched the known face in form, size and position. `Though the image is very faint, features such as nose, eyes, hair, beard and moustache are clearly visible. There are some slight differences with the known face. For example, the nose on the reverse side shows the same extension of both nostrils, unlike the front side, in which the right nostril is less evident,' Fanti said. But the enhancing procedure did not uncover the full body image as it appeared on the front side. `If it does exist, it is masked by the noise of the digital image itself. But we found what it is probably the image of the hands,' Fanti said. The presence of a face on both sides of the shroud would seem an obvious feature in case of a fake: when making a print onto a cloth, paint soaks the cloth's fibres and also reaches the back side. `This is not the case of the shroud. On both sides, the face image is superficial, involving only the outermost linen fibres. When a cross-section of the fabric is made, one extremely superficial image appears above and one below, but there is nothing in the middle. It is extremely difficult to make a fake with these features,' Fanti said ... Fanti's finding matches a hypothesis postulated in 1990 by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=John+Jackson+Shroud+Turin">John Jackson</a>, a U.S. physicist who conducted the first major investigation into the shroud in 1978. Jackson speculated the presence of a faint image on the back surface of the shroud[<a href="#LR04">LR04</a>]. See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/01/john-p-jackson-unconventional.html">18Jan12</a>. <a name="paraTFS"></a>The front side of the Shroud was its inner side, and the back side of the Shroud was its the outer side, as this extract from a painting by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=Giovanni+Battista+della+Rovere">Giovanni Battista della Rovere (1560-1627)</a> below shows. <a name="paraTJC"></a>Therefore, Jackson's Cloth Collapse theory (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/09/shroud-of-turin-news-august-2015.html#frnrmlphtgph">01Sep15</a>, <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/01/chronology-of-turin-shroud-1st-century.html#paraSTS">21Jan16</a>, <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/11/superficial-18-man-on-shroud-evidence.html#paraRDN">11Nov16</a>,</p><p><a name="paraSSJ"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPSAhqHjre8ksS_yj_cQ2ofwRMdGjUhoRkvlI7JgvHoZQlLWQhBFptad_AvjIjR8h9X2Ek2yPwEu1-fIZDs90mnD3Zx0FdJyt9IKNA9FHoaDDmy502UpLfalLc3P9AH7hEAn-mNWNytsuoc-Le_oeoheTFd_xhmK-Z1U2er65fOdoO4z0R_b7LU3ZPTSOu/s1208/ClothCollapse230611C1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPSAhqHjre8ksS_yj_cQ2ofwRMdGjUhoRkvlI7JgvHoZQlLWQhBFptad_AvjIjR8h9X2Ek2yPwEu1-fIZDs90mnD3Zx0FdJyt9IKNA9FHoaDDmy502UpLfalLc3P9AH7hEAn-mNWNytsuoc-Le_oeoheTFd_xhmK-Z1U2er65fOdoO4z0R_b7LU3ZPTSOu/s800/ClothCollapse230611C1.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPSAhqHjre8ksS_yj_cQ2ofwRMdGjUhoRkvlI7JgvHoZQlLWQhBFptad_AvjIjR8h9X2Ek2yPwEu1-fIZDs90mnD3Zx0FdJyt9IKNA9FHoaDDmy502UpLfalLc3P9AH7hEAn-mNWNytsuoc-Le_oeoheTFd_xhmK-Z1U2er65fOdoO4z0R_b7LU3ZPTSOu/s1208/ClothCollapse230611C1.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#AM16">AM16</a>, 5]: Extract from "<a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=The+Holy+Shroud+Giovanni+Battista+della+Rovere">The Holy Shroud</a>" by Giovanni Battista della Rovere (1560-1627), showing how the man's image is on the inner side of the Shroud and the previously hidden back side of the Shroud was its outer side.]</p><p> <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/negative-19-man-on-shroud-evidence-is.html#paraJCC">22Dec16</a>, <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/02/three-dimensional-20-man-on-shroud.html#paraCCT">05Feb17</a> & <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/06/real-human-blood-23-man-on-shroud.html#paraTMT">03Jun17</a>) did predict that "the frontal image should reside on both sides of the Shroud":<blockquote>"However, the above reasoning leads to one other prediction concerning the superficiality of the image; <i>the frontal image should reside on both sides of the Shroud</i>, whereas the dorsal image should reside on only one side. The reason is that when the upper part of the Shroud falls into the body region, radiation from the body impinges upon both sides of the cloth. However, in the case of the dorsal image, radiation impinges from only one side because the cloth there never moves into the body. Unfortunately, there are no suitable data available to test this prediction because the reverse side of the Shroud has been covered since 1534 with a backing cloth. But if such a prediction could be confirmed by a future examination of the reverse side, then the theory proposed herein would be given considerable support. It is likely, however, that if a frontal image discoloration exists on the reverse surface of the Shroud, <i>it would be somewhat less intense</i> than the discoloration which is observed on the normal viewing side because that side presumably entered the [mechanically transparent] body first"[<a href="#JJ91">JJ91</a>, 342-343].</blockquote></p><p><a name="paraWWN"></a>Why would, and <i>how could</i>, a medieval forger depict <i>two</i> extremely superficial and three-dimensional images of Jesus on the Shroud? This is further evidence that the Shroud image is a "snapshot" of Jesus' resurrection!:<blockquote>"Even from the limited available information, a hypothetical glimpse of the power operating at the moment of creation of the Shroud's image may be ventured. In the darkness of the Jerusalem tomb the dead body of Jesus lay, unwashed, covered in blood, on a stone slab. Suddenly, there is a burst of mysterious power from it. In that instant ... the body becomes indelibly fused onto the cloth, preserving for posterity a literal `snapshot' of the Resurrection"[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 251]</blockquote><a name="2005a"></a><b>2005a</b> 20 January. A peer reviewed scientific paper by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Rogers">Raymond N. Rogers (1927–2005)</a>, retired Fellow of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, is published in the journal <i>Thermochimica Acta</i>, Volume 425, Issues 1-2, Pages 189-194. Titled "<a href="http://www.shroud.it/ROGERS-3.PDF">Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the Shroud of Turin</a>," the paper concludes: "As unlikely as it seems, the sample used to test the age of the Shroud of Turin in 1988 was taken from a rewoven area of the Shroud. Pyrolysis-mass spectrometry results from the sample area coupled with microscopic and microchemical observations prove that the radiocarbon sample was not part of the original cloth of the Shroud of Turin. The radiocarbon date was thus not valid for determining the true age of the Shroud." Rogers' paper is extremely important as it provides a credible scientific argument for redating the cloth to determine its actual age. Here is a quote which summarises Rogers' paper:<blockquote>"Shroud of Turin Chemical analysis shows the cloth that formed the Shroud of Turin is up to 3000 years old ... The Shroud of Turin, the piece of linen long-believed to have been wrapped around Jesus' body after the crucifixion, is much older than radiocarbon tests suggest, according to new microchemical research. Published in the 20 January issue of <i>Thermochimica Acta</i>, a peer-reviewed chemistry journal, the study dismisses the results of the 1988 carbon-14 dating .... `As unlikely as it seems, the sample used to test the age of the shroud in 1988 was taken from a rewoven area of the shroud. Indeed, the patch was very carefully made. The yarn has the same twist as the main part of the cloth, and it was stained to match the colour,' says Raymond Rogers, a retired chemist from Los Alamos National Laboratories and former member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin_Research_Project">STURP</a> (Shroud of Turin Research Project) team of US scientists that examined the Shroud in 1978 ... The latest research In his study, Rogers analysed and compared the radiocarbon sample with other samples from the controversial cloth. `As part of the STURP research project, I took 32 adhesive-tape samples from all areas of the shroud in 1978, including some patches and the Holland cloth. I also obtained the authentic samples used in the radiocarbon dating,' Rogers says. It emerged that the radiocarbon sample has completely different chemical properties than the main part of the shroud, Rogers says. `The radiocarbon sample had been dyed, most likely to match the colour of the older, sepia-coloured cloth...,' says Rogers. Microchemistry reveals a different date ... These [tests] revealed the presence of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=vanillin">vanillin</a> in the radiocarbon sample and in the Holland cloth, but not in the rest of the shroud. Vanillin is produced by the thermal decomposition of lignin, a chemical compound of plant material including flax, and levels decrease and disappear with time. It is easily detected on medieval linens, but cannot be found in the very old ones, such as the wrappings of the Dead Sea scrolls. `A determination of the kinetics of vanillin loss suggests that the shroud is between 1300 and 3000 years old,' Rogers writes. According to <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Thomas+d%27Muhala">Tom D'Muhala</a>, the president of the American Shroud of Turin Association for Research [(AMSTAR) and also the founding President of STURP], the new chemical tests produced `conclusive evidence'. `They indicate that the linen shroud is actually very old, much older than the published 1988 radiocarbon date,' D'Muhala says"[<a href="#LR05">LR05</a>].</blockquote>Rogers' vanillin test was the first of four different age of the Shroud tests which yielded a date range in which Jesus' death in <a href="https://nowoezone.com/NTC24.htm">AD 30</a> falls! See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/05/shroud-of-turin-news-january-april-2022.html#paraSFT">22May22</a>:</p><p><a name="paraSFT"></a><TABLE WIDTH="400px" BORDER="1" VALIGN=TOP><TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=CENTER><TD WIDTH="35%">Test</TD><TD WIDTH="30%" ALIGN=CENTER>Max/Min</TD><TD WIDTH="35%" ALIGN=CENTER>Range</TD></TR><TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT><TD WIDTH="35%">Vanillin</TD><TD WIDTH="30%" ALIGN=CENTER>150 BC ±850</TD><TD WIDTH="35%" ALIGN=CENTER>1000 BC-AD 700</TD></TR><TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT><TD WIDTH="35%">FT-IR</TD><TD WIDTH="30%" ALIGN=CENTER>300 BC ±400</TD><TD WIDTH="35%" ALIGN=CENTER>700 BC-AD 100</TD></TR><TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT><TD WIDTH="35%">Raman</TD><TD WIDTH="30%" ALIGN=CENTER>200 BC ± 500</TD><TD WIDTH="35%" ALIGN=CENTER>700 BC-AD 300</TD></TR><TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT><TD WIDTH="35%">Mechanical</TD><TD WIDTH="30%" ALIGN=CENTER>400 AD ± 400</TD><TD WIDTH="35%" ALIGN=CENTER>AD 0 - AD 800</TD></TR></TABLE></p><p><a name="2005b"></a><b>2005b</b> 8-11. The <a href="https://www.shroud.com/dallas3.htm">3rd International Dallas Conference on the Shroud of Turin,</a> jointly sponsored by The Holy Shroud Guild and the American Shroud of Turin Association for Research (AM*STAR) in collaboration with the Centro Internationale de Sindonologia, of Turin, Italy, is held in Dallas, Texas. This was the first Shroud conference to have international co-sponsors.</p><p><a name="2007"></a><b>2007</b> 30 June. <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2007/06/introduction-to-my-shroud-of-turin-tsot.html">My first post on this my The Shroud of Turin blog!</a> I had come from a background of debating evolution on the Internet and:<blockquote>"My interest in the Shroud of Turin began in January 2005 when, as I posted to my then Yahoo group, after reading Stevenson & Habermas' `Verdict on the Shroud' (1981), I accepted (then provisionally but now fully) that the Shroud of Turin is the actual burial sheet of Jesus Christ and therefore extrabiblical evidence of His death and resurrection. Before then I knew very little about the Shroud and, to the extent that I thought about it at all, I assumed it was just another medieval fake relic. I created this blog because I have become increasingly interested in the Shroud as empirical evidence that Christianity is true and therefore that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)">Naturalism</a> (i.e. the philosophy that nature is all there is = there is no supernatural = there is no God, which dominates science and our secular Western society generally), is false. The authenticity of the Shroud of Turin has therefore the highest relevance to the creation/evolution/design controversy because `evolution,'in the all-important `standard scientific theory' sense of the word, assumes that Naturalism is true, that is, `<i>God had no part in this process</i>' (my emphasis) of bringing human beings (and everything else) into existence"[<a href="#SM02">SM02</a>].</blockquote><a name="2008a"></a><b>2008a</b> 14-17 August. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/Marino-refl.pdf">Joe Marino</a>, <a href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/dispatch/name/sue-benford-obituary?id=26692167">Sue Benford (1958-2009)</a> and the Shroud Science Group, organize and sponsor "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/ohioconf.htm">The Shroud of Turin: Perspectives On A Multifaceted Enigma</a>," an International Shroud Conference at Ohio State University, Blackwell Hotel. A paper that I hadn't noticed before was: "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/rogers9.pdf">The Sudarium of Oviedo: A Study of Fiber Structures</a>," by the late Raymond N. Rogers. Rogers concluded (my emphasis):<blockquote>"The Sudarium of Oviedo <i>shows all of the physical and chemical properties of a very old sample of linen</i>. The types of radiation damage observed in the crystals of its cellulose are very similar to other old linens of known age. Many small deposits of residual lignin can be observed at the growth nodes of the flax fibers. This is probably <i>characteristic of linen samples made in Palestine during Roman times,</i> as described by Pliny the Elder. The <i>technology is certainly not the type used during medieval times in Europe</i> or through the millennia in Egypt. I conclude that there is a finite <i>probability that the Sudarium is related in time and location to the Shroud of Turin</i>"[<a href="#RR04">RR04</a>].</blockquote><a name="2008b"></a><b>2008b</b> 18 August. <a href="http://www.mobot.org/lectures/turin/">Botany of the Shroud of Turin and Shroud of Turin: The Holographic Experience</a> Lectures at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis</a>, by Prof. <a href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/42/3/16">Avinoam Danin (1939–2015)</a> and Dr <a href="https://shroud3d.com/introduction/curriculum-vitae/">Petrus Soons</a> on the Shroud of Turin, believed to be the burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth. Danin is co-author of the <i>Flora of the Shroud of Turin</i>. Using photographs of the shroud taken in 1978, Danin recently discovered over 300 flowers and plant parts on the head area of the cloth. He has also has studied botanical evidence of a `crown of thorns' and other flowers on the garment . Dr Soons's three-dimensional holograms of</p><p><a name="paraHSF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvP6g9LTUldBJMLZy-hRtuzVI30aO58YKkRN6O7pktcOucWF9ThNiPhIP0Scan1ZIvhshTeKFaNfCDML41KDs68koV9-G2W_GX6otTaPH8inU1HHyTROQaBQ0UVsVkQZM4H42CoyiDDSNRvWd8rRiwmsfTMZIrtUn7LmKOZaj46L-Ls3n6d-yyIz52Q/s800/SoonsHologram230526TT.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvP6g9LTUldBJMLZy-hRtuzVI30aO58YKkRN6O7pktcOucWF9ThNiPhIP0Scan1ZIvhshTeKFaNfCDML41KDs68koV9-G2W_GX6otTaPH8inU1HHyTROQaBQ0UVsVkQZM4H42CoyiDDSNRvWd8rRiwmsfTMZIrtUn7LmKOZaj46L-Ls3n6d-yyIz52Q/s800/SoonsHologram230526TT.JPG" /></a>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvP6g9LTUldBJMLZy-hRtuzVI30aO58YKkRN6O7pktcOucWF9ThNiPhIP0Scan1ZIvhshTeKFaNfCDML41KDs68koV9-G2W_GX6otTaPH8inU1HHyTROQaBQ0UVsVkQZM4H42CoyiDDSNRvWd8rRiwmsfTMZIrtUn7LmKOZaj46L-Ls3n6d-yyIz52Q/s800/SoonsHologram230526TT.JPG">enlarge</a>): Hologram of the Shroud face by Dr Petrus Soons, showing three Hebrew letters under the beard of the man on the Shroud (best <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvP6g9LTUldBJMLZy-hRtuzVI30aO58YKkRN6O7pktcOucWF9ThNiPhIP0Scan1ZIvhshTeKFaNfCDML41KDs68koV9-G2W_GX6otTaPH8inU1HHyTROQaBQ0UVsVkQZM4H42CoyiDDSNRvWd8rRiwmsfTMZIrtUn7LmKOZaj46L-Ls3n6d-yyIz52Q/s800/SoonsHologram230526TT.JPG">enlarged</a> and viewed through red-green, three-dimensional, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=anaglyph+glasses">anaglyph glasses</a>)[<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/05/the-three-hebrewaramaic-letters-under.html">27May23</a>].]</p><p>the shroud offer another view. Soon's work involves the digitization of shroud photographs taken in 1931. Soons enhanced the original photos to improve details—resulting in a three-dimensional (3-D) holographic images of the shroud. This unprecedented new view of the artifact yielded the discovery of previously unseen details, confirmation of many previous findings, and a few surprises.</p><p><a name="2009a"></a><b>2009a</b> March. "<a href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/10/estonia_cyberwarfare_twist/">Russian politician: 'My assistant started Estonian cyberwar'</a>" … A junior Russian politician has admitted that a Russian government official might have played some part in the infamous cyberattacks against Estonia two years ago ... Comments by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Markov">Sergei Markov</a>, a State Duma deputy from the Putin's Unified Russia </p><p><p><a name="para03"></a><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Sergey_Markov,_February_2012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Sergey_Markov,_February_2012.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Sergey_Markov,_February_2012.jpg">enlarge</a>): "Sergei [or Sergey] Markov in February 2012"[<a href="#SMW">SMW</a>]. The Soviet official who the German hackers (including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Koch_(hacker)">Karl Koch</a>) sold their hacked secrets to was a "Sergei Markov"[<a href="#HM91">HM91</a>]. See my <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html">30Jul16</a>].</p><p>party, on a cybercrime panel … During a discussion on information warfare in the 21st century, moderated by US-based Russian journalist Nargiz Asadova, Markov unexpectedly went into a <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Boris+Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>-style rant, Radio Free Europe reports. `About the cyberattack on Estonia... don't worry, that attack was carried out by my assistant. I won't tell you his name, because then he might not be able to get visas,' he said. Markov explained his assistant was in `one of the unrecognized republics' during the 2007 dispute with Estonia where he decided on his own initiative that `something bad had to be done to these fascists' before launching a cyberattack. `Turns out it was purely a reaction from civil society and, incidentally, such things will happen more and more,' he added. Civil unrest in Estonia over the relocation of Soviet-era WWII memorials in April 2007 was followed by sustained denial of service attacks against the Baltic nation’s government, bank and media websites. The attacks stemmed from botnet networks of compromised PCs. Estonia makes heavy use of the internet so the attack caused a great deal of inconvenience, while acting as a wake-up about cyberwarfare. Estonian ministers blamed Russian government for instigating the attacks, an accusation the Kremlin robustly denied at the time …"[<a href="#LJ09">LJ09</a>].</p><p><a name="2009b"></a><b>2009b</b> April. "<a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/5137163/Turin-Shroud-could-be-genuine-as-carbon-dating-was-flawed.html">Turin Shroud could be genuine, scientist has said</a>. Radiocarbon dating carried out in 1988 was performed on an area of the relic that was repaired in the 16th century, according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Rogers">Ray Rogers (1927–2005)</a>, who helped lead the Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP). At the time he argued firmly that the shroud, which bears a Christlike image, was a clever forgery. But in a video made shortly before his death three years ago, he said facts had come to light that indicated the shroud could be genuine. Rogers, a chemist from the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, said ... After the 1988 investigation I'd given up on the shroud. `But now I am coming to the conclusion that it has a very good chance of being the piece of cloth that was used to bury the historic Jesus.' He came to his conclusion after re-examining a theory from two amateur scientists that he had earlier dismissed as being from `the lunatic fringe'. Sue Benford and Joe Marino, from Ohio, suspected the 1988 sample was from a damaged section of the linen shroud repaired in the 16th century after being </p><p><a name="paraPFT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnUfP1a9Rc12rQqPPC0n_-OnRB2QKqRgQDBSIBnE3_V3p_delvzvwh3b7CZpP-XUFfXfYzrRblOGKbi-j2aR5tPkbAbhyDN7DLIow-ic6namL8H0tBsmqRdcEHloe4OWbvYoTFZrpfu-BkQ51bIuxe-4KgLz-1G63xRQgbYxDs2hGtYwU3OV95_aysT4Jj/s416/Rogers230611C1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnUfP1a9Rc12rQqPPC0n_-OnRB2QKqRgQDBSIBnE3_V3p_delvzvwh3b7CZpP-XUFfXfYzrRblOGKbi-j2aR5tPkbAbhyDN7DLIow-ic6namL8H0tBsmqRdcEHloe4OWbvYoTFZrpfu-BkQ51bIuxe-4KgLz-1G63xRQgbYxDs2hGtYwU3OV95_aysT4Jj/s416/Rogers230611C1.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnUfP1a9Rc12rQqPPC0n_-OnRB2QKqRgQDBSIBnE3_V3p_delvzvwh3b7CZpP-XUFfXfYzrRblOGKbi-j2aR5tPkbAbhyDN7DLIow-ic6namL8H0tBsmqRdcEHloe4OWbvYoTFZrpfu-BkQ51bIuxe-4KgLz-1G63xRQgbYxDs2hGtYwU3OV95_aysT4Jj/s416/Rogers230611C1.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#MJ19">MJ19</a>]: Photo of the Rogers' sample mentioned in this article which convinced him that Joe Marino and Sue Benford were right about the C-14 sample being part of a medieval repair[<a href="#MJ23">MJ23</a>]. Ironically, Shroud sceptic <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Walter+McCrone">Walter McCrone (1916-2002)</a> detected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_madder">Madder Rose</a> dye on a Shroud sample loaned to him by Rogers, and McCrone claimed this was evidence that the Shroud was painted[<a href="#MP08">MP08</a>]. But instead it is evidence that the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a> is invalid because the laboratories' samples were contaminated with dyed cotton which was part of a 16th century medieval repair!]</p><p><a name="paraDNF"></a>damaged in a fire. Rogers said: `I was irritated and determined to prove Sue and Joe wrong.' However, when he came to examine threads taken in 1978 - luckily from the same section as the 1988 sample - he found cotton in them. He said: `The cotton fibres were fairly heavily coated with dye, suggesting they were changed to match the linen during a repair. `I concluded that area of the shroud was manipulated by someone with great skill. `Sue and Joe were right. The worst possible sample for carbon dating was taken. `It consisted of different materials than were used in the shroud itself, so the age we produced was inaccurate.' In the video, made shortly before he died of cancer in March 2005, he said: `I came very close to proving the shroud was used to bury the historic Jesus'"[<a href="#AS09">AS09</a>].</p><p><a name="2009c"></a><b>2009c</b> July. "<a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1196520/Is-Turin-Shroud-really-self-portrait-Renaissance-man-Leonardo-da-Vinci.html">Is the Turin Shroud really a self-portrait by Renaissance man, Leonardo da Vinci?</a> ... <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Lillian+Schwartz">Lillian Schwartz (1927-</a> age 95 years!) ... claims that the image is a self-portrait of Leonardo, which was made using a crude photographic technique. Using computer scans she found that the face on the Turin Shroud and a self portrait of Leonardo da Vinci ... lined up perfectly, leading her to suggest that he used a self </p><p><a name="paraSML"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7BYVOpmhXOYgFkoqNi80auycoDvElxHB-pLCg9sqt_1apRruMyJAFuqeUkrHCTtgAW9vorM173ynQUxgAeWFJOoSu9z9dMmaMsFBHj6NuzfsFqhe_eacu0kfQogoArbsEb-wJ6c4HuiEzOClTFnCO8RVz5lGIJ6sY1PMJHMrSI95LKuBbdlbnCC-0rLXi/s470/ShroudFace&LeonardoSelfPortrait230611C1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7BYVOpmhXOYgFkoqNi80auycoDvElxHB-pLCg9sqt_1apRruMyJAFuqeUkrHCTtgAW9vorM173ynQUxgAeWFJOoSu9z9dMmaMsFBHj6NuzfsFqhe_eacu0kfQogoArbsEb-wJ6c4HuiEzOClTFnCO8RVz5lGIJ6sY1PMJHMrSI95LKuBbdlbnCC-0rLXi/s470/ShroudFace&LeonardoSelfPortrait230611C1.png" /></a>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7BYVOpmhXOYgFkoqNi80auycoDvElxHB-pLCg9sqt_1apRruMyJAFuqeUkrHCTtgAW9vorM173ynQUxgAeWFJOoSu9z9dMmaMsFBHj6NuzfsFqhe_eacu0kfQogoArbsEb-wJ6c4HuiEzOClTFnCO8RVz5lGIJ6sY1PMJHMrSI95LKuBbdlbnCC-0rLXi/s470/ShroudFace&LeonardoSelfPortrait230611C1.png">enlarge</a>): "Self image? Leonardo da Vinci (right) is suspected of faking the image of Christ's face on the Turin Shroud using his own features"[<a href="#DD09">DD09</a> But there are a `minor' problems. 1) This "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci#/media/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_WGA12798.jpg"><i>Presumed</i> self-portrait of Leonardo</a>" is dated c. 1510[<a href="#LDW">LDW</a>], which is <i>155 years</i> after <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1355">the Shroud first appeared in undisputed history in 1355</a>! And 2) imprinting the double full-length image of a man onto a 4.4 x 1.1 metre (14.4 x 3.6 ft) sheet of linen would not be "a crude photographic technique".]</p><p>portrait as a model for the painting. ... According to a ... documentary ... Leonardo scorched his facial features on to the linen of the Shroud using a sculpture of his face and a photographic device called a '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura">camera obscura</a>'. He would have hung the shroud's fabric over a frame in a </p><p><a name="paraHCB"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFc4e81dKhO823T0FeRU5U4PqojDfYRbZJ3m781KWwAhsbOmMInXwYUdtjVlM1BL2wMyimwQyT-KxZqV5Rmd_bnxq4fZGBtObaPqWIBDM2DggZkBfANbzJXO15Sy3SDKprTZ5yplpRTOSAYr_lLQTI1J6de8owmTq2-NOIhKbGxim-CsTWyzoD8frOxInL/s468/CameraObscura230611C1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFc4e81dKhO823T0FeRU5U4PqojDfYRbZJ3m781KWwAhsbOmMInXwYUdtjVlM1BL2wMyimwQyT-KxZqV5Rmd_bnxq4fZGBtObaPqWIBDM2DggZkBfANbzJXO15Sy3SDKprTZ5yplpRTOSAYr_lLQTI1J6de8owmTq2-NOIhKbGxim-CsTWyzoD8frOxInL/s468/CameraObscura230611C1.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFc4e81dKhO823T0FeRU5U4PqojDfYRbZJ3m781KWwAhsbOmMInXwYUdtjVlM1BL2wMyimwQyT-KxZqV5Rmd_bnxq4fZGBtObaPqWIBDM2DggZkBfANbzJXO15Sy3SDKprTZ5yplpRTOSAYr_lLQTI1J6de8owmTq2-NOIhKbGxim-CsTWyzoD8frOxInL/s468/CameraObscura230611C1.jpg">enlarge</a>): How a camera obscura <i>supposedly</i> created the Shroud's image. There are further `minor' problems. 3) Although the <i>camera obscura</i> is known to have existed since the 4th century BC[<a href="#CBW">CBW</a>], no one, including Leonardo, discovered imprinting the image cast by a <i>camera obscura</i> onto a surface "painted with light-sensitive emulsion" (which were made with <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=silver+salts">silver salts</a> not "egg whites and gelatin") until the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photography">1820s</a>. 4) And not just any lens would focus the Sun's rays onto a such a `photographic film'. It had to a be a <i>huge, flawless, quartz crystal</i> lens, which didn't, and couldn't, exist until the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Industrial+Revolution">Industrial Revolution (1760-1840)</a>! See my "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/08/medieval-photography-nicholas-allen.html">Medieval photography: Nicholas Allen</a>." Also 5) This only shows a head. It needs to show imprinting the double full-length image of a man onto a 4.4 x 1.1 metre (14.4 x 3.6 ft) sheet of linen. Finally, there was no electric light in Leonardo's day. That was invented by "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lamp#History">Humphry Davy [1778-1829] in the early 19th century</a>"[<a href="#ALW">ALW</a>]. So 6) Leonardo would have had to use the Sun as his light source. But the passage of the Sun across the sky is <i>directional</i> and the Shroud imge is <i>not</i> directional! See my "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/10/non-directional-17-man-on-shroud_29.html">Non-directional #17</a>"].</p><p>blacked- out room and coated it with a substance to make it light-sensitive, just like photographic film. When the sun's rays passed through a lens in one of the walls, Leonardo's 3D model would have been projected on to the material, creating a permanent image. According to the documentary, da Vinci 'scorched' his facial features onto the linen using a primitive photographic device called a 'camera obscura' ... But Professor John Jackson, director of the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Turin+Shroud+Centre+of+Colorado">Turin Shroud Centre of Colorado</a>, who believes the item dates from the time of Jesus's crucifixion, dismissed the Leonardo hypothesis. 'It is based on some very poor scientific and historical scholarship,' he said. The earliest known record of the shroud appears on a commemorative medallion struck in the mid-14th century and on display at the Cluny Museum Paris, he added. 'It clearly shows clerics holding up the shroud and is dated to around 100 years before Leonardo was born. 'There is </p><p><a name="paraLPB"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXb8mQrdJEjzgGE6F8SkfiWNTj4UqoVN_ms-VyU4lUDNHdglQuNHgVMIOKo0SH9qjPRpUrjV5UVJhZpdI0hsb8hxpMP9wK2KzkjmZ5iF4gyBnId12FwaPvYiDUspY2IRAAQqrvnVnFqaKL/s889/PilgrimsBadge151025.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXb8mQrdJEjzgGE6F8SkfiWNTj4UqoVN_ms-VyU4lUDNHdglQuNHgVMIOKo0SH9qjPRpUrjV5UVJhZpdI0hsb8hxpMP9wK2KzkjmZ5iF4gyBnId12FwaPvYiDUspY2IRAAQqrvnVnFqaKL/s889/PilgrimsBadge151025.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXb8mQrdJEjzgGE6F8SkfiWNTj4UqoVN_ms-VyU4lUDNHdglQuNHgVMIOKo0SH9qjPRpUrjV5UVJhZpdI0hsb8hxpMP9wK2KzkjmZ5iF4gyBnId12FwaPvYiDUspY2IRAAQqrvnVnFqaKL/s889/PilgrimsBadge151025.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#LM10">LM10</a>]: A lead pilgrim's badge, found in 1855 in the mud under a bridge over the <a href="https://tinyurl.com/y6gjrs5w">Seine River, Paris</a> and dated 1357, depicts the Shroud at the first Shroud exposition in Lirey c.1355[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 126-127]. Now in the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Cluny+Museum%2C+Paris">Cluny Museum, Paris</a>, the badge depicts the Shroud being exhibited with the coats of arms of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroi_de_Charny">Geoffroy I de Charny (c. 1300–56)</a> (left) and his wife <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeanne_de_Vergy?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en">Jeanne de Vergy (c.1332–1428)</a> (right) [<a href="#LM10">LM10</a>]]</p><p>no evidence whatsoever that Leonardo was involved in the shroud.' The professor believes the radiocarbon dating of the shroud was wrong because the sample was contaminated."</p><p><a name="2009d"></a><b>2009d</b> October. "<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE5943HL20091005">An Italian scientist says he has reproduced the Shroud of Turin</a>, a feat that he says proves definitively that the linen</p><p><a name="paraTFF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU6o2LLYwvHhU7TyS-4dwI2v-yTnmgS_No4fDEHQ5ob-4Db3kS3jdyQ_VaLsgrdHqQJ5Q1MesmtRZFQNMSJ2GgvUmMk2nVcHDB9oxhByVH1w4q5J8kPl09trS3ZpWeSGKh5Gb4IA8xY36F/s1600/Garlaschelli%2526ShroudFaces091008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU6o2LLYwvHhU7TyS-4dwI2v-yTnmgS_No4fDEHQ5ob-4Db3kS3jdyQ_VaLsgrdHqQJ5Q1MesmtRZFQNMSJ2GgvUmMk2nVcHDB9oxhByVH1w4q5J8kPl09trS3ZpWeSGKh5Gb4IA8xY36F/s800/Garlaschelli%2526ShroudFaces091008.jpg" /></a><p>[Above <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU6o2LLYwvHhU7TyS-4dwI2v-yTnmgS_No4fDEHQ5ob-4Db3kS3jdyQ_VaLsgrdHqQJ5Q1MesmtRZFQNMSJ2GgvUmMk2nVcHDB9oxhByVH1w4q5J8kPl09trS3ZpWeSGKh5Gb4IA8xY36F/s1600/Garlaschelli%2526ShroudFaces091008.jpg">enlarge</a>[<a href="#PP09">PP09</a>]: The face of the Shroud (L) compared with Garlaschelli's shroud's face (R)]. When <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU6o2LLYwvHhU7TyS-4dwI2v-yTnmgS_No4fDEHQ5ob-4Db3kS3jdyQ_VaLsgrdHqQJ5Q1MesmtRZFQNMSJ2GgvUmMk2nVcHDB9oxhByVH1w4q5J8kPl09trS3ZpWeSGKh5Gb4IA8xY36F/s1600/Garlaschelli%2526ShroudFaces091008.jpg">enlarged</a>, Garlaschelli's face image is seen to be unrealistically cartoon-like compared to the Shroud's.]</p><p>some Christians revere as Jesus Christ's burial cloth is a medieval fake. ... "We have shown that is possible to reproduce something which has the same characteristics as the Shroud," <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Luigi+Garlaschelli">Luigi Garlaschelli</a> ... A professor of organic chemistry at the University of Pavia [said] ... Carbon dating tests by laboratories in Oxford, Zurich and Tucson, Arizona in 1988 caused a sensation by dating it from between 1260 and 1390 ... But scientists have thus far been at a loss to explain how the image was left on the cloth. Garlaschelli reproduced the full-sized</p><p><a name="paraTFB"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikRxWlSH76tB3NFYHIg35CK1jxjsVS8H4McG-iXbH_oTGSKP1q1iP2BU3b88dxFVPb9ILQM7IikeJrk3pIi1GUDyCuDzLuHeFOQzEcEhtptdxzLOBaKA_n6pLnoQ5_HT0Nh9rDsmYRHAqM/s1600/Garlaschelli%2526ShroudBodies091008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikRxWlSH76tB3NFYHIg35CK1jxjsVS8H4McG-iXbH_oTGSKP1q1iP2BU3b88dxFVPb9ILQM7IikeJrk3pIi1GUDyCuDzLuHeFOQzEcEhtptdxzLOBaKA_n6pLnoQ5_HT0Nh9rDsmYRHAqM/s800/Garlaschelli%2526ShroudBodies091008.jpg" /></a><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikRxWlSH76tB3NFYHIg35CK1jxjsVS8H4McG-iXbH_oTGSKP1q1iP2BU3b88dxFVPb9ILQM7IikeJrk3pIi1GUDyCuDzLuHeFOQzEcEhtptdxzLOBaKA_n6pLnoQ5_HT0Nh9rDsmYRHAqM/s1600/Garlaschelli%2526ShroudBodies091008.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#PP09">PP09</a>]: The front body of the Shroud (L) compared with Garlaschelli's image (R). It is obvious that the hands, arms and parts of the body of Garlaschelli's shroud are much darker than the Shroud. Failure 6) and 7) below.]</p><p>shroud using materials and techniques that were available in the middle ages. They placed a linen sheet flat over a volunteer and then rubbed it with a pigment containing traces of acid. A mask was used for the face ... The pigment was then artificially aged by heating the cloth in an oven and washing it, a process which removed it from the surface but left a fuzzy, half-tone image similar to that on the Shroud. He believes the pigment on the original Shroud faded naturally over the centuries. They then added blood stains, burn holes, scorches and water stains to achieve the final effect ... Garlaschelli received funding for his work by an Italian association of atheists and agnostics ... See my <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2009/10/italian-scientist-says-he-has.html">08Oct09</a>. It is not enough "to reproduce <i>something</i> which has the same characteristics as the Shroud." In my book [in progress] I quote <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Barrie+Schwortz">Barrie Schwortz</a>: <blockquote>"In the end, any attempt at duplicating the image on the Shroud of Turin must match <i>all</i> of its physical and chemical properties, not just a select few" (emphasis original)[<a href="#SB00">SB00</a>].</blockquote> And, "Any explanation of how the Shroudman's image was formed must explain <i>all</i> the Shroud's major features ... Claimed replications of the Shroud which do not include <i>each and every</i> major feature of the Shroud, are a type of `<a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=straw+man">straw man</a>' fallacy. That is, they present a claimed replication of the Shroud which does not replicate <i>all</i> the Shroud's major features, and then claim that they have replicated the Shroud! Major features of the Shroud include: 1) Double body length; 2) Faint; 3) Negative; 4) Three-dimensional; 5) Non-directional; 6) Superficial; 7) Uniform colour; 8) Not painted; 9) Blood real human and 10. Blood first." As for "Garlaschelli reproduced the full-sized shroud," the article only shows a frontal image (see <a href="#paraTFB">above</a>), and I have never found on the Internet a back image by Garlaschelli (however see <a href="#2010b">2010b</a>) that Garlaschelli did produce both a front and back side of the Shroud. "They ... then rubbed it with a pigment." Rubbing is directional. Failure 5). Garlaschelli's "the pigment on the original Shroud faded naturally over the centuries" is an admission that there is no pigment on the Shroud! Failure 8). "They then added blood stains ..." The blood was before the image on the Shroud. Failure 10). So Garlaschelli's shroud failed to replicate at least 6 of the Shroud's 10 major featrures: 2) Faint; 5) Non-directional; 6) Superficial; 7) Uniform colour; 8) Not painted; and 10. Blood first! So Garlaschelli's shroud is a <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=straw+man">straw man</a>: he set up a false shroud and refuted that! So, "scientists ... [are still] ... at a loss to explain how the image was left on the cloth"! I spent time on Garlaschelli's shroud because it is going to be in my book.</p><p><a name="2009e"></a><b>2009e</b> December. "<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8415377.stm">'Jesus-era' burial shroud is found near the Old City</a> </p><p><a name="paraFFT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeROUU8jwveNFhKK5_PRyg8C0YK329t6rUUc8TePpV1hTOcUE2Hx2aOTNm6V0s2lNUIIBCFR-VwpvpZUMuV2tEpfuoJQHhn9WWJtd_EHZvblEHk90vq3VOWONey_-xeiM9p2NAn7MO9lme/s1600/Jerusalem091217.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeROUU8jwveNFhKK5_PRyg8C0YK329t6rUUc8TePpV1hTOcUE2Hx2aOTNm6V0s2lNUIIBCFR-VwpvpZUMuV2tEpfuoJQHhn9WWJtd_EHZvblEHk90vq3VOWONey_-xeiM9p2NAn7MO9lme/s800/Jerusalem091217.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeROUU8jwveNFhKK5_PRyg8C0YK329t6rUUc8TePpV1hTOcUE2Hx2aOTNm6V0s2lNUIIBCFR-VwpvpZUMuV2tEpfuoJQHhn9WWJtd_EHZvblEHk90vq3VOWONey_-xeiM9p2NAn7MO9lme/s800/Jerusalem091217.jpg">enlarge</a>): Fragment of this woollen shroud, showing its simple two-way weave[<a href="#MM09">MM09</a>].]</p><p><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8415377.stm">of Jerusalem.</a>" A team of archaeologists and scientists says it has, for the first time, found pieces of a burial shroud from the time of Jesus in a tomb in Jerusalem. The researchers, from Hebrew University and institutions in Canada and the US, said the shroud was very different from the controversial Turin Shroud. The newly found cloth has a simpler weave than Turin's, the scientists say. The body of a man wrapped in fragments of the shroud was found in a tomb dating from the time of Jesus near the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=jerusalem+old+city">Old City of Jerusalem</a>. The tomb is part of a cemetery called the Field of Blood [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeldama">Akeldama</a>], where Judas Iscariot is said to have killed himself[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A8%3B+Acts+1%3A19&version=ESV">Mt 27:8; Acts 1:19</a>]. The researchers believe the man was a Jewish high priest or member of the aristocracy who died of leprosy, the earliest proven case. They say he was wrapped in a cloth made of a simple two-way weave, very different to the complex weave of the Turin Shroud. The researchers believe that the fragments are typical of the burial cloths used at the time of Jesus. As a result, they conclude that the Turin Shroud did not originate from 1st Century Jerusalem[<a href="#BB09">BB09</a>]. See my <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2009/12/burial-shroud-proves-turin-shroud-not.html">17Dec09</a>, where I pointed out that it is <i>statistically fallacious</i> that, from a sample of <i>two </i>surviving 1st century Jerusalem shrouds, out of what must have been <i>many thousands</i> from that area and time that have not survived, to deduce that <i>all</i> those <i>thousands</i> of shrouds that did not survive were like only <i>one</i> of these two surviving shrouds, and therefore the other surviving one, the Shroud, must be a fake! And it was this woollen shroud which is not representative of Jerusalem shrouds in the first century because in the <i>National Geographic</i> article, which is no longer online, the archaeologist who found this shroud, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Shimon+Gibson">Shimon Gibson</a>, stated: <blockquote>"The way the wool in the shroud was spun indicates it had been <i>imported from elsewhere in the Mediterranean</i>-something a wealthy Jerusalem family from this period would likely have done"[<a href="#MM09">MM09</a>]!</blockquote> <a name="paraBSP"></a>Besides, as I pointed out in my post of <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2009/12/burial-shroud-proves-turin-shroud-not.html#paraBTH">17Dec09</a>, it has never been claimed as an argument in favour of the Shroud that it is typical of first century Jewish burial shrouds in the type and quality of its weave, because "we know from the Gospels that <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Joseph+of+Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> was a `rich man' and it was he who provided the Shroud used to bury Jesus ... (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A57-61&version=ESV">Mt 27:57-61</a>)"[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98, 13</a>]. In my in progress book, I point out that:<blockquote>"... the Greek word translated `shroud' in the New Testament is <i>sindon</i>, a fine linen sheet. But a <i>sindon</i> was not necessarily a burial shroud[WS00, 44]. The Gospel of Mark mentions a young man (presumably Mark himself) who was wearing only a <i>sindon</i> over his naked body at night[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+14%3A51-52&version=MOUNCE">Mk 14:51-52</a>], so presumably it was his bedsheet. In the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the third century BC Greek translation of the Old Testament, <i>sindons</i> are `linen garments'[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jdg+14%3A12-13&version=ESV">Jdg 14:12-13</a>]. Priestly garments were made of fine linen [<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lev+6%3A10%2C+2Chr+5%3A12&version=ESV">Lev 6:10, 2Chr 5:12</a>], so the cloth that became the Shroud may not have been originally intended for that purpose."</blockquote>So Gibson is a case of an archaeologist not understanding his subject matter!</p><p><a name="2010a"></a><b>2010a</b> 10 April - 23 May. The Shroud is displayed publicly for the </p><p><a name="paraPBS"></a><a href="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2010/05/04/world/europe/04turin-1/04turin-1-articleLarge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2010/05/04/world/europe/04turin-1/04turin-1-articleLarge.jpg" width="400"></a>[<a href="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2010/05/04/world/europe/04turin-1/04turin-1-articleLarge.jpg">Above</a>: <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Pope+Benedict+XVI">Pope Benedict XVI (1927-2022)</a> prays before the Shroud at its <a href="https://www.shroud.com/expos.htm#2010">2010 Exposition</a>[<a href="#PE10">PE10</a>]</p><p>first time since 2000, giving the public their first opportunity to see the relic since the controversial "restoration" of 2002.</p><p><a name="2010b"></a><b>2010b</b> 4-6 May. The <a href="https://www.google.com/search?b-d&q=International+Workshop+on+the+Scientific+Approach+to+the+Acheiropoietos+Images">International Workshop on the Scientific Approach to the Acheiropoietos Images</a> is organized by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Paolo+Di+Lazzaro">Paolo Di Lazzaro</a> and sponsored by and held at the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=enea+frascati+research+center">ENEA Research Center, in Frascati, Italy</a>. A paper at the workshop by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Thibault+Heimburger">Dr Thibault Heimburger, MD</a> and <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Giulio+Fanti">Prof. Giulio Fanti</a>, "Scientific comparison between the Turin Shroud and the first handmade whole copy" critiqued <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Luigi+Garlaschelli">Prof. Luigi Garlaschelli</a> claim <a href="#2009d">above</a> that he had reproduced a man's image on linen, "which has the same characteristics as the Shroud." Their Abstract summarised their paper:<blockquote>"Luigi Garlaschelli recently provided an interesting `Shroud-like' image. He used a variant of the well-known Nickell's rubbing technique on a sheet lying on the body of a volunteer and a bas relief for the face. For the first time a beautiful whole front and back image made by chemical discoloration of the cellulose was obtained. After having explained the experiments, we examine the characteristics of the image at macroscopic level as well as at fabric, threads and fibers level to compare them with those of the Turin Shroud image. We conclude that <i>most of the critical characteristics of the Turin Shroud image are very different from those of Garlaschelli's image</i>. As a consequence, it is unlikely a forger may have produced the body image on the Turin Shroud by this technique. We conclude <i>the image is still not reproducible</i>"[<a href="#HF10">HF10</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraTCT"></a>To conclude this post, here is a devastating refutation by Fanti of <i>ALL</i> </p><p><a name="paraFNT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPIsmMw_wqhUDpki4mMQHmBq1deZbhWfdRjpWkAqvTSJDNmUN6MhXT6fb_bwCKH6ly2f7wb-5txXaEMlXwHrI2VjKRk-Pqrb6b5GdIy0iWDc5qX2FgSfd0bTUwxeVaEXvqWkl1FpW29MGjrJj3UkZqRglZMoDNT3lVR6bWlCrB0Bm10syQgDMfNnxzvpab/s1193/straws230611C1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPIsmMw_wqhUDpki4mMQHmBq1deZbhWfdRjpWkAqvTSJDNmUN6MhXT6fb_bwCKH6ly2f7wb-5txXaEMlXwHrI2VjKRk-Pqrb6b5GdIy0iWDc5qX2FgSfd0bTUwxeVaEXvqWkl1FpW29MGjrJj3UkZqRglZMoDNT3lVR6bWlCrB0Bm10syQgDMfNnxzvpab/s800/straws230611C1.jpg" width="400"></a>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPIsmMw_wqhUDpki4mMQHmBq1deZbhWfdRjpWkAqvTSJDNmUN6MhXT6fb_bwCKH6ly2f7wb-5txXaEMlXwHrI2VjKRk-Pqrb6b5GdIy0iWDc5qX2FgSfd0bTUwxeVaEXvqWkl1FpW29MGjrJj3UkZqRglZMoDNT3lVR6bWlCrB0Bm10syQgDMfNnxzvpab/s1193/straws230611C1.jpg">enlarge</a>): "Figure 1.12 On the left, the first superficiality level is shown by the Shroud linen thread model, magnified 300 times, constituted of drinking straws; on the right, the second level of superficiality is highlighted by the fact that, removed from the colored layer, the straw (fiber) is uncolored"[<a href="#FM15">FM15</a>, 22].]</p><p>painting and powdering with colouring matter Shroud forgery theories: <blockquote>"To understand the huge difficulties that a hypothetical artist would have run into in order to obtain results similar to the Shroud, especially at the microscopic level, let us see the model in Fig. 1.12. If ideally we extract a thread of the body image of the Shroud, whose diameter is 0.25 mm (0.0098 in.), and if we magnify it by about 300 times, we can think it as analogous to a bundle of drinking straws. Each straw is, in this case, a linen fiber with a diameter of 0.015 mm (0.00059 in.). From one side of the bundle we can see a dozen colored straws side by side uncolored straws. If we remove the colored film of the linen fiber, we can observe that the cellulose in the inner side is uncolored. Now, let us think of a hypothetical artist who tries to reproduce these characteristics on a linen cloth using a simple painting technique: difficulties seem insuperable. First of all, the artist should dip the brush, not in the color, because there are not pigments on the threads, but in an acid capable of shading the linen chemically. However, the artist has to see what he or she is painting, so the acid (usually transparent) should be pre-emptively colored, though, at work completed, he or she should eliminate any evidence of pigment, because on the Shroud there is no colorant. Since colored fibers are side by side uncolored ones, the brush must have only one bristle with a diameter not superior to 0.01 mm (0.00039 in.). Inexplicably, the artist also has to be able to color the part of the straw in the inner side of the bundle without coloring the adjacent straws, since the color is uniformly distributed around the circumference. Then, the acid has to be placed on the fiber just for a split second because it must have no uncolored cellulose. Besides, the acid has to be spread uniformly along all the straw, that is, all the single fiber. Finally the artist would have to paint in the same way all the million straw-fibers that constitute the Shroud using a microscope (not existing in the Middle Ages) and in the same time observing the Shroud from at least a 1 m distance, corresponding to a 300 m (984 ft.) distance in the straws model, because, as already explained, when we get closer to the Shroud, the body image is not visible anymore. If these difficulties seem unsolvable nowadays, for a hypothetical, though brilliant, medieval artist they are far more problematic!"[<a href="#FM15">FM15</a>, 26-27].</blockquote></p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="ALW">ALW</a>. 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"<a href="https://shrouduniversity.com/bodyimages/2002restorationimage.jpg">Image of Full 2002 Restored Shroud</a>," <a href="http://shrouduniversity.com/hiresimage.php">High Resolution Imagery</a>, <i>Shroud University</i>, 2014.<br><a name="IJ98">IJ98</a>. Iannone, J.C., 1998, "The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin: New Scientific Evidence," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.<br><a name="JJ91">JJ91</a>. Jackson, J.P., 1991, "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/01/john-p-jackson-unconventional.html">An Unconventional Hypothesis to Explain all Image Characteristics Found on the Shroud Image</a>," in Berard, A., ed., "History, Science, Theology and the Shroud," Symposium Proceedings, St. Louis Missouri, June 22-23, 1991, The Man in the Shroud Committee of Amarillo, Texas: Amarillo TX, 1991, 325-344.<br><a name="LDW">LDW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci#Drawings">Leonardo da Vinci: Drawings</a>," Wikipedia, 20 June 2023. <br><a name="LJ09">LJ09</a>. Leyden, J., 2009, "<a href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/10/estonia_cyberwarfare_twist/">Russian politician: 'My assistant started Estonian cyberwar'</a>," <i>The Register</i>, 10 March.<br><a name="LM10">LM10</a>. Extract from Latendresse, M., 2010, "<a href="http://www.sindonology.org/papers/clunySouvenir.shtml">A Souvenir from Lirey</a>," Sindonology.org.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY, pp.126-127.<br><a name="LR04">LR04</a>. Lorenzi, R., 2004, "<a href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2004/04/12/1085582.htm">Turin shroud shows another mystery face</a>," <i>ABC/Discovery News</i>, 12 April.<br><a name="LR05">LR05</a>. Lorenzi, R., 2005, "<a href="http://abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1289491.htm">Turin shroud older than thought</a>," <i>ABC/Discovery News</i>, 26 January.<br><a name="MJ19">MJ19</a>. Marino, J., 2019, "<a href="https://www.academia.edu/40271611/_Power_Point_for_The_Invisible_Reweave_and_Other_Challenges_to_the_Turin_Shrouds_C-14_Medieval_Dating_a_Review">[Powerpoint for] The Invisible Reweave and Other Challenges to the Turin Shroud's C-14 Medieval Dating: a Review</a>."<br><a name="MJ23">MJ23</a>. Marino, J., 2023, Email 2 July reply to S. Jones, "Re: Can you send me a photo of the Rogers sample in this article which convinced him that you and Sue were right about the C-14 sample being part of a medieval repair?"<br><a name="MM09">MM09</a>. Milstein, M., 2009, "<a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/12/091216-shroud-of-turin-jesus-jerusalem-leprosy.html">Shroud of Turin Not Jesus', Tomb Discovery Suggests</a>," <i>National Geographic News</i>, 16 December (link no longer works).<br><a name="MP08">MP08</a>. Marino, J.G. & Prior, E.J., 2008, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/chronology.pdf">Chronological History of the Evidence for the Anomalous Nature of the C-14 Sample Area of the Shroud of Turin</a>," November, <i>Shroud.com</i>.<br><a name="PE10">PE10</a>. Povoledo, E., 2010, "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/world/europe/04turin.html">A Faded Relic of Christendom Reappears</a>," <i>The New York Times</i>, 3 May.<br><a name="PP09">PP09</a>. Pullella, P., 2009, "<a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE5943HL20091005">Italian scientist reproduces Shroud of Turin</a>," <i>Reuters</i>, 5 October.<br><a name="RT88">RT88</a>. Radford, T., 1988, "<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,,1062079,00.html">Shroud dating leaves 'forgery' debate raging</a>," <i>The Guardian</i>, 14 October.<br>SB00. Schwortz, B.M., 2000, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/orvieto.pdf">Is The Shroud of Turin a Medieval Photograph?: A Critical Examination of the Theory</a>," Shroud.com.<br><a name="SM02">SM02</a>. Shermer, M.B., 2002, "<a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-gradual-illumination/">The Gradual Illumination of the Mind</a>," <i>Scientific American</i>, February.<br><a name="SMW">SMW</a>. "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Alexandrovich_Markov">Sergey Alexandrovich Markov</a>," Wikipedia, 25 June 2016. <br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.<br></p><p>Posted 11 June 2023. Updated 21 January 2024.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-91012149133781896182023-05-29T23:34:00.025+08:002023-10-28T20:44:32.840+08:00The Shroudman and Jesus were wrapped in a linen shroud #41: The evidence is overwhelming that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet! <p><a name="para01"></a><center><b>THE SHROUDMAN AND JESUS WERE WRAPPED IN A LINEN SHROUD #41<br></b>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is part #41, "The Shroudman and Jesus were wrapped in a linen shroud," of my series, "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">The evidence is <i>overwhelming</i> that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet!</a>." For more information about this series, see the "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index #1</a>" and "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/01/other-marks-and-images-26-evidence-is.html">Other marks and images</a> #26." Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated.</p><p><a name="para03"></a>[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/01/the-shroudman-and-jesus-died-on-cross.html">The Shroudman and Jesus died on a cross</a> #40] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-shroudman-and-jesus-were-buried-in.html">The Shroudman and Jesus were buried in a rock tomb</a> #42]</p><hr><p><a name="para04"></a><ol start="5"><li><a href="https://tinyurl.com/y4l6x944">The Bible and the Shroud</a> #33</li><ol type="A" start="8"><li>The Shroudman and Jesus were wrapped in a linen shroud #41</li></ol></ol></p><p><a name="paraTSN"></a><b>The Shroudman and Jesus were wrapped in a linen shroud</b> Both the man on the Shroud and Jesus were wrapped in a linen <a href="https://shrouduniversity.com/bodyimages/2002restorationimage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="160" src="https://shrouduniversity.com/bodyimages/2002restorationimage.jpg" /></a>shroud[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 127; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 91; <a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 80; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 1].</p><p><a name="paraTSW"></a><b>The Shroudman was wrapped in a linen shroud</b>[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 127; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 91; <a href="#DA99">DA99</a>, 3; <a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 75; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 1].</p><p>[Right (<a href="https://shrouduniversity.com/bodyimages/2002restorationimage.jpg">enlarge</a>): The Shroud after the 2002 restoration[<a href="#HR14">HR14</a>].]</p><p><a name="paraJWW"></a><b>Jesus was wrapped in a linen shroud</b> (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=ESV">Mt 27:59; Mk 15:46; Lk 23:53</a>)[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 80; <a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 18, 48; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 31, 37; <a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 64]. <a name="paraNMT"></a>In <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=MOUNCE">Mt 27:59 & Lk 23:53</a> the Greek word translated "wrapped" is <i>enetylixen</i>, which means "to wrap" or "to fold"[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 37], to "wrap around"[<a href="#ZS92">ZS92</a>, 595-596]. In <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+15%3A46&version=MOUNCE">Mk 15:46</a> it is <i>eneilesen</i>, meaning "wrapped" or "confined"[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 37], to "wrap up in"[<a href="#ZS92">ZS92</a>, 588].</p><p><a name="paraJST"></a><b>The man on the Shroud is Jesus</b><br>• <u>If the Shroud is not a forgery, then the man on the Shroud is Jesus</u> Shroud sceptics admit this:<br><br><a name="paraHTN"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Thurston">Herbert Thurston (1856-1939)</a>:<blockquote>"As to the identity of the body whose image is seen on the Shroud, no question is possible. The five wounds, the cruel flagellation, the punctures encircling the head, can still be clearly distinguished in spite of the darkening of the whole fabric. <i>If this is not the impression of the Body of Christ, it was designed as the counterfeit of that impression</i>. In no other personage since the world began could these details be verified"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 19; <a href="#WE54">WE54</a>, 40].</blockquote><a name="paraHTN"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell">Joe Nickell (1944-)</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Schafersman">Steven Schafersman (1948-)</a>:<blockquote>"As the (red ochre) dust settles briefly over Sindondom, it becomes clear there are only two choices: <i>Either the shroud is authentic (naturally or supernaturally produced by the body of Jesus) or it is a product of human artifice</i>[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, 141]. Asks Steven Schafersman: `Is there a possible third hypothesis? No, and here's why. Both Wilson[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 51-53] and Stevenson and Habermas[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 121-129] go to great lengths to demonstrate that the man imaged on the shroud must be Jesus Christ and not someone else. After all, the man on <i>this</i> shroud was flogged, crucified, wore a crown of thorns, did not have his legs broken, was nailed to the cross, had his side pierced, and so on. Stevenson and Habermas[<i>Ibid</i>, 128] even calculate the odds as 1 in 83 million that the man on the shroud is not Jesus Christ (and they consider this a very conservative estimate). I agree with them on all of this. <i>If the shroud is authentic, the image is that of Jesus</i>'"[<a href="#SS82">SS82</a>, 42].</blockquote><a name="paraPMN"></a>• <u>Probability of the man on the Shroud not being Jesus</u>[<a href="#2">2</a>]. This is the probability of all the major independent features of the Shroud occurring together, which is found by multiplying their individual probabilities[<a href="#ZT84">ZT84</a>, 31]. For example, the probability of a head or tail in a toss of a coin is 1/2 each. The probability of tossing a coin and getting 3 heads in a row is 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8. My estimates of probability below are conservative. The reader can substitute his/her own.</p><p><a name="paraSHR"></a><i>Shroud</i> Most crucifixion victims were criminals (like the two robbers crucified alongside Jesus[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A38%3B+Mk+15%3A27&version=ESV">Mt 27:38; Mk 15:27</a>]), who were not individually buried in a shroud. They were either left on their crosses to rot and/or to be eaten by animals, or they were thrown into common graves. The crucified man on the Shroud had an individual burial in a linen shroud[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 127; <a href="#ZT84">ZT84</a>, 31]. Probability 1/100.</p><p><a name="paraXPN"></a><i>Expensive</i> The Shroud's three-to-one herringbone twill weave would have been rare and expensive[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 13; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 74; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 98]. Normal first century Jewish practice was a simple shroud, even for a member of the priestly aristocracy[<a href="#TS10">TS10</a>] But Jesus was buried by his disciples as their King[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A39-40&version=ESV">Jn 19:39-40</a>]. Probability 1/100.</p><p><a name="paraSRV"></a> <i>Survived</i> Only one fragment of a first century Jewish woollen burial shroud has survived[<a href="#SO15">SO15</a>], out of the many thousands of shrouds. A shroud would have decomposed with its body. Also first century Jews practiced secondary burial where after the body had decomposed its bones were placed in an ossuary. Jesus was resurrected so his body did not decompose[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ps+16%3A10%3B+Acts+2%3A27%2C+31%3B+13%3A34%2C+35-37&version=ESV">Ps 16:10; Acts 2:27, 31; 13:34, 35-37</a>]. Jesus' shroud was recovered and kept by his disciples (see Prehistory). Probability 1/1,000.</p><p><a name="paraSBT"></a><i>Beaten severely </i> Jesus and the man on the Shroud were beaten[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 126]. This was not part of Roman crucifixion. The Gospels record that Jesus received three beatings [<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+18%3A22%3B+Mt+26%3A67-68%3B+Mk+14%3A65%3B+Lk+22%3A63-64%3B+Mt+27%3A30%3B+Mk+15%3A19%3B+Jn+19%3A2-3&version=ESV">Jn 18:22; Mt 26:67-68; Mk 14:65; Lk 22:63-64; Mt 27:30; Mk 15:19; Jn 19:2-3</a>]. Probability 1/100.</p><p><a name="paraSSC"></a><i>Scourged severely</i> Jesus and the man on Shroud were severely scourged[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A26%3B+Mk+15%3A15&version=ESV">Mt 27:26; Mk 15:15</a>]. The Roman governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate">Pontius Pilate (r. 26-37)</a>, before whom Jesus was on trial, intended Jesus' scourging as an alternative to crucifixion[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+23%3A20-25%3B+Jn+18%3A38-40%3B+19%3A2-6&version=ESV">Lk 23:20-25; Jn 18:38-40; 19:2-6</a>]. Having been severely scourged with over 100 scourge wounds (see Bible), Jesus was too weakened to carry His crossbeam[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A31-32%3B+Mk+15%3A20-21%3B+Lk+23%3A26&version=ESV">Mt 27:31-32; Mk 15:20-21; Lk 23:26</a>], and Pilate was surprised that Jesus had died so soon on his cross[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+15%3A43-45&version=ESV">Mk 15:43-45</a>]. Probability 1/100.</p><p><a name="paraCWT"></a><i>Crowned with thorns</i> Jesus was crowned with thorns to mock his claim to be the King of the Jews[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A29%3B+Mk+15%3A17-18%3B+Jn+19%3A2-3&version=ESV">Mt 27:29; Mk 15:17-18; Jn 19:2-3</a>]. History does not record anyone else being crowned with thorns, and there would be no reason for there having been anyone else. Probability 1/1,000.</p><p><a name="paraCWN"></a><i>Crucified with nails</i> Jesus and the man on Shroud were crucified by nails[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A25%3B+Col+2%3A14&version=ESV">Jn 20:25; Col 2:14</a>]. The alternative was rope and nails were expensive. Probability 1/2 = 5/10.</p><p><a name="paraLNB"></a><i>Legs not broken</i> Jesus'[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A33&version=ESV">Jn 19:33</a>] and the man on Shroud's legs were not broken. This, the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crurifragium">crurifragium</a></i>, was a normal part of Roman crucifixion, to break the lower legs of those hanging on a cross to bring about their immediate death by asphyxiation (see Man on the Shroud). The two thieves crucified alongside Jesus had their legs broken[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A31-32&version=ESV">Jn 19:31-32</a>] and so did <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehohanan">Jehohanan</a>, the only Jewish Roman crucifixion victim known to archaeology. Probability 1/100.</p><p><a name="paraSNS"></a><i>Speared in the side</i>. Jesus[<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A33-34&version=ESV">Jn 19:33-34] </a>, and the man on the Shroud were speared in the side. However, it may be that if a crucifixion victim's legs were not broken, he/she was always speared in the side. Probability 1/1.</p><p><a name="paraCPB"></a><i>Cumulative probability</i> that the man on Shroud is not Jesus: </p><p>1/100 x 1/100 x 1/1,000 x 1/100 x 1/100 x 1/1,000 x 5/10 x 1/100 x 1/1</p><p>= 1/(100 x 100 x 1,000 x 100 x 100 x 1,000 x 5/10 x 100 x 1)</p><p>= 5/(100, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000)</p><p> = 1/(20, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000)</p><p>That is, the probability that the man on the Shroud is not Jesus, based only on these 9 major features of the Shroud, estimated by me conservatively, is 1 in 20 thousand, million, million, or 1 in 20 trillion!</p><p><a name="paraTFX"></a>This far exceeds the current world population of 8 billion plus[<a href="#WP22">WP22</a>], let alone the estimated first century world population of "between 150 and 330 million"[<a href="#EFW">EFW</a>]. So unless the man's image on the Shroud is a forgery (and there is a chapter 19, "Problems of the Forgery Theory" in my book), the man on the Shroud <i>is</i> Jesus!</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br><a name="2">2</a>. This is from chapter 20, "Is he Jesus?," of my book, "Shroud of Turin: Burial Sheet of Jesus!" (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#mybk">06Jul17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#paraMBK">03Jun18</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html#paraMNW">04Apr22</a>). I am not fully referencing my book at this stage, so I don't yet have references for all of these points. [<a href="#paraPMN">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AM00">AM00</a>. Antonacci, M., 2000, "The Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY.<br><a name="BM95">BM95</a>. Borkan, M., 1995, "Ecce Homo?: Science and the Authenticity of the Turin Shroud," <i>Vertices</i>, Duke University, Vol. X, No. 2, Winter, 18-51.<br><a name="GV01">GV01</a>. Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL.<br><a name="DA99">DA99</a>. Danin, A., Whanger, A.D., Baruch, U. & Whanger, M., 1999, "Flora of the Shroud of Turin," Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis MO.<br><a name="DT12">DT12</a>. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London, pp.108-109.<br><a name="EFW">EFW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population">Estimates of historical world population</a>," Wikipedia, 25 May 2023.<br><a name="HR14">HR14</a>. "<a href="https://shrouduniversity.com/hiresimage.php#full">High Resolution Imagery: Image of Full 2002 Restored Shroud</a>," Shroud University, Peachtree City GA, 2014.<br><a name="IJ98">IJ98</a>. Iannone, J.C., 1998, "The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin: New Scientific Evidence," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.<br><a name="NJ87">NJ87</a>. Nickell, J., 1987, "Inquest on the Shroud of Turin," Prometheus Books: Buffalo NY, Revised, Reprinted, 2000.<br><a name="SH81">SH81</a>. Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1981, "Verdict on the Shroud: Evidence for the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ," Servant Books: Ann Arbor MI.<br><a name="SH90">SH90</a>. Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1990, "The Shroud and the Controversy," Thomas Nelson: Nashville TN.<br><a name="SO15">SO15</a>. Shamir, O., 2015, "<a href="https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/abs/2015/02/shsconf_atsi2014_00010/shsconf_atsi2014_00010.html">A burial textile from the first century CE in Jerusalem compared to Roman textiles in the land of Israel and the Turin Shroud</a>," <i>SHS Web of Conferences</i>, Vol. 15, No. 10.<br><a name="SS82">SS82</a>. Schafersman, S.D., 1982, "<a href="https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1982/04/22165422/p39.pdf">Science, the public, and the Shroud of Turin</a>," <i>The Skeptical Inquirer</i>, Vol. 6, No. 3, Spring, 37-56.<br><a name="TF06">TF06</a>. Tribbe, F.C., 2006, "Portrait of Jesus: The Illustrated Story of the Shroud of Turin," Paragon House Publishers: St. Paul MN, Second edition.<br><a name="TS10">TS10</a>. "<a href="https://www.world-archaeology.com/world/asia/israel/tomb-of-the-shroud-latest-news/">Tomb of the Shroud: Latest News</a>," <i>Current World Archaeology</i>," No. 39, January 6, 2010.<br><a name="TH03">TH03</a>. Thurston, H., 1903, "The Holy Shroud and the Verdict of History," <i>The Month</i>, CI, January, 17-29.<br><a name="WE54">WE54</a>. Wuenschel, E.A., 1954, "Self-Portrait of Christ: The Holy Shroud of Turin," Holy Shroud Guild: Esopus NY, Third printing, 1961.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London, pp.74-75.<br><a name="WP22">WP22</a>. "<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/15/un-world-population-hits-8-billion-mark">World population hits eight billion</a>," <i>Al Jazeera</i>, 15 Nov 2022.<br><a name="WS00">WS00</a>. Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B.M., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books: London.<br><a name="ZT84">ZT84</a>. Zeuli, T., 1984, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi10part5.pdf">Jesus Christ is the Man of the Shroud</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 10, March, 29-33.<br><a name="ZS92">ZS92</a>. Zodhiates, S., 1992, "The Complete Word Study Dictionary: New Testament," AMG Publishers: Chattanooga TN, Third printing, 1994.<br></p><p>Posted 29 May 2023. Updated 28 October 2023.</p>
Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-74839705463333354682023-05-27T00:16:00.011+08:002023-06-03T08:31:40.979+08:00The three Hebrew/Aramaic letters under the Shroudman's chin are numbers!<p><a name="para01"></a><center><b>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones</b>[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="paraTCT"></a>It occurred to me in April 2023, while writing Chapter 7, "Other marks and images," of my book, "Shroud of Turin: Burial Sheet of Jesus!" (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#mybk">06Jul17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#paraMBK">03Jun18</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html#paraMNW">04Apr22</a>), on the topic of "Writing on the Shroud," <a name="paraTTT"></a>that the three Hebrew/Aramaic letters under the Shroudman's chin, revealed by <a href="https://shroud3d.com/introduction/curriculum-vitae/">Dr Petrus Soons</a>' hologram of the Shroud face (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2008/11/shroud-of-turin-news-september-2008.html">01Nov08</a>), <a name="paraWRF"></a>are, from right to left, <i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=tsade+Hebrew+letter">tsade</a></i>-<i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=aleph+Hebrew+letter">'aleph</a></i>-<i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=gimel+Hebrew+letter">gimel</a></i> (the last not <i>waw</i> or <i>nun</i> as I had previously thought), are <i>numbers</i>!</p><p><a name="paraHSF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvP6g9LTUldBJMLZy-hRtuzVI30aO58YKkRN6O7pktcOucWF9ThNiPhIP0Scan1ZIvhshTeKFaNfCDML41KDs68koV9-G2W_GX6otTaPH8inU1HHyTROQaBQ0UVsVkQZM4H42CoyiDDSNRvWd8rRiwmsfTMZIrtUn7LmKOZaj46L-Ls3n6d-yyIz52Q/s800/SoonsHologram230526TT.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvP6g9LTUldBJMLZy-hRtuzVI30aO58YKkRN6O7pktcOucWF9ThNiPhIP0Scan1ZIvhshTeKFaNfCDML41KDs68koV9-G2W_GX6otTaPH8inU1HHyTROQaBQ0UVsVkQZM4H42CoyiDDSNRvWd8rRiwmsfTMZIrtUn7LmKOZaj46L-Ls3n6d-yyIz52Q/s800/SoonsHologram230526TT.JPG" /></a>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvP6g9LTUldBJMLZy-hRtuzVI30aO58YKkRN6O7pktcOucWF9ThNiPhIP0Scan1ZIvhshTeKFaNfCDML41KDs68koV9-G2W_GX6otTaPH8inU1HHyTROQaBQ0UVsVkQZM4H42CoyiDDSNRvWd8rRiwmsfTMZIrtUn7LmKOZaj46L-Ls3n6d-yyIz52Q/s800/SoonsHologram230526TT.JPG">enlarge</a>): Hologram of the Shroud face by Dr Petrus Soons, showing three Hebrew letters under the beard of the man on the Shroud (best <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvP6g9LTUldBJMLZy-hRtuzVI30aO58YKkRN6O7pktcOucWF9ThNiPhIP0Scan1ZIvhshTeKFaNfCDML41KDs68koV9-G2W_GX6otTaPH8inU1HHyTROQaBQ0UVsVkQZM4H42CoyiDDSNRvWd8rRiwmsfTMZIrtUn7LmKOZaj46L-Ls3n6d-yyIz52Q/s800/SoonsHologram230526TT.JPG">enlarged</a> and viewed through red-green, three-dimensional, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=anaglyph+glasses">anaglyph glasses</a>)[<a href="#SP08a">SP08a</a>].]</p><p><a name="paraFRT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicsmSBJnBxAVgbsnZGVZ_NjH3Z3r73_Gf88xSOWMJOYB8aHaU_TylO5b7YTdTu9K7qb5AOBhSVB4JYtAmjPTV52yJxmFlEh3MpXgvn5rNJ54_fmgTTrXcbRqBrszE8hu5soYAXK6Tkql3BmBCohiHW4o12pHymy6EXUgSsiVU0NMPdmdjePCsq--V_-g/s410/TsadeAlephGimel230527TT.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicsmSBJnBxAVgbsnZGVZ_NjH3Z3r73_Gf88xSOWMJOYB8aHaU_TylO5b7YTdTu9K7qb5AOBhSVB4JYtAmjPTV52yJxmFlEh3MpXgvn5rNJ54_fmgTTrXcbRqBrszE8hu5soYAXK6Tkql3BmBCohiHW4o12pHymy6EXUgSsiVU0NMPdmdjePCsq--V_-g/s410/TsadeAlephGimel230527TT.png"></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicsmSBJnBxAVgbsnZGVZ_NjH3Z3r73_Gf88xSOWMJOYB8aHaU_TylO5b7YTdTu9K7qb5AOBhSVB4JYtAmjPTV52yJxmFlEh3MpXgvn5rNJ54_fmgTTrXcbRqBrszE8hu5soYAXK6Tkql3BmBCohiHW4o12pHymy6EXUgSsiVU0NMPdmdjePCsq--V_-g/s410/TsadeAlephGimel230527TT.png">enlarge</a>): From right to left, today's shape of the Hebrew letters <i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=tsade+Hebrew+letter">tsade</a></i>, <i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=aleph+Hebrew+letter">'aleph</a></i> and <i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=gimel+Hebrew+letter">gimel</a></i>. The middle letter in the above hologram is clearly <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=aleph+Hebrew+letter">'aleph</a>. The rightmost letter is closest to <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=tsade+Hebrew+letter">tsade</a></i>. The leftmost letter is the least clear but is closest to <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=gimel+Hebrew+letter">gimel</a></i>.]</p><p><a name="paraTNV"></a>The numerical value of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=tsade+hebrew+number"><i>tsade</i> is 90</a>, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=aleph+hebrew+number">'aleph is 1</a>, and <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=waw+hebrew+number"><i>gimel</i> is 3</a>. "The Hebrew numeric system operates on the additive principle in which the numeric values of the letters are added together to form the total"[<a href="#HNW">HNW</a>], so the number would be 90 + 1 + 3 = 94. It is plausible that the Romans had a criminal and/or capital punishment identification numbering system. And since the Romans used Jews to do their clerical work (e.g. the Jewish tax collectors, Matthew and Zacchaeus - <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+19%3A2&version=ESV">Mt 10:3; Lk 19:2</a>), it is plausible that the numbers were Hebrew, not Latin. If these numbers were on an amulet, why didn't the disciples who buried Jesus (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A57-60%3B+Mk+15%3A43-46%3B+Lk+23%3A50-53%3B+Jn+19%3A38-50&version=ESV">Mt 27:57-60; Mk 15:43-46; Lk 23:50-53; Jn 19:38-50</a>) remove it? They might not have had time since the Sabbath was about to begin (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2023%3A54&version=MOUNCE">Lk 23:54</a>). It also would likely have been illegal to remove a Roman criminal identification number.</p><p><a name="paraSSN"></a>Shroud Scope <a href="http://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=10&image=2&lon=1327.0&lat=5658.0">Enrie negative</a> and <a href="http://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=4&image=5&lon=787.0&lat=1259.0">Durante positive</a> show a place under the man's chin where an amulet could be, but they do not show an amulet or Hebrew letters. I don't understand holograms, so I have to rely on Dr. Soons' expertise in this: <blockquote>"My presentation summarizes work connected with digitizing Shroud photographs taken by Giuseppe Enrie in 1931, enhancing the digitized images to improve details, translating the enhanced images `gray scale data into depth data', generating a sequence of up to 625 images of each of these, and combining these images with a Holoprinter to produce holograms (3D images) of the Shroud. It also summarizes my study of these holograms and discovery of heretofore unseen details, which confirm many previous findings and reveal some surprises"[<a href="#SP08b">SP08b</a>, 370].</blockquote>That these three Hebrew letters are numbers, part of a Roman criminal identification system, is more plausible than they are a three-letter word of obsure meaning placed under Jesus' chin by Joseph of Arminathea or Nicodemus.</p><p><a name="paraNSW"></a>And, as I wrote in <a href="theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2008/11/shroud-of-turin-news-september-2008.html#paraGTN">my 2008 post</a>:<blockquote>"I agree that on the hologram below the beard of the man of the Shroud there are three Hebrew letters, which itself is further evidence that the Shroud is that of Jesus, because why would, or even <i>could</i>, a medieval forger add three Hebrew letters to his forgery, such that they could only be detected by 21st century science?"</blockquote></p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="HNW">HNW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_numerals">Hebrew numerals</a>," Wikipedia, 11 May 2023.<br><a name="SP08a">SP08a</a>. Soons, P., 2008, "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s71284DJdoU">The Shroud of Turin: The Holographic Experience</a>," Lecture by Dr. Petrus Soons, Shroud Encounter. 9 Aug 2014.<br><a name="SP08b">SP08b</a>. Soons, P., 2008, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ohiosoons.pdf">The Shroud of Turin: The Holographic Experience</a>," in Fanti, G., ed., 2009, "The Shroud of Turin: Perspectives on a Multifaceted Enigma," Proceedings of the 2008 Columbus Ohio International Conference, August 14-17, 2008, Progetto Libreria: Padua, Italy, 370-375.</p><p>Posted 27 May 2023. Updated 3 June 2023.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-7250688806805711242023-05-07T23:54:00.034+08:002023-07-08T07:35:36.646+08:00John Calvin, Turin Shroud Encyclopedia<p><a name="para01"></a><center><b><i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i><br>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones</b>[<a href="#1">1</a>]</p><p><h1>John Calvin #24</h1></center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is "John Calvin," part #24 of my <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i>. I had overlooked that <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=John+Calvin">John Calvin (1509-64)</a> was an early Shroud sceptic between <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">Pierre d'Arcis #19</a> and <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/01/ulysse-chevalier-turin-shroud.html">Ulysse Chevalier #20</a>. See my previous "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2011/01/re-john-calvin-on-shroud-1.html">Re: John Calvin on the Shroud #1</a>" and <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2011/01/re-john-calvin-on-shroud-2.html">#2</a>. As mentioned in my previous <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">Pierre d'Arcis</a> #19, this series will help me write chapter "18. Sceptics and the Shroud" of my book, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Sheet of Jesus!" See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#mybk">06Jul17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#paraMBK">03Jun18</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html#paraMNW">04Apr22</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraPTS">13Jul22</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">8 Nov 22</a>. </p><p>[<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/01/index-z-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html">Index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/03/how-was-image-formed-turin-shroud.html">How was the Image Formed? (1)</a> #23] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/07/objections-answered-1-turin-shroud.html">Objections answered (1)</a> #25]<hr><p><a name="paraHTN"></a><b>John Calvin</b> (1509–64) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>[<a href="#JCW">JCW</a>].</p><p><a name="paraPJC"></a><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png/738px-John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png/738px-John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png" /></a>[Right (<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png/738px-John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png">enlarge</a>[<a href="#FJC">FJC</a>]). Portrait of John Calvin, c.1550, by an anonymous artist.]</p><p><a name="paraPMR"></a>I prefaced my response to <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Edward+Babinski">anti-Christian Ed Babinski</a> in my previous "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2011/01/re-john-calvin-on-shroud-1.html">Re: John Calvin on the Shroud #1</a>": "Although I am a life-long [i.e. since the late-1960s] <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism">Calvinist</a>, owning Calvin's two-volume `<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Calvin-Institutes-Christian-Religion-Set/dp/0664220282">Institutes of the Christian Religion</a>' and a <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Calvins-Testament-Commentaries-Thomas-Torrance/dp/B002RGQZ7W/">12-volume set of his New Testament Comment-aries</a>, as well as his commentaries on <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Commentary-Genesis-Two-Volumes-One/dp/B00178NDDA/">Genesis</a> and <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Commentary-Daniel-Geneva-John-Calvin/dp/0851510922/">Daniel</a>, I regret to say that while Calvin was right about a lot of things, he <i>was wrong about the Shroud</i>!"</p><p><a name="paraHRC"></a>Here are Calvin's arguments against the Shroud in his "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Relics">A Treatise on Relics</a>" (1543):<blockquote>"It is now time to treat of the `<i>sudary</i>,' about which relic they have displayed their folly even more than in the affair of the holy coat; for besides the sudary of Veronica, which is shown in the Church of St Peter at Rome, it is the boast of several towns that they each possess one, as for instance Carcassone, Nice, Aix-la-Chapelle, Tréves, Besançon, without reckoning the <i>fragments</i> to be seen in various places. Now, I ask whether those persons were not bereft of their senses who could take long pilgrimages, at much expense and fatigue, in order to see sheets, of the reality of which there were no reasons to believe, but many to doubt; for whoever admitted the reality of one of these sudaries shown in so many places, must have considered the rest as wicked impostures set up to deceive the public by the pretence that they were each the real sheet in which Christ's body had been wrapped. But it is not only that the exhibitors of this one and the same relic give each other mutually the lie, they are (what is far more important) positively contradicted by the Gospel. The evangelists who speak of all the women who followed our Lord to the place of crucifixion, make not the least mention of that Veronica who wiped his face with a kerchief. It was in truth a most marvellous and remarkable event, worthy of being recorded, that the face of Jesus Christ was then miraculously imprinted upon the cloth, a much more important thing to mention than the mere circumstance that certain women had followed Jesus Christ to the place of crucifixion without meeting with any miracle; and, indeed, had such a miracle taken place, we might consider the evangelists wanting in judgment in not relating the most important facts" (emphasis original)[<a href="#CTR">CTR</a>, 175-176].</blockquote><a name="paraNTB"></a>In the above, Calvin confuses: 1) the Shroud; 2) copies of the Shroud; and 3) other cloths which are neither. Calvin's "sudary" is evidently his French translation of the Latin <i>sudarium</i>. Latin had no word of its own for the Greek <i>sindon</i> "shroud" of <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=MOUNCE">Mt 27:59; Mk 15:46 & Lk 23:53</a>. So <i>sudarium</i>, the face cloth (<i>soudarion</i>) of <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A7&version=MOUNCE">Jn 20:7</a>, was often confused in Latin writings to mean the Shroud[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 11]. <i>None</i> of the shrouds mentioned above by Calvin is the Shroud! The closest is "Nice" where the Shroud had been from 1537-39[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 11]. The "sudary of Veronica, which is shown in the Church of St Peter at Rome" (i.e. the so-called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica">Veil of Veronica</a>") was a copy of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a> (the Shroud <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html"> "four-doubled" <i>tetradiplon</i></a>) given by Constantinople to Rome in c. 1011, when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV">Pope Sergius IV (r. 1009-12)</a> consecrated an altar to it in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_VII">John VII</a>'s chapel, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica">Old St Peter's Basilica</a>[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 269-711].</p><p><a name="paraTSF"></a>The issue of "had such a miracle taken place, we might consider the evangelists wanting in judgment in not relating[it"] doesn't arise because the story of Veronica's veil is fourteenth century[<a href="#VVW">VVW</a>]. Which Calvin, a former Roman Catholic and and very erudite would surely have known. <a name="paraCSD"></a>Calvin is <i>dishonest</i> in the above because he does know of "<i>the</i> `sudary'" (i.e. <i>the</i> Shroud) but smothers it under a morass of irrelevant cloths. Calvin also comes across as an <i>arrogant intellectual</i>, dismissing as "bereft of their senses" those ordinary people who made "long pilgrimages ... to see sheets" which they believed were Jesus'. Would Jesus, who had "compassion on the crowd[s]" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+9%3A36%3B+14%3A14%3B+15%3A32%3B+Mk+6%3A34%3B+8%3A2&version=ESV">Mt 9:36; 14:14; 15:32; Mk 6:34; 8:2</a>) have described them so? </p><p><a name="paraCCN"></a>Calvin continued in his <i>Treatise</i>:<blockquote>"The same observations are applicable to the tale of the sheet in which the body of our Lord was wrapped. How is it possible that those sacred historians, who carefully related all the miracles that took place at Christ's death, should have omitted to mention one so remarkable as the likeness of the body of our Lord remaining on its wrapping sheet? This fact undoubtedly deserved to be recorded"[<a href="#CTR">CTR</a>, 176].</blockquote>Calvin's argument here is similar, if not identical, to Bishop Pierre d'Arcis' in his 1389 memorandum! See "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraTCN">Pierre d'Arcis #19</a>." So my answer to Calvin will be similar to my answer to d'Arcis. <a name="paraCHC"></a>Calvin here commits the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_silence">Argument from Silence</a> fallacy: `Jesus' image on the Shroud is not mentioned in the Gospels, therefore there was no image'. Calvin fails to consider reasons why Jesus' image could be on the Shroud, but the Gospel writers did not mention it, including: The Shroud is only mentioned in the Gospels while Jesus was hanging on the cross (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=MOUNCE">Mt 27:59; Mk 15:46 & Lk 23:53</a>). The Shroud (<i>sindon</i>) was not in the tomb when Peter and John entered it (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A3-7&version=ESV">Jn 20:3-7</a>) - see next. The image may not have been visible until after the Gospels were written, but developed slowly over time as the image fibres prematurely aged compared to the non-image fibres (<a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Shroud+Turin+Latent+Image">Latent Image Theory</a>)[<a href="#SD89">SD89</a>, 70]. If the disciples had announced they had Jesus' shroud with his image on it, their more numerous and powerful enemies, the Jews and Romans, would have demanded they hand it over to be destroyed[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 97-98; <a href="#SD89">SD89</a>, 70]. Also it would lend credence to the Jewish religious leaders' false explanation for Jesus' empty tomb, that the disciples had stolen Jesus' body (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+28%3A11-15&version=ESV">Mt 28:11-15</a>).</p><blockquote><a name="paraSJN"></a>"St John, in his Gospel, relates even how St Peter, having entered the sepulchre, saw the linen clothes lying on one side, and the napkin that was about his head on the other; but he does not say that there was a miraculous impression of our Lord's figure upon these clothes, and it is not to be imagined that he would have omitted to mention such a work of God if there had been any thing of this kind"[<a href="#CTR">CTR</a>, 176].</blockquote>Calvin, who could read Greek, is `twisting the Scriptures' (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Peter+3%3A16&version=ESV">2Pet 3:16</a>). The Greek of <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A6-7&version=MOUNCE">Jn 20:6-7</a> does not say that when Peter and John entered the tomb they saw the <i>sindon</i> (shroud), but rather the <i>othonia</i> "linen wrappings" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A6-7&version=MOUNCE">Mounce</a>) or "strips of linen" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A6-7&version=NIV">NIV</a>), and the "face cloth" (<i>soudarion</i>)(<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A7&version=MOUNCE">Jn 20:7</a>. <a name="paraNTP"></a>New Testament professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hendriksen">William Hendriksen (1900-82)</a> in his <i>Commentary on John</i> (1959), in which he provides his own Enlish translation of the Greek, renders Jn 20:6-7 as follows: <blockquote>"6, 7. Then Simon Peter also came, following him, and went into the tomb; and he observed the <i>linen bandages</i> lying (there), and the sweatband, which had been around his head, not lying with the <i>linen bandages</i> but folded up in a place by itself" (my emphasis)[<a href="#HW64">HW64</a>, 450]</blockquote><a name="paraTGS"></a>The German shroudie theologian <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Werner+Bulst">Werner Bulst (1913-95)</a> admitted:<blockquote>"Most interpreters of Scripture, Catholic and non-Catholic, take the <i>Sindon</i> of the Synoptics as a large cloth and distinguish it from the cloths mentioned by John: the <i>Othonia</i>, taken to be bandages, and the Sweat Cloth [face cloth <i>soudarion</i>] ... The most serious difficulty in this interpretation is that John makes no mention at all of the <i>Sindon</i>, the largest of the cloths ... neither at the burial of Lazarus or Jesus, nor at the discovery of the cloths on Easter morning"[<a href="#BW57">BW57</a>, 83].</blockquote>Likewise, the Irish Shroudie theologian <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Patrick_A._Beecher">Patrick A. Beecher (1870–1940)</a> pointed out, "After the resurrection there is <i>no mention of the Sindon as having been found in the tomb</i>":<blockquote>"The three Synoptic Evangelists, Saints Matthew, Mark and Luke, tell us that Joseph of Arimathea wrapped the body of Our Lord in a Sindon (<a href="http://tinyurl.com/m94r5nx">Matt. xxvii. 59; Mark xv. 46; Luke xxiii. 53</a>). The Sindon was a large white linen sheet that covered the entire body. The Evangelists carefully distinguish between it and the sudarium (napkin), which latter was in shape and size like a handkerchief, and was used for the head. In addition, as we know from St. John (<a href="http://tinyurl.com/pftndtk">xix. 40</a>), linen cloths (<i>ta othonia</i>) were used, with spices, according to Jewish custom. After the resurrection there is no mention of the Sindon as having been found in the tomb. St. John tells us that Peter `saw the linen cloths lying, and the napkin that had been about his head, not lying with the linen cloths, but apart, wrapped up into one place' (<a href="http://tinyurl.com/lcrh89s">xx. 6,7</a>). And St. Luke tells us that `Peter rising up, ran to the sepulchre, and stooping down, he saw the linen cloths laid by themselves' (<a href="http://tinyurl.com/qas4z4w">xxiv. 12</a>)"[<a href="#BP28">BP28</a>].</blockquote> So the reason why "St John, in his Gospel ...does not say that there was a miraculous impression of our Lord's figure upon these clothes [<i>othonia</i>] is that they were not the Shroud (<i>sindon</i>) but "strips of linen" used to tie the hands and feet of Jewish deceased at burial, as Lazarus' were (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+11%3A43-44&version=ESV">Jn 11:43-44</a>). According to the late 1st century-early 2nd century <i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Gospel+of+the+Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></i> Jesus had taken the Shroud with him out of the tomb and had given it to "the servant of the priest," i.e. the Apostle John (see my 3-part series, "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/11/servant-of-priest-1-turin-shroud.html">Servant of the Priest.</a>"</p><p><blockquote><a name="paraNPT"></a>"Another point to be observed is, that the evangelists do not mention that either of the disciples or the faithful women who came to the sepulchre had removed the clothes in question, but, on the contrary, their account seems to imply that they were left there."</blockquote>This is another Argument from Silence fallacy by Calvin. The only passage which refers to the aftermath of Peter and John seeing Jesus' graveclothes, that is the "strips of linen" (<i>othonia</i>) and the "facecloth" (<i>soudarion</i>, but not the Shroud (<i>sindon</i>, in the tomb is <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A8-10&version=ESV">Jn 20:8-10</a>. And it says, "Then the disciples went back to their homes":<blockquote>"8 Then the other disciple, who had reached the tomb first, also went in, and he saw and believed; 9 for as yet they did not understand the Scripture, that he must rise from the dead. 10 Then the disciples went back to their homes"</blockquote>First, it doesn't say "Peter and John" but "<i>the disciples</i>". So it is likely that by this time some of Jesus' other disciples had reached the tomb. Second, Peter or John, or the other disciples, would almost certainly not have left Jesus' graveclothes in the tomb for grave-robbers to scavenge, but would have taken them as mementos of Jesus' earthly life among them. Also, there was the valuable "mixture of myrrh and aloes, about seventy-five pounds in weight" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A39&version=ESV">Jn 19:39</a>) that Nicodemus, or another disciple, would surely have removed from the tomb, but nothing is said about that.<blockquote><a name="paraNPT"></a>"Now, the sepulchre was guarded by soldiers, and consequently the clothes were in their power. Is it possible that they would have permitted the disciples to take them away as relics, since these very men had been bribed by the Pharisees to perjure themselves by saying that the disciples had stolen the body of our Lord?"</blockquote>Calvin forgets that <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+28%3A2-5%2C+11&version=ESV">Mt 28:2-5, 11</a> says that when the angel came down and rolled back the large stone at the entrance of the tomb, "the guards trembled and <i>became like dead men</i>" and then evidently they had fled before the women arrived at the tomb, because some of the guards went into Jerusalem and told the chief priests what had happened:<blockquote>"2 And behold, there was a great earthquake, for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven and came and rolled back the stone and sat on it. 3 His appearance was like lightning, and his clothing white as snow. 4 And for fear of him the guards trembled and became like dead men. 5 But the angel said to the women, “Do not be afraid, for I know that you seek Jesus who was crucified ... 11 While they were going [the women disciples from the tomb], behold, some of the guard went into the city and told the chief priests all that had taken place."</blockquote>It is amazing that Calvin did not realise that if the guards were still at the tomb when Peter and John arrived, they would not have been allowed inside it!<a name="paraSCW"></a><blockquote>"I shall conclude with a convincing proof of the audacity of the Papists. Wherever the holy sudary is exhibited, they show a large sheet with the full-length likeness of a human body on it. Now, St John's Gospel, chapter nineteenth, says that Christ was buried according to the manner of the Jews; and what was their custom? This may be known by their present custom on such occasions, as well as from their books, which describe the ancient ceremony of interment, which was to wrap the body in a sheet, to the shoulders, and to cover the head with a separate cloth"[<a href="#CTR">CTR</a>, 177].</blockquote>First, "the Papists" (i.e. the Roman Catholic Church) did not own the Shroud until 1983 when ex-King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy">Umberto II of Savoy (1904-83)</a> left the Shroud in his will to the Pope and his successors:<blockquote>"In 1453 the Shroud was purchased by the Duke of Savoy, and the Savoy family owned it thereafter until 1983. The Savoys ultimately ruled over all of Italy, which was unified in the nineteenth century. Umberto II was deposed as king of Italy in June 1946 and lived in exile in Portugal until his death in 1983. He was titular head of the House of Savoy during his lifetime and owner of the Shroud, and regularly consulted with the archbishop of Turin, who was the Shroud's custodian. By his will, Umberto gave the Shroud to the pope of the Roman Catholic Church and his successors; the bequest was accepted by Vatican announcement of October 18, 1983. On February 7, 1984, the Vatican secretary of state announced that under the terms of Umberto's will, the Shroud was to remain in Turin, and that the archbishop of Turin would be the pope's personal representative for all future Shroud matters"[<a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 5].</blockquote>Second, it is fallacious for Calvin to assume thaat that the Jews' 16th century "present custom" of burial was the same as it was in the 1st century. Also, Jesus (the man on the Shroud) died a bloody death, for which Jewish law prescribed the body be totally enveloped in a <i>sovev</i> - a single sheet around the entire body:<blockquote>"As any true expert in Jewish burial tradition will point out, the particular deceased person whom we see on the Shroud would have needed some very different funerary arrangements, because he self-evidently died a violent death - i.e. of crucifixion - during which his body became extensively stained with his life-blood. As has been explained by Jewish-born Victor Tunkel of the Faculty of Laws, Queen Mary College, University of London … The belief among the Pharisees of Jesus's time, shared by Jesus's own followers, was that the body would be physically resurrected at the end of time, thereby requiring that anything and everything that formed an essential part of it, such as an amputated limb, or its life-blood, should be buried together with it in anticipation ... the <i>Shulhan Aruch</i>, the great sixteenth-century Code of Jewish Law which modern-day Jewish scholars recognise as codifying laws and practices that go back to ancient times ... prescribe, over any clothes, however bloodstained, that the deceased may have been wearing when he died, those preparing him for burial were expected to wrap a white shroud ... `a sheet which is called <i>sovev</i>' ... The <i>sovev</i> therefore had to be an all-enveloping cloth, that is, a `single sheet ... used to go right round' the entire body.' The Hebrew verb from which <i>sovev</i> derives specifically means `to surround' or `to go around', thus perfectly corresponding to the `over the head' type of cloth that we see in the case of the Shroud ..."[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 54-55].</blockquote><a name="paraTSP"><a name="paraCCH"></a>Calvin concludes his <i>Treatise</i> argument against the Shroud:</a><blockquote>"This is precisely how the evangelist described it, saying, that St Peter saw on one side the clothes with which the body had been wrapped, and on the other the napkin from about his head. In short, either St John is a liar, or all those who boast of possessing the holy sudary are convicted of falsehood and deceit"[<a href="#CTR">CTR</a>, 177-178].</blockquote>Calvin is <i>wrong</i>! Peter saw in the tomb the "linen strips" (<i>othonia</i>) and the "face cloth" (<i>soudarion</i>) but not the Shroud (<i>sindon</i>) (see above). It is <i>Calvin</i> who in this is "convicted of falsehood and deceit," not those who possessed the Shroud in 1543 when Calvin wrote his <i>Treatise</i>, namely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Savoy">Charles III, Duke of Savoy (r. 1504-53)</a>!</p><p><a name="paraWNC"></a>I will now comment on Calvin's only other attack on the Shroud (as far as I am aware), in his, <i>Commentary on John</i> (1553):<blockquote>"[<a href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn%2020:5&version=KJV">John 20:5</a>]. <i>And seeth the linen cloths lying</i>. The linen cloths were, so to say, the slough, which should produce faith in Christ's resurrection. For it was improbable that His body would be stripped to be taken elsewhere. This would have been done neither by a friend nor by a foe. That His head was wrapped in a napkin refutes the falsehood of the Papists, who pretend that the whole body was sewn up in one linen cloth, which they show to the unhappy masses to adore"[<a href="#CJ53">CJ53</a>, 193].</blockquote>Calvin confused the "napkin," i.e. the "face cloth" (<i>soudarion</i>) with the Shroud (<i>sindon</i>). Jesus' "whole body" <i>was</i>, not "sewn up" but "wrapped" <i>entylissō</i> (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=MOUNCE">Mt 27:59 & Lk 23:53</a>); "enveloped" <i>eneileō</i> (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+15%3A46&version=MOUNCE">Mk 15:46</a>) "in one linen cloth"!<a name="paraVTG"></a><blockquote>"I overlook their ignorance of Latin, which led them to make the word `napkin' (which was used to wipe sweat off the face) into a covering for the whole body"[<a href="#CJ53">CJ53</a>, 193].</blockquote>Calvin continues his confusion with the Latin "<i>sudarium</i>" which can mean both "face cloth" and "shroud" (see <a href="#paraNTB">above</a>). But the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate">Latin Vulgate</a> was just a <i>translation</i> of the Bible's Old Testament Hebrew and Aramaic and the New Testament's Greek. And the New Testament clearly distinguishes between <i>sindon</i> "shroud" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=MOUNCE">Mt 27:59; Mk 15:46 & Lk 23:53</a>) and <i>soudarion</i> "face cloth|" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+11%3A44%3B+20%3A7&version=MOUNCE">Jn 11:44; 20:7</a>). <a name="paraVTM"></a><blockquote>"I overlook also their impudence in boasting-in five or six different localities-that they have this same napkin. But this gross falsehood is intolerable, for it openly contradicts the Gospel history"[<a href="#CJ53">CJ53</a>, 193-194].</blockquote>Since Calvin had earlier distinguished between the "napkin ... which was used to wipe sweat off the face" (<i>soudarion</i> = face cloth) and "a covering for the whole body" (<i>sindon</i> = Shroud) his argument against the "napkin" is <i>irrelevant</i> to the Shroud, which was at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vercelli">Vercelli</a>, Italy in the 1540s when Calvin was writing his <i>Commentary on John</i> (1553):<blockquote>"1541: The Shroud is once again at Vercelli, where it will stay for the next twenty years"[<a href="#WI96">WI96</a>].</blockquote>And since the "napkin" is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo">Sudarium of Oviedo</a>, which was in Spain, Calvin's argument against that is irrelevant also.<a name="paraTTS"></a><blockquote>"To this is added the fabulous miracle which they have invented, that the likeness of Christ's body is impressed on the linen"[<a href="#CJ53">CJ53</a>, 194].</blockquote><a name="paraTLF"></a><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Shroudofturin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="170" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Shroudofturin.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Shroudofturin.jpg">enlarge</a>): The likeness of Christ's body IS impressed on the linen[<a href="#STW">STW</a>]!]</p><p>Calvin is <i>wrong</i> again! The Roman Catholic Church did not invent "the likeness of Christ's body ... impressed on the linen." For example, the French <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade">Fourth Crusader</a> knight <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Robert+de+Clari&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&">Robert de Clari (c.1170-1216)</a> saw in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> Constantinople in 1203 a <i>sindon</i> on which "<i>the figure of Our Lord could be plainly seen</i>" (which can only have been the Shroud):<blockquote>"... there was another of the churches which they call My Lady <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_Blachernae">St. Mary of Blachernae</a>, where was kept the shroud [<i>sydoines</i> = <i>sindon</i>] in which Our Lord had been wrapped, which stood up straight every Friday so that <i>the figure of Our Lord could be plainly seen</i> there, and no one, either Greek or French, ever knew what became of this shroud when the city was taken"[<a href="#DP82">DP82</a>, 13].</blockquote><a name="paraCCW"></a>Calvin concluded with:<blockquote>"I ask you, if such a miracle had been performed, would the Evangelist have suppressed it, when he is so careful to relate less important things?"[<a href="#CJ53">CJ53</a>, 194]. </blockquote>Calvin again (<a href="#paraCHC">see above</a>) commits the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_silence">Argument from Silence</a> fallacy: `John didn't mention that "the likeness of Christ's body is impressed on the linen," therefore there was no "likeness of Christ's body ... impressed on the linen." But John in his gospel does not mention the <i>sindon</i> in the empty tomb, because <i>it wasn't there</i> when Peter and John entered it (see <a href="#paraTGS">above</a>)!<blockquote><a name="paraLSB"></a>"Let us be content with this simplicity, that by laying aside the tokens of death, Christ meant to testify that He had put on a blessed and immortal life"[<a href="#CJ53">CJ53</a>, 194]. </blockquote>It is not up to Calvin, or anyone, to dictate what Christ should, or should not do! Calvin forgot what he wrote in his c. 1546 <i>Commentary on Ephesians</i>, commenting on <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Eph+3%3A20&version=KJV">Eph 3:20</a> (the verse on the ring I gave my wife of 51 years at our wedding in 1972!):<blockquote>"Now unto him that is able to do <i>exceeding abundantly above all that we ask or think</i>, according to the power that worketh in us,"</blockquote>Calvin commented:<blockquote>"The expressions <i>exceeding abundantly</i> and <i>above all that we ask or think</i>, should be noted ... For however many blessings we expect from God, His infinite liberality will always exceed all our wishes and our thoughts"[<a href="#CJ46">CJ46</a>, 170].</blockquote>And the Shroud, with its "likeness of Christ's body ... impressed on the linen" is the ultimate proof of that!</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="BP28">BP28</a>. Beecher, P.A., 1928, "The Holy Shroud: Reply to the Rev. Herbert Thurston, S.J.," M.H. Gill & Son: Dublin, p.16<br><a name="BW57">BW57</a>. Bulst, W., 1957, "The Shroud of Turin," McKenna, S. & Galvin, J.J., transl., Bruce Publishing Co: Milwaukee WI.<br><a name="CJ46">CJ46</a>. Calvin, J., 1553, "The Gospel According to St. John, Part Two 11-21," Parker, T.H.L., transl., Eerdmans: Grand Rapids MI, 1959, Reprinted, 1979.</br><a name="CJ53">CJ53</a>. Calvin, J., 1553, "The Gospel According to St. John, Part Two 11-21," Parker, T.H.L., transl., Eerdmans: Grand Rapids MI, 1959, Reprinted, 1979.</br><a name="CTR">CTR</a>. Calvin, J., 1543, "<A HREF="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32136">A Treatise on Relics</A>," Krasinski, V., transl., Johnstone, Hunter & Co: Edinburgh, Second Edition, 1870.<br><a name="DP82">DP82</a>. Dembowski, P.F., 1982, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi02part5.pdf"><i>Sindon</i> in the Old French Chronicle of Robert de Clari,</a>" <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 2, March, 13-18.<br><a name="FJC">FJC</a>. "<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png">File:John Calvin Museum Catharijneconvent RMCC s84 cropped.png</a>," Wikimedia Commons, 5 June 2022.<br><a name="GM98">GM98</a>. Guscin, M., 1998, "The Oviedo Cloth," Lutterworth Press: Cambridge UK.<br><a name="HW64">HW64</a>. Hendriksen W., 1964, "A Commentary on the Gospel of John: Two Volumes Complete and Unabridged in One," [1959], Banner of Truth: London, Third Edition, Vol. II.<br><a name="IJ98">IJ98</a>. Iannone, J.C., 1998, "The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin: New Scientific Evidence," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.<br><a name="JCW">JCW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin">John Calvin</a>," Wikipedia, 2 May 2023.<br><a name="SD89">SD89</a>. Scavone, D.C., 1989, "The Shroud of Turin: Opposing Viewpoints," Greenhaven Press: San Diego CA.<br><a name="STW">STW</a>. "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin">Shroud of Turin</a>," Wikipedia, 24 May 2023.<br><a name="TF06">TF06</a>. Tribbe, F.C., 2006, "Portrait of Jesus: The Illustrated Story of the Shroud of Turin," [1983], Paragon House Publishers: St. Paul MN, Second edition.<br><a name="VVW">VVW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica">Veil of Veronica</a>," Wikipedia, 11 April 2023.<br><a name="WI95">WI95</a>. Wilson, I., 1995, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n41part2.pdf">A Shroud Symposium in Nice for 1997?</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 41, September.<br><a name="WI96">WI96</a>. Wilson, I., 1996, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1500">Highlights of the Undisputed History: 1500's</a>," Shroud.com.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.<br></p><p>Posted 7 May 2023. Updated 7 July 2023.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-47490845391499012172023-03-21T23:56:00.068+08:002024-03-02T20:00:06.515+08:00Chronology of the Turin Shroud: Twentieth century (6) <p><a name="para01"></a><center><b>Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 to the present<br>TWENTIETH CENTURY (6)<br>© Stephen E. Jones</b>[<a href="#1">1</a>]<br></center></p></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is part #30, "Twentieth century" (6) of my "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 - present</a>" series. For more information about this series see the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Index #1</a>. I will use <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=in-line+referencing">in-line referencing</a> to save time in renumb<a href="https://www.shroud.com/expo98.htm"></a>ering out-of-order footnotes. Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated. This page was initially based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wilson_(author)">Ian Wilson</a>'s 1996, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1900">Highlights of the Undisputed History: 1900</a>." </p><p><font color="red">See important </font><a href="#paraBNC">update</a><font color="red">.</font></p><p>[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html">20th century (5)</a> #29] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/06/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twenty-first.html">21st century (1)</a> #31] </p><p><hr><a name="20thC6"></a><b>20th century (6)</b> (1989-2000). </p><p><a name="1989a"></a><b>1989a</b> 15 February. In a talk at the Logan Hall, Institute of Education, London, the Director of Oxford radiocarbon dating laboratory, <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-edward-hall-9260740.html">Prof. Edward Hall (1924-2001)</a>, lectures to the British Museum Society on 'The Turin Shroud: A Lesson in Self-Persuasion'. He very forcefully declares anyone continuing to regard the Shroud as genuine a 'Flat Earther' and 'onto a loser'[<a href="#WI89">WI89</a>, 10; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 185, 311]. But since the evidence is that the Shroud (as the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Image of Edessa</a>) was in Edessa in 544 (see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixth-century.html#0544">544</a>"), which is "more than <i>seven centuries</i> (716 years) before the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">earliest 1260 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a>"[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/10/open-letter-to-prof-christopher-ramsey.html#paraMSW">04Oct18</a>], it is Prof. Hall and his anti-Shroud ilk who were and are the victims of "Self-Persuasion," are "onto a loser" and are the "<a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Flat+Earthers">Flat Earthers</a>," refusing to consider all the other non-radiocarbon evidence! <a name="paraHHM"></a>However Hall made the significant point that Oxford's dating was "blind," so the other two laboratories could have been, but weren't:<blockquote>"He [Hall] said that at Oxford at least the carbon dating was done `blind'. After the combustion of the samples to gas, they were recoded so that while he, Prof. Hall continued to know the identity of the samples, Hedges, who was actually carrying out the work, did not"[<a href="#WI89">WI89</a>, 10]</blockquote><a name="1989b"></a><b>1989b</b> 16 February. Publication, in the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">scientific journal <i>Nature</i>, of the</a> <a name="paraXFT"></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirVLhScFhqIUBffOdSXkykBAe4_a1HIEcwN81z8GvU8ZO-_2lpMSx6LSmcFdGBnCmxwRfbqkvAsQKAr4KyaLUQFr7FOhpPMmG0lp10KtotWWc-E-g0whnoQcNAj6NwsTNT0fU3svw2iUFW/s1600/Table1Nature1989p612extract.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirVLhScFhqIUBffOdSXkykBAe4_a1HIEcwN81z8GvU8ZO-_2lpMSx6LSmcFdGBnCmxwRfbqkvAsQKAr4KyaLUQFr7FOhpPMmG0lp10KtotWWc-E-g0whnoQcNAj6NwsTNT0fU3svw2iUFW/s800/Table1Nature1989p612extract.png" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirVLhScFhqIUBffOdSXkykBAe4_a1HIEcwN81z8GvU8ZO-_2lpMSx6LSmcFdGBnCmxwRfbqkvAsQKAr4KyaLUQFr7FOhpPMmG0lp10KtotWWc-E-g0whnoQcNAj6NwsTNT0fU3svw2iUFW/s1600/Table1Nature1989p612extract.png">enlarge</a>): Extract from Table 1 in the <a href="https://goo.gl/IlnBir">1989 <i>Nature</i> paper</a>, showing the dates of each run at each laboratory of Sample 1, the Shroud[<a href="#DP89">DP89</a>, 612]. The dates are <a href="https://goo.gl/iYCyCd">years before 1950</a>[<a href="#DP89">DP89</a>, 611]. Thus the corrected mean of Arizona's first date was actually 1950-591=1359, i.e. it overlapped by 4 years the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1355">first appearance in undisputed history at Lirey, France, in c.1355</a>. In fact, as pointed out in <a href="https://tinyurl.com/y5xcfcoy">23Jun18b</a>, the mean of Arizona's first date `just happened' to be the <i>lowest of all</i> the laboratories' means! And because lowest is most recent, it is the upper limit of all the datings' years! Also, as I had previously mentioned (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/08/4-june-1989-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html#paraLNT">03Aug19</a>) the "1350" date (as it originally was[<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 264, 278-279]) was leaked by Linick (see <a href="#1989i">below</a>) to create a climate of expectation so that the 1260-1390 = 1325 ±65 average of all three laboratories' dates would be accepted without question, as it was. Hall confirmed this was the leak's effect: "So it was `leaked' by the press ... long before ... <i>Everyone was resigned to it being a fake</i> long before the announcement ... it was out of the bag from the very beginning"[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 134]! And I also now propose (which from memory I haven't posted before) that Arizona's first "1350" date was the starting point of the "extremely mathematically gifted"[<a href="#JS89">JS89</a>] Linick's hacking algorithm, to ensure that no hacked date was more recent than it.]</p><p><a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">official results of the Shroud radiocarbon dating</a>. This has twenty-one signatories. It declares that the results 'provide conclusive evidence that the linen of the Shroud of Turin is medieval'[<a href="#DP89">DP89</a>; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 311].</p><p><a name="1989c"></a><b>1989c</b> 9 March-2 September. London's British Museum holds exhibition entitled 'Fake. The Art of Deception'. This includes a life-size transparency of the Turin Shroud[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 311-312].</p><p><a name="1989d"></a><b>1989d</b> 20 March. Retirement of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasio_Ballestrero">Cardinal Anastasio Ballestrero (r. 1977-89)</a> as Archbishop of Turin, to be succeeded by <a href="https://goo.gl/B1ydrg">Giovanni Saldarini (r. 1989-99)</a>. Ballestrero temporarily remains official custodian of the Shroud[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 311].</p><p><a name="1989e"></a><b>1989e</b> 24 March. A press release to the UK press announces that forty-five businessmen and 'rich friends' have donated 1 million pounds to create a chair of archaeological sciences at Oxford to perpetuate the radiocarbon-dating laboratory created by Edward Hall. The first incumbent is to be the British Museum's Michael Tite[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 185-186, 311; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 134]. Rochester's Prof <a href="https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/pt.4.1844/full/">Harry Gove (1922-2009)</a> noted that there were "unworthy foreign whispers" against the appointment of <a href="https://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-mike-tite">Michael Tite</a>, of the British Museum's Research Laboratory, as an independent coordinator of the Shroud's radiocarbon dating because, "the head of the Oxford Research Laboratory, Professor Edward Hall, is a trustee of the British Museum"[<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 273]. One would have to be naive not to think that Hall, with £1M funding of his Oxford laboratory depending on a medieval radiocarbon date of the Shroud, did not say to Tite, words to the effect,`get it right Mike and the Director of Oxford radiocarbon dating laboratory job is yours'!</p><p><a name="1989f"></a><b>1989f</b> 28 April, Interviewed by journalists during a plane journey forming part of the papal visit to Africa, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II">Pope John Paul II (r. 1978-2005)</a> was asked if he thought the Shroud was a relic [Jesus actual burial cloth] or an icon [a depiction of it], and the Pope replied: "It certainly is a relic!"[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 29], while adding that 'the Church has never pronounced on the matter'[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 311].</p><p><a name="1989g"></a><b>1989g</b> 6-7 May. International Shroud Symposium 'La Sindone e Le Icone' ("The Shroud and Iconography"[<a href="#RP06">RP06</a>, xxi].) held in Bologna'[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 311; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 141]. Historical and technical data were presented showing the <i>impossibility</i> of a Middle Ages date for the Shroud[<a href="#RP06">RP06</a>, xxi]</p><p><a name="1989h"></a><b>1989h</b> 1 June. Burnt body of German hacker <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Koch_%28hacker%29">Karl Koch (1965–89) </a> </p><p><a name="paraPBF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWB-zilbLihL9jQOUppz94qN8YwaNrkUjODsuKBTAlvGbGFqEC88evkqFilugESM9PXf4VbVnxkos_qw1sodUK_H7vevBbtWgPa71HCIIKTdigyp2SDrOg0qKMJcQwT8LGd5KurpYhS6dQ/s535/KochBurnt140721W8.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWB-zilbLihL9jQOUppz94qN8YwaNrkUjODsuKBTAlvGbGFqEC88evkqFilugESM9PXf4VbVnxkos_qw1sodUK_H7vevBbtWgPa71HCIIKTdigyp2SDrOg0qKMJcQwT8LGd5KurpYhS6dQ/s535/KochBurnt140721W8.png"></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWB-zilbLihL9jQOUppz94qN8YwaNrkUjODsuKBTAlvGbGFqEC88evkqFilugESM9PXf4VbVnxkos_qw1sodUK_H7vevBbtWgPa71HCIIKTdigyp2SDrOg0qKMJcQwT8LGd5KurpYhS6dQ/s535/KochBurnt140721W8.png">enlarge</a>): From my post of <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/05/23-may-1989-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html">27May19</a>: Partially burnt forest trees from the gasoline fire that killed Karl Koch[<a href="#FP14">FP14</a>]. <a name="paraNTF"></a>Note that a fire which can <i>partially</i> burn dry trees would not go out until <i>all</i> the wood was burned, unless it was controlled by at least one person using a fire extinguisher, hose or buckets of water. But Koch couldn't have extinguished the gasoline fire that killed him and there was no fire extinguisher, hose or bucket at the scene anyway. Therefore Koch's death <i>was</i> murder, <i>not</i> suicide! See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/05/23-may-1989-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html#paraTVN">further</a>. See also <a href="https://tinyurl.com/y2774po4">21Jul14</a>, <a href="https://tinyurl.com/y36q34o7">17May15</a>, <a href="https://tinyurl.com/y2dwkzjy">02Jun16</a> & <a href="https://tinyurl.com/yygzkom4">15Jul18</a>.]</p><p>found by West German police[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/07/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_21.html#para15">21Jul14</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/05/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html#para15">17May15</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/06/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#para20">02Jun16</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/05/23-may-1989-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html">27May19</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/08/4-june-1989-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html#paraLSW">03Aug19</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2021/02/evidence-in-timothy-linicks-autopsy.html">03Feb21</a>]. The last reference has a summary of my theory relating to Koch (footnotes omitted):<blockquote>"According to my hacker theory: • Arizona radiocarbon dating laboratory physicist Timothy W. Linick (1946-89); • working for the KGB; • wrote a program which converted the radiocarbon date of samples from the first-century Shroud of Turin to a combined average across three laboratories of 1260-1390, the mid-point of which was 1325 ±65, only ~30 years before the Shroud first appeared in undisputed history at Lirey, France, in c. 1355. • After installing his program on Arizona laboratory's AMS computer; • Linick then passed it to the KGB to have it installed on Zurich and Oxford laboratories' identical AMS computers. • The KGB used one of its hackers, West German Karl Koch (1965-89), to install Linick's program on Zurich and Oxford's AMS computers. • In mid-1987 West German hacker Markus Hess, was arrested for hacking into USA military and commercial installations. • In early 1988, Koch and Hans Heinrich Huebner, members of the same German hacker ring as Hess, took advantage of an amnesty for espionage in West German law and confessed their hacking for the KGB to the West German authorities. • Koch, a recovering drug addict, became a Christian and started talking about his hacking of the Shroud's radiocarbon dating. • On 23 May 1989, Koch went missing from his Hanover workplace. • On 1 June 1989 a burnt body, murdered made to look like suicide, was discovered on the edge of a forest outside Hanover with Koch's work vehicle nearby. • On 3 June 1989 the West German police publicly identified the body as Koch's. • The next day, 4 June 1989, Timothy Linick's body was discovered in Tucson, Arizona, also murdered made to look like suicide!"</blockquote><a name="1989i"></a><b>1989i</b> 4 June. Death of University of Arizona physicist <a href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/download/16617/16293">Timothy Weiler Linick (1946-89)</a>[<a href="#JS89">JS89</a>], one of the authors of the <i>Nature</i> report <a name="paraPFL"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWBFGqyCDM5aIN2qa497yPphUfIAlese-WiEzGT6Gya6ktnd1aSjEpSkC4LHpsJ_uE2cv78CEUNQkWfkrkZ3AvopNxcMtNA8UyaU21pOVbJBEk4P46Nw6lAe6nwYf3uvgb4Rc5cn6K8CGY/s1600/LinickCRC2Oct2000.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWBFGqyCDM5aIN2qa497yPphUfIAlese-WiEzGT6Gya6ktnd1aSjEpSkC4LHpsJ_uE2cv78CEUNQkWfkrkZ3AvopNxcMtNA8UyaU21pOVbJBEk4P46Nw6lAe6nwYf3uvgb4Rc5cn6K8CGY/s800/LinickCRC2Oct2000.png" /></a></p><p>[Left: Photograph of Linick and report that "He died at the age of forty-two on 4 June 1989, in <i>very unclear circumstances</i> ..." (my emphasis)[<a href="#BB00">BB00</a>].<a name="paraPFL"></a>This is consistent with my theory (see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/05/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">My theory that the radiocarbon dating laboratories were duped by a computer hacker</a>") that the KGB executed confessed KGB hacker <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Koch_%28hacker%29">Karl Koch (1965–89) </a> between 23 and 30 May 1989[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/07/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_21.html">21Jul14</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/06/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#para22">02Jun16</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/05/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">17May15</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/05/23-may-1989-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html">27May19</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2021/02/evidence-in-timothy-linicks-autopsy.html">03Feb21</a>], and police publicly identified the body as Koch on <i>3 June</i> 1989, and the KGB executed Linick <i>a day later on 4 June 1989</i>[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/07/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">05Jul14</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/05/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">17May15</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/03/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_31.html">31Mar15</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/06/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">30Jun15</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/08/4-june-1989-on-this-day-30-years-ago-in.html">03Aug19</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/12/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html">30Dec15</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/02/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html">22Feb16</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/06/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#para22">02Jun16</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html">30Jul16</a>]; where their murders by the KGB were made to look like suicides to stop them revealing that the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">radiocarbon dating of the Shroud as 1260-1390</a> (1325 ±65) was the result of a KGB-sponsored computer hacking by Linick, aided by Koch[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/07/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">05Jul14</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/12/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_13.html">13Dec14</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/03/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_31.html">31Mar15</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/02/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html">22Feb16</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/06/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#para22">02Jun16</a>]; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html">30Jul16</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2021/02/evidence-in-timothy-linicks-autopsy.html">03Feb21</a>].]</p><p>on the Shroud's radiocarbon dating[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 311]. Chapter 16 of my book, "Shroud of Turin: Burial Sheet of Jesus!" (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#mybk">06Jul17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#paraMBK">03Jun18</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html#paraMNW">04Apr22</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraPTS">13Jul22</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">8 Nov 22</a>) will be, "Were the laboratories duped by a hacker?"</p><p><a name="1989j"></a><b>1989j</b> 7-8 September. Shroud Symposium organized by the French Shroud group CIELT (<a href="https://linceuldeturin.com/">Centre international d'études sur le linceul de Turin</a>) is held in Paris. The speakers include Michael Tite[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 311]. When asked in an interview at the symposium why blind testing of the Shroud did not occur, Tite answered, "We had decided it could not be a blind test because they'd [the laboratories] been given whole pieces of the Shroud which they could immediately identify and therefore it could not be a blind test:"'[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 182]. This wasn't true. See <a href="#paraHHM">above</a> that Oxford's dating was blind.</p><p><a name="1989c"></a><b>1989c</b> 30 September. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12316841-900-unexpected-errors-affect-dating-techniques/"><i>New Scientist</i> reports findings of the scientific workshop at East Kilbride</a> that 'the margin of error with radiocarbon-dating ... may be two or three times as great as practitioners of the technique have claimed' "In 1989 Britain's Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) decided to conduct a trial in which the carbon-dating technique itself would be tested. Thirty-eight laboratories were involved in the trial, each being asked to date artefacts whose age was already known: <blockquote>"Murdoch Baxter, the director of the Scottish Universities Research andReactor Centre at East Kilbride near Glasgow, and one of the organisers of the trial ... says that <i>accelerator mass spectrometry, used last year by a laboratory at the University of Oxford to date the Turin shroud</i>, allegedly the burial shroud of Jesus Christ, <i>came out of the survey badly</i>. Five of the 38 participating laboratories used this technique, for which samples weighing a few milligrams are acceptable. The other techniques require grams of the sample. Baxter says that some of the accelerator laboratories were way out when dating samples as little as 200 years old. Because so little material is used in accelerator mass spectrometry, the effects of chemical pre-treatment are likely to be more serious, says Baxter"[<a href="#CA89">CA89</a>, 26]</blockquote> The Oxford laboratory, one of those that had dated the Shroud the previous year, declined to participate[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 193, 311]. It was found that 'The margin of error with radiocarbon dating ... may be two to three times as great as practitioners of the technique have claimed ... Of the thirty-eight [laboratories], only seven produced results that the organizers of the trial considered to be satisfactory.' In other words, about 80 per cent of the laboratories failed the test. The three laboratories that dated the Shroud the previous year employed a technique known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry">Accelerator Mass Spectrometry</a> (AMS), which 'came out of the survey badly'. According to one of the organizers of the trial, `some of the accelerator laboratories were way out when dating samples as little as 200 years old'[<a href="#CA89">CA89</a>, 26]. So, just a year after the Shroud was damned by AMS, the authority of this carbon-dating technique itself took a severe blow"[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 163]. Further evidence that <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/05/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating.html">the 1325 ±65 carbon date of the Shroud was the result of a computer hacking</a>!</p><p><a name="1989l"></a><b>1989l</b> 8 November. The Spanish Center of Sindonology (<a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Centro+Espa%C3%B1ol+de+Sindonolog%C3%ADa">CES</a>) began their complete, multidisciplinary study on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo">Sudarium of Oviedo</a>[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 273].</p><p><a name="1989m"></a><b>1989m</b> c. December. Alan and Mary Whanger submit for publication their article, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn059Jun90.pdf">Floral, Coin, and Other Non-Body Images on the Shroud of Turin</a>"[<a href="#WA90">WA90</a>] but it is rejected[<a href="#DB98">DB98</a>, 202-203, 214; <a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 8]. In the article they reported:<blockquote>"While there are vague or partial images of hundreds of flowers on the Shroud, we feel that we have tentatively identified 28 plants whose images are sufficiently clear on the Shroud to make a good comparison and to be compatible with the drawings in <i>Flora Palaestina</i> ... Of the 28 plants we identified on the Shroud, 23 are flowers, three are small bushes, and two are thorns. All 28 grow in Israel, and 20 grow in Jerusalem itself (i.e., in the Judean mountains) ... Of the eight plants not growing in the climate of Jerusalem itself, all eight grow either in the Judean Desert or the Dead Sea area or in both. Hence these plants or flowers would be available in Jerusalem markets in a fresh state"[<a href="#WA90">WA90</a>, 13; <a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 26-29; <a href="#WA98">WA98</a>, 78-79; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 112; <a href="#WA08">WA08</a>, 142; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 149; <a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 12].</blockquote><a name="paraTSS"></a>There is a strong correlation between the flower images and pollen <a name="paraCFP"></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTVMk9AMmHWzKj9DOduUUSHheufsnhCqq0eTSMRZxmMfmYLf6snHmBSevVfEeNqSv9g76sf2J-Pu4U-LJ8ca_tITLSdZ7vrFfgwmmtf3JRl-xkAFOwYG2kaB6-SJjhyafWGqyYBSicbz03vbYa0b8oJ_ZSV81dK9BqYHxn48-WqBfu9GF8bj5dqZ2eUg/s475/FreiWhanger&Danin230321C0.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTVMk9AMmHWzKj9DOduUUSHheufsnhCqq0eTSMRZxmMfmYLf6snHmBSevVfEeNqSv9g76sf2J-Pu4U-LJ8ca_tITLSdZ7vrFfgwmmtf3JRl-xkAFOwYG2kaB6-SJjhyafWGqyYBSicbz03vbYa0b8oJ_ZSV81dK9BqYHxn48-WqBfu9GF8bj5dqZ2eUg/s475/FreiWhanger&Danin230321C0.png" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTVMk9AMmHWzKj9DOduUUSHheufsnhCqq0eTSMRZxmMfmYLf6snHmBSevVfEeNqSv9g76sf2J-Pu4U-LJ8ca_tITLSdZ7vrFfgwmmtf3JRl-xkAFOwYG2kaB6-SJjhyafWGqyYBSicbz03vbYa0b8oJ_ZSV81dK9BqYHxn48-WqBfu9GF8bj5dqZ2eUg/s475/FreiWhanger&Danin230321C0.png">enlarge</a>): Fifteen plant species on the Shroud common to Frei (pollen)[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 293-297], Whanger[<a href="#WA90">WA90</a>, 17-18] and Danin[<a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 92, 94]. (both flower and plant parts). As can be seen, there are 10 species common to Frei and Whanger, 4 species common to Whanger and Danin, and 2 species common to Frei, Whanger and Danin! All of these plant species grow around Jerusalem. Even one would be fatal to the medieval European forgery theory, let alone 15!]</p><p>grains found on the Shroud[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 112]. Of the twenty-eight different plants identified by Whanger, Frei had previously identified the pollens of twenty-five of the same or similar plants[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 112; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 149-150].</p><p><a name="1990a"></a><b>1990a</b> January. Publication in the <i>British Society for the Turin Shroud</i><a name="paraSCM"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaOhKCP43_NpHDpRgYoRp2TOmnefp434psg03cxUaOcTTBojng1t7lKIgzDdlltnWC3vjiDEAPEvwfBZvHsQ8sQUtouB4aiQaEVoUVtAsyt3RQS_f0xGytQJJ83w4K3mcIl1n40Lnb-QJO/s1600/CubitOverlay200409B2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaOhKCP43_NpHDpRgYoRp2TOmnefp434psg03cxUaOcTTBojng1t7lKIgzDdlltnWC3vjiDEAPEvwfBZvHsQ8sQUtouB4aiQaEVoUVtAsyt3RQS_f0xGytQJJ83w4K3mcIl1n40Lnb-QJO/s800/CubitOverlay200409B2.png" /></a> <i>Newsletter</i>, of an article, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n24part6.pdf">The Shroud and the Cubit Measure</a>," by <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/237728315/ian-william-dickinson">Ian Dickinson (1942-2015)</a> of Canterbury, England, an expert in early</p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaOhKCP43_NpHDpRgYoRp2TOmnefp434psg03cxUaOcTTBojng1t7lKIgzDdlltnWC3vjiDEAPEvwfBZvHsQ8sQUtouB4aiQaEVoUVtAsyt3RQS_f0xGytQJJ83w4K3mcIl1n40Lnb-QJO/s1600/CubitOverlay200409B2.png">enlarge</a>). [See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/04/dimensions-shroud-of-turin-burial-sheet.html#paraNGN">08Apr20</a>]: <a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?%20%20zl=1&image=3&lon=100.0&lat=620.0">Shroud photograph</a> with an 8 x 2 grid overlay showing that the Shroud divides evenly into 16 squares, each 438/8 = 54.75 cm (~21.6 in.) by 113/2 = 56.5 cm (~22.2 in.). The slightly greater (1.75cm = 0.7 in.) width unit is readily explained by the attachment of the sidestrip (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/08/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">24Aug15</a>). These units are too close to the Assyrian cubit of Jesus' day: 21.4-21.8 inches to be a coincidence.]</p><p> Syriac. It had occurred to Dickinson that the Shroud's then best measurements of "14 feet 3 inches by 3 feet 7 inches" seemed odd. He wondered if they would have seemed odd in first century Jerusalem where the unit of measure was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit">cubit</a>? Dickinson found that the Shroud's length divided by 8 and its width divided by 2, were 21.4 and 21.5 inches respectively, which was very close to the Assyrian Standard Cubit of Jesus' day of "21.6 plus or minus 0.2 inches"! The Bible mentions cubits (e.g. <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gen+6%3A15%3B+Rev+21%3A17&version=ESV">Gen 6:15; Rev 21:17</a>) but it doesn't say how long they were. So a medieval forger would not know about an Assyrian Standard Cubit as it was only discovered in the 19th century, let alone what length it was, to cut his cloth to 8 x 2 of those cubits. And if the medieval forger somehow obtained a first century linen cloth of 8 x 2 cubits, then both Bishop d'Arcis (see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-fourteenth.html#1389d">1389d</a>") and the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a> would be wrong! The simplest, indeed the only, viable explanation is that the Shroud is Jesus' burial shroud recorded in the Gospels (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=ESV">Mt 27:59; Mk 15:46; Lk 23:53</a>)! [see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/02/dimensions-of-shroud-turin-shroud_4.html#para11">04Feb15</a>; <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin_10.html">10Jul15</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/04/dimensions-shroud-of-turin-burial-sheet.html#paraNGN">08Apr20</a>; <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/05/problems-of-forgery-theory-z-evidence.html#11">24May20</a>].</p><p><a name="1990b"></a><b>1990b</b> March. Publication in <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i> of STURP's <a href="https://www.shroudofturin.com/founders.html">John Jackson</a>'s "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi34part3.pdf">Is the image on the Shroud due to a process heretofore unknown to modern science?</a>": <blockquote>"The picture that results is that of a cloth-covered body that for some reason became mechanically transparent to its physical surroundings and, as it did so, emitted radiation from all points within and on the surface of the body. This radiation was highly absorbed in air. As the top part of the Shroud fell into the mechanically transparent body, the radiation began to interact with the cloth so as to produce a time integrated record of the cloth's passage through the body region[<a href="#JJ90">JJ90</a>, 12].</blockquote>See also <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/01/john-p-jackson-unconventional.html">18Jan12</a>. This is Jackson's "Cloth Collapse Theory." He presents it as a physics theory, with no mention who the "cloth-covered body" was. But clearly this is <i>only</i> compatible with the body in the Shroud having been Jesus and it "became mechanically transparent" due to His resurrection! As Jesus' resurrected body was able to pass through the walls of a locked room:<blockquote>"On the evening of that day, the first day of the week, the doors being locked where the disciples were for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood among them and said to them, `Peace be with you.' ... Eight days later, his disciples were inside again, and Thomas was with them. Although the doors were locked, Jesus came and stood among them and said, `Peace be with you.'" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+20%3A19%2C26&version=ESV">Jn 20:19,26</a>).</blockquote> </p><p><a name="1990c"></a><b>1990c</b> 4 May. During celebration of the Feast of the Holy Shroud in the Royal Chapel, Turin, several chunks of stone crash to the floor from the roof ninety-eight feet above. These are due to shifts on the part of exterior sustaining arches. The Chapel is closed and a temporary canopy erected over its altar[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 1, 312].</p><p><a name="1991"></a><b>1991</b> 22-23 June. Scholars from Italy, Spain, France, Australia and the United States gather at <a href="https://shrouduniversity.com/stlouis91.php">St. Louis University in St. Louis, Missouri, for a Symposium on the Shroud</a>[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 312]. In his paper "The Coin of </p><p><a name="paraCFR"></a><a href="https://tinyurl.com/y7c8vjh2" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://tinyurl.com/y76nndny" /></a> </p><p><a name="paraCFR"></a>[Above (<a href="https://tinyurl.com/y7c8vjh2">enlarge</a>): Comparison of right eye of Enrie's sepia negative photograph of the Shroud face (left) showing what appears to be the letter "Α" (red arrow) but its slightly open vertices means it is actually the lower part of a "Κ" (Greek <i><a href="https://tinyurl.com/nk2xyvs">kappa</a></i> (Κ); the front curve of a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituus">lituus</a></i> (orange arrow); the handle of the <i>lituus</i> (yellow arrow) and the mark of the pliers that held the hot coin while it was being struck (blue arrow); with Moroni's diagram of the <i>lituus</i> as a question mark shape on a photographic negative of the Shroud (right). The tiny, 1/32 of an inch (8.3 millimetres) high letter "Α" (actually "Κ") above can be clearly seen (the image has not been enhanced or manipulated by me - I don't have the software - only enlarged).]</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate">Pontius Pilate (r. 26-37)</a> on the Right Eye of the Man of the Shroud in the Light of New Archaelogical Finds," numismatist Mario Moroni showed that the coin over the man's right eye was a Pontius Pilate dilepton, which had a <i>lituus</i> in the shape of a question mark. <a name="paraNSM"></a>And as Moroni discovered, there <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6yalDxUhI8eB4ashQAnbeIAwj1znMk8wXLMH401iOKwrsH5URCt84Pu4qtQmQGVHjRviu5eN2ADQLBJmGxNG_LNAJef1pxMYB668j30PbXWiWNhhqa9lf1FROU9WAyifB3iqxphDzbtZeEGzFEHjUFW5U61ylXDB_Q2OTl6REBObrj4VwhMRRLf7DkQ/s300/DileptonLituus180303AW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6yalDxUhI8eB4ashQAnbeIAwj1znMk8wXLMH401iOKwrsH5URCt84Pu4qtQmQGVHjRviu5eN2ADQLBJmGxNG_LNAJef1pxMYB668j30PbXWiWNhhqa9lf1FROU9WAyifB3iqxphDzbtZeEGzFEHjUFW5U61ylXDB_Q2OTl6REBObrj4VwhMRRLf7DkQ/s300/DileptonLituus180303AW.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6yalDxUhI8eB4ashQAnbeIAwj1znMk8wXLMH401iOKwrsH5URCt84Pu4qtQmQGVHjRviu5eN2ADQLBJmGxNG_LNAJef1pxMYB668j30PbXWiWNhhqa9lf1FROU9WAyifB3iqxphDzbtZeEGzFEHjUFW5U61ylXDB_Q2OTl6REBObrj4VwhMRRLf7DkQ/s300/DileptonLituus180303AW.jpg">enlarge</a>): A Pontius Pilate dilepton coin with its <i>lituus</i> in the shape of a question mark, as it is on the Shroud.]</p><p>was a dilepton lituus coin minted in AD 29 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate">Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea from c. 26-36</a> (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+3%3A1%3B+Acts+4%3A27%3B+1Tim+6%3A13&version=ESV">Lk 3:1; Acts 4:27; 1Tim 6:13</a>), who sentenced Jesus to death by crucifixion (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A24-26%3B+Mk+15%3A15%3B+Lk+23%3A20-25%3B+Jn+19%3A12-16&version=ESV">Mt 27:24-26; Mk 15:15; Lk 23:20-25; Jn 19:12-16</a>) in AD 30, which had a <i>lituus</i> in the shape of a question mark (above). See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-shroud-of-turin-26-other-marks-5.html#para17">10May13</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/03/obituary-3-dr-alan-duane-whanger-17.html#paraMST">03Mar18</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/04/coins-over-eyes-32-evidence-is.html#paraMMN">18Apr20</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2021/08/balossino-n-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html#paraTNB">04Aug21</a>.</p><p><a name="1992"></a><b>1992</b> A conservation committee is set up by Cardinal Saldarini, consisting of five textile experts: England's Sheila Landi; Switzerland's <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Mechthild+Flury-Lemberg">Mechthild Flury-Lemberg (1929-)</a>; the USA's Jeanette M. Cardamone; Italy's Silvio Diana and Gian Luigi[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 261; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 312]. The objective of this committee was to: `set in motion a complete cycle of studies on the fabric and on the best conditions for its conservation'[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 261]. On 7 September. The Shroud is brought out for examination in the sacristy of Turin Cathedral before the five textile experts. Optical observation only is permitted and no samples are taken. The Shroud is re-sealed in its casket[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 312].</p><p><a name="1993a"></a><b>1993a</b> Hilda Leynen (1922-97) of Antwerp, by research at the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, fully confirmed Brother Bonnet-Eymard's conclusions[<a href="#BB91">BB91</a>] that the so-called 1389 "Memorandum" of Pierre d'Arcis [see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">Pierre d'Arcis #19</a>] was in fact a fraudulent non-memo crafted by Chevalier [see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/01/ulysse-chevalier-turin-shroud.html">Ulysse Chevalier #20</a>] from a clerk's draft in poor Latin, never dated nor signed nor sent to the Vatican, and with no official copy either in Troyes or in the Vatican[<a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 46].</p><p><a name="1993b"></a><b>1993b</b> June. Italian microscopist <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n67part9.pdf">Giovanni Riggi (1935-2008)</a> provided a blood sample to a visiting American microbiology professor, <a href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sanantonio/name/leoncio-garza-valdes-obituary?id=22836167">Dr Leoncio Garza-Valdes (1939-2010)</a>. Riggi had on <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/12/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#1988f">21 April 1988</a>, after having cut off the sample of the Shroud used for radiocarbon dating, took a 1.5 mm blood sample from the Shroudman's back-of-the-head region. Garza-Valdes took the sample back for analysis at the University of Texas' Center for Advanced DNA Technologies at San Antonio, Texas. There the laboratory director, Victor Tryon, and his technician wife, Nancy Mitchell Tryon, established that the sample was human blood of the AB group. They also determined that it had both X and Y chromosomes, indicating that the individual from whom it came was male. Three unmistakable gene segments were identified, beta globin from chromosome 11, amelogenin X from chromosome X and amelogenin Y from chromosome Y.[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 28; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 148; <a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 76-78].</p><p><a name="1993c"></a><b>1993c</b> 24 February. <a name="paraBFT"></a>Because of the repairs to the Royal Chapel, the <a name="paraSCM"></a><a href="https://www.shroud.com/structr1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://www.shroud.com/structr1.gif" /></a>Shroud, without being taken out of its casket, is removed from its normal shrine in the Royal Chapel and transferred to a specially designed but temporary plate glass display case [Left (<a href="https://www.shroud.com/structr1.gif">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#SB97">SB97</a>].] behind the High Altar, in the main body of Turin Cathedral[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 312].</p><p><a name="1993d"></a><b>1993d</b> 28 February. Death of <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/27347880/peter-m.-rinaldi">Fr. Peter Rinaldi (1910-93)</a>, who though in poor health, had flown from the USA to be present at this transfer, but had collapsed and was taken to a Turin hospital. Rinaldi was one of the co-founders of the <a href="https://www.holyshroudguild.org/index.html">Holy Shroud Guild</a> and, along with Frs. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n48part6.pdf">Adam Otterbein (1915-98)</a> and <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n10part3.pdf">Francis Filas (1915-85)</a>, among the main people responsible for helping <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin_Research_Project">STURP</a> obtain permission to perform their examination of the Shroud in 1978[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 312].</p><p><a name="1993e"></a><b>1993e</b> 10-12 June. Shroud Symposium, organized by <a href="https://linceuldeturin.com/">CIELT</a>, held at the Domus Mariae conference center, on the outskirts of Rome.[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 312]. <a name="paraTTS"></a>At the symposium the French geneticist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lejeune">Dr. Jerome Lejeune (1926-94)</a> delivered a paper on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray_Codex">Pray Codex</a>[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 105], based on his own visit to Budapest where he had been able to study the codex at first hand. Lejeune remarked that:<blockquote>"The artist who produced the Codex of Pray had before his eyes ... a model that possessed all of the unique characteristics of the Shroud of Turin!"[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 106]</blockquote><a name="paraPCN"></a><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGnwW3KIxMecUW4uWy1RMriyBvn0fS2rxWYKrvh0tyJIvHkXjAlP3loi2jMzmQIY4Yjr1yBYpdK2bksJ8fjHAOWIBDupnJ9rfBpUPNSkOe3ggO-rITOkM0FgSsaW3qZH4pApdCpum6B52/s1600/BerkovitsPlate3EntombmentGreen50pc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGnwW3KIxMecUW4uWy1RMriyBvn0fS2rxWYKrvh0tyJIvHkXjAlP3loi2jMzmQIY4Yjr1yBYpdK2bksJ8fjHAOWIBDupnJ9rfBpUPNSkOe3ggO-rITOkM0FgSsaW3qZH4pApdCpum6B52/s800/BerkovitsPlate3EntombmentGreen50pc.jpg" /></a>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGnwW3KIxMecUW4uWy1RMriyBvn0fS2rxWYKrvh0tyJIvHkXjAlP3loi2jMzmQIY4Yjr1yBYpdK2bksJ8fjHAOWIBDupnJ9rfBpUPNSkOe3ggO-rITOkM0FgSsaW3qZH4pApdCpum6B52/s1600/BerkovitsPlate3EntombmentGreen50pc.jpg">enlarge</a>): The Shroud highlighted in green in the Pray Codex's upper Entombment scene [see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/05/my-critique-of-pray-codex-wikipedia-1.html">27May12</a>]. As can be seen, it is: 1. Long, more than twice the length of Jesus' body. Also, 2. Jesus is naked; 3. His hands are crossed awkwardly near the wrists; 4. Jesus' fingers are long; 5. Jesus' thumbs aren't visible as on the Shroud; 6. There are red puncture bloodstains depicted in Jesus' hair as from the crown of thorns; 7. There is a red bloodstain above Jesus' right eye where the reveersed 3 bloodstain is on the Shroud. Too many correspondences with the Shroud to be by chance. Yet the Pray Codex is dated 1192-95, which is 65 years before the earliest <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a> and 160 years before the Shroud's <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1355">first appearance in undisputed history at Lirey, France, in c.1355</a>!]</p><p>In particular:<blockquote>"Lejeune noted the following common characteristics between the Pray Codex and the Shroud. o The Shroud was twice the length of a man. o The Shroud has a herringbone weave. o The cloth had L-shaped hole marks on the front and back. o Jesus wore a beard and long hair. o There is a scar above the right eye corresponding to the "3"-shaped bloodstain on the Shroud. o The body was completely naked. o The right hand was laid over the left. o The fingers were unnaturally elongated, and the thumbs invisible. o The wound on the left hand is in the palm, but on the right hand the wound is on the wrist. o One panel shows only three nails used for crucifixion"[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 105].</blockquote><a name="paraNPD"></a>Another paper delivered at the 1993 Rome symposium is by Prof. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/late16.htm#memorial4">Gino Zaninotto (c. 1936-2016)</a>, a Rome-based specialist in ancient <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1fgZIZkjt1n3s5TvxAWp5uV9O_m8CfzCttIQpsuqXStfMBe82DLsKP8I_k-K3W-iquubzxrJq-xOakn8dl7ScWLO9rzTG2fcSEiYkfufe0Qh8c_XHy2JMCuyEe06Jrl4B9qvRUezR5tytwHgo5LVgshP61yHe3Mh3CNZNSI-Xy8Ld4jOwLMHHyqLQ6_JX/s404/CodexVossianusQ69_230321C0.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1fgZIZkjt1n3s5TvxAWp5uV9O_m8CfzCttIQpsuqXStfMBe82DLsKP8I_k-K3W-iquubzxrJq-xOakn8dl7ScWLO9rzTG2fcSEiYkfufe0Qh8c_XHy2JMCuyEe06Jrl4B9qvRUezR5tytwHgo5LVgshP61yHe3Mh3CNZNSI-Xy8Ld4jOwLMHHyqLQ6_JX/s404/CodexVossianusQ69_230321C0.png" /></a>classical languages, who quoted the 10th century <a href="https://biblearchaeology.org/research/the-shroud-of-turin/2632-the-shroud-of-turins-earlier-history-part-two-to-the-great-city">Codex Vossianus Latinus Q69</a> [Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1fgZIZkjt1n3s5TvxAWp5uV9O_m8CfzCttIQpsuqXStfMBe82DLsKP8I_k-K3W-iquubzxrJq-xOakn8dl7ScWLO9rzTG2fcSEiYkfufe0Qh8c_XHy2JMCuyEe06Jrl4B9qvRUezR5tytwHgo5LVgshP61yHe3Mh3CNZNSI-Xy8Ld4jOwLMHHyqLQ6_JX/s404/CodexVossianusQ69_230321C0.png">enlarge</a>[<a href="#LJ13">LJ13</a>]), in support of awareness of a full-figure imprint on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a> (the Shroud <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html"> "four-doubled" <i>tetradiplon</i></a>) stretched back as early as the eighth century[<a href="#WI93">WI93</a>, 4]. This document makes reference to an eighth-century account of Syrian origin which relates that Jesus left the imprint of His entire body on a cloth kept in the great church in Edessa[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 151]. Adding to Jesus' legendary reply to <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Abgar+V">Abgar V</a>, the codex reads:<blockquote>"... If you really want to see what my face looks like, I am sending you this <i>linen cloth</i>, on which you will be able to see not only the form of my face but the <i>divinely transformed state of my whole body</i>" (my emphasis)[<a href="#GM09">GM09</a>].</blockquote> This is an unmistakable reference to the Shroud[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 251; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 151]. And because of its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire">Carolingian (800-888)</a> handwriting, the codex cannot date later than the tenth century[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 177].</p><p><a name="paraYNP"></a>Yet another paper presented at the 1993 Rome symposium is by Australian <a href="https://www.google.com/search?b-d&q=Rex+Henry+Morgan">Rex Morgan</a>, editor of <i><a href="https://www.shroud.com/shroudnews.htm">Shroud News</a></i>, who showed <a href="https://www.google.com/search?b-d&q=Sylvia+Bogdanescu">Sylvia Bogdanescu</a>'s photographs of a fresco from the catacombs which, although badly effaced by time, may be one of the earliest portraits of Christ[<a href="#WI93">WI93</a>, 4]. Bogdanescu's photograph of the fresco in the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Orpheus+Cubiculum">Orpheus Cubiculum</a> section of the <a href="Catacombs%20of%20Domitilla">Catacombs of Domitilla</a>, Rome, was inferior, <a name="paraTRP"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXNOEBgLDKz9QvJpvwV2puJINFc6k1t6289mVVQBXU1zLCrtC_mIJybmoW6AJYkNdkUgUb-hH2DZkej9vp8Ox0PeC8kdnLP-BgGIS26EBt69HmoDuTvi9ofXsX6C92iIazJHt55N3gBa1W/s2048/HeaphyDomitillaSN100Feb97_210605C4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXNOEBgLDKz9QvJpvwV2puJINFc6k1t6289mVVQBXU1zLCrtC_mIJybmoW6AJYkNdkUgUb-hH2DZkej9vp8Ox0PeC8kdnLP-BgGIS26EBt69HmoDuTvi9ofXsX6C92iIazJHt55N3gBa1W/s800/HeaphyDomitillaSN100Feb97_210605C4.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXNOEBgLDKz9QvJpvwV2puJINFc6k1t6289mVVQBXU1zLCrtC_mIJybmoW6AJYkNdkUgUb-hH2DZkej9vp8Ox0PeC8kdnLP-BgGIS26EBt69HmoDuTvi9ofXsX6C92iIazJHt55N3gBa1W/s2048/HeaphyDomitillaSN100Feb97_210605C4.jpg">enlarge</a>[<a href="#MR97">MR97</a>, rear cover.]). Photograph by <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace/a-passion-for-the-past-offers-buildings-a-new-future-20200120-p53t2f.html">Christopher Morgan</a> in May 1969 of a first-century Shroud-like fresco in the Cubiculum of Orpheus catacomb in Rome, which is the earliest portrait of Jesus by an unknown artist who could have seen Jesus.]</p><p>so in May 1996, Rex Morgan and his archaeologist son Christopher, took high quality photographs of it[<a href="#MR97">MR97</a>, 80]. <a name="paraCFT"></a>A copy of that fresco was painted by English artist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Frank_Heaphy">Thomas Frank Heaphy (1813-73)</a> in the 1850s, soon after that section of the <a href="Catacombs%20of%20Domitilla">Catacombs of</a></p><p><a name="paraPBH"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx1XTyg8zaSgdQq8OW_b5LXQyG0-1zzWLlsOfAsmN-rzvVfMAEIhZvhyY7R2tt_gcnG3twVAc5c6mAExSSKOPeg-B0_ZiZBYVLvrk41hMVYy-NiLSoeatWbJHSaAFRZBcC7Jm-pxDBMMdh/s771/HeaphySSNereo%2526Achilleo_210605C4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx1XTyg8zaSgdQq8OW_b5LXQyG0-1zzWLlsOfAsmN-rzvVfMAEIhZvhyY7R2tt_gcnG3twVAc5c6mAExSSKOPeg-B0_ZiZBYVLvrk41hMVYy-NiLSoeatWbJHSaAFRZBcC7Jm-pxDBMMdh/s771/HeaphySSNereo%2526Achilleo_210605C4.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx1XTyg8zaSgdQq8OW_b5LXQyG0-1zzWLlsOfAsmN-rzvVfMAEIhZvhyY7R2tt_gcnG3twVAc5c6mAExSSKOPeg-B0_ZiZBYVLvrk41hMVYy-NiLSoeatWbJHSaAFRZBcC7Jm-pxDBMMdh/s771/HeaphySSNereo%2526Achilleo_210605C4.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#MR86">MR86</a>, pl. 1]: Painting by Heaphy of a fresco in the ceiling of the earliest section of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Domitilla">Catacomb of Domitilla</a>, dated to the time of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero">Nero (54–68)</a>. A Shroud-like Jesus is depicted in profile, naked with a white cloth over his shoulder[<a href="#MR93">MR93</a>, 28]. Presumably <i>sitting up at His resurrection with the Shroud still partly covering Him</i>! If so, this is the earliest, mid-first century, depiction of the Shroud! See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2021/06/chronology-of-turin-shroud-nineteenth.html#c1831">05Jun21</a>]</p><p><a href="Catacombs%20of%20Domitilla">Domitilla</a> was opened by the Italian archaeologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_de_Rossi">Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822–94)</a>. Jesus is Shroud-like with shoulder length hair and a beard, a white cloth is over His right shoulder. De Rossi dated that section of the catacomb to the time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero">Roman Emperor Nero (r. 54-68)</a>[<a href="#MR93">MR93</a>, 28]. <a name="paraBNC"></a>Belgian industrial chemist, <a href="https://www.online-familieberichten.nl/zoeken.asp?command=show&id=159487">Remi Van Haelst (1931-2003)</a>, saw this fresco and wrote, "This is the oldest representation of the Lord, made by an unknown artist ... who had know[n] Jesus":<blockquote>"On the sepulchral vault, in the light of his flashlamp, the guide showed me a very vague painting. In a kind of circular inset on the ceiling of the chamber I saw the figure of a human bust, looking from the left side. With a kind of sepulchral voice the monk told me: `This is the oldest representation of the Lord, made by an unknown artist, probably based on descriptions or perhaps a sketch or painting by someone who had know[n] Jesus or his disciples"[<a href="#VR87">VR87</a>, 12]</blockquote>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans">Apostle Paul, writing from Corinth in 55-57</a> and then not having yet been to Rome (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom+1%3A11-15&version=ESV">Rom 1:11-15</a>), lists in <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rom+16%3A1-16&version=ESV">Romans 16</a> many Jewish Christians he knew who were then living in Rome. So there would have been Christians alive then who had seen Jesus, making this Shroud-like depiction of Him an independent confirmation that the Shroudman is Jesus!</p><p><a name="1993f"></a><b>1993f</b> 1 October. STURP's official charter was dissolved by the Secretary of State for the State of Connecticut[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 312; <a href="#WI96b">WI96b</a>].</p><p><a name="1994a"></a><b>1994a</b> November. The First International Congress on the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm">Sudarium of Oviedo</a> is held in Oviedo by <a href="http://www.linteum.com/ces-el-edices.php">EDICES</a> (Equipo de Investigacion del Centro Espanol de Sindonologia = Research Team of the Spanish Sindonology Center)[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 18, 197]. Papers were presented about the Sudarium. The pollen work of <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/frei-sulzer-max">Max Frei (1913-83)</a> was confirmed, and enlarged on, including his identification of <i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=quercus+caliprimus">Quercus caliprimus</a></i> or Palestine Oak, which is limited to <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Palestine">Palestine</a>[<a href="#GM97">GM97</a>]. Residues of myrrh and aloe have also been discovered, which are mentioned in <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+19%3A39-40&version=ESV">John 19:39-40</a>, "Nicodemus came as well ... and he brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes ... They took the body of Jesus and bound it in linen cloths with the spices, following the Jewish burial custom"[<a href="#GM97">GM97</a>]. The very fact that the cloth was kept at all is a sign of its authenticity, as it has no artistic or monetary value at all[<a href="<a href="https://linceuldeturin.com/">Centre international d'études sur le linceul de Turin</a>">GM97</a>]. All the studies carried out so far point in one direction, with nothing to suggest the contrary the Sudarium was used to cover the head of the dead body of Jesus of Nazareth from when he was taken down from the cross until he was buried[<a href="#GM97">GM97</a>].</p><p><a name="1995a"></a><b>1995a</b> 4 January. At Paris' <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Palais+des+Congres+Paris">Palais des Congres</a> the French Shroud group <a href="https://linceuldeturin.com/">CIELT</a> held a reunion in honour of the late Professor Jerome Lejeune (see <a href="#1993e">above</a>). The first main speaker was <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yvonne_Bongert?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Professor Yvonne Bongert (1921-2012)</a> of the Université de Droit de Paris, who outlined Professor Lejeune's special interest in the 12th century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray_Codex">Pray codex</a> preserved in the National Széchenyi Library, Budapest. Showing four drawings from the codex photographed by Prof Lejeune on a special visit to Budapest, Prof Bongert pointed to a whole series of features which make it, in her view, certain that the 12th century artist who drew these knew the Shroud. In the case of the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ34OZmCCYPvmyH0qa9fXviRH_fwOO52WTI4IplIp9p0ceIfZ9zgEqYcwwXvIbcg0OxtVIsOXBiQuW9JF9HBY4RC33SSK1hEnui7rDWgyEVgXqse6gfaaJv90Msc78MbDv_wdlJSiOqswL/s1600/BerkovitsPrayCodex25%25.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ34OZmCCYPvmyH0qa9fXviRH_fwOO52WTI4IplIp9p0ceIfZ9zgEqYcwwXvIbcg0OxtVIsOXBiQuW9JF9HBY4RC33SSK1hEnui7rDWgyEVgXqse6gfaaJv90Msc78MbDv_wdlJSiOqswL/s800/BerkovitsPrayCodex25%25.JPG"></a></p> <p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ34OZmCCYPvmyH0qa9fXviRH_fwOO52WTI4IplIp9p0ceIfZ9zgEqYcwwXvIbcg0OxtVIsOXBiQuW9JF9HBY4RC33SSK1hEnui7rDWgyEVgXqse6gfaaJv90Msc78MbDv_wdlJSiOqswL/s1600/BerkovitsPrayCodex25%25.JPG">enlarge</a>): "Entombment" (upper) and "Visit to the Sepulchre" (lower), ink drawings in the Hungarian <a href="https://tinyurl.com/yyx85htd">Pray Codex</a> (1192-95)[<a href="#BI69">BI69</a>, pl. III].]</p><p>codex's familiar Entombment drawing these are (i) the so Shroud-like crossed hands (ii) the same figure's total nudity, very unusual for Byzantine art at that time; (iii) the fact that the same figure is represented with four fingers but no thumbs, <i>exactly as on the Shroud</i>; (iv) the fact that the Shroud's "poker holes" seem to be represented in the Visit to the Sepulchre scene below this. In the case of the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijamIq_3EKlgowdJu0k_gwB0m0b-L-oHqs0ZNF43TwBSc6fQtZ3BAdPd2x9W9tPSBvTkMj0gIz6TN7LA-FU_Z3hJGqYcnAqsaGK3JkBYFnjkNDPeoVe4B9SaPr7ZuqpIYVYmiFFqwSqI4e/s1600/BerkovitsPrayCodexPlateIVCropped.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijamIq_3EKlgowdJu0k_gwB0m0b-L-oHqs0ZNF43TwBSc6fQtZ3BAdPd2x9W9tPSBvTkMj0gIz6TN7LA-FU_Z3hJGqYcnAqsaGK3JkBYFnjkNDPeoVe4B9SaPr7ZuqpIYVYmiFFqwSqI4e/s800/BerkovitsPrayCodexPlateIVCropped.JPG" /></a><p><a name="paraPMB"></a>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijamIq_3EKlgowdJu0k_gwB0m0b-L-oHqs0ZNF43TwBSc6fQtZ3BAdPd2x9W9tPSBvTkMj0gIz6TN7LA-FU_Z3hJGqYcnAqsaGK3JkBYFnjkNDPeoVe4B9SaPr7ZuqpIYVYmiFFqwSqI4e/s1600/BerkovitsPrayCodexPlateIVCropped.JPG">enlarge</a>): Christ Enthroned[<a href="#BI69">BI69</a>, pl. IV].]</p><p>codex's less familiar Christ Enthroned drawing these are [i] three nails on the patibulum of the cross - indicating that the artist believed that Jesus's feet had been transfixed by a single nail - exactly as indicated on the Shroud; [ii] the fact that while the figure of Christ in this scene is conventionally depicted with a nail-wound through the palm of his left hand, the nail-wound in his right hand would appear to be through his wrist. For Prof Bongert the <i>accumulation of these features conclusively indicates that the Shroud must have been known to Byzantine artists well before the 1260-1390 dates decreed by carbon dating</i>[<a href="#WI95">WI95</a>, 5-6].</p><p><a name="1995b"></a><b>1995b</b> 5 September. In a broadcast on Italian television, Cardinal Saldarini announces that expositions of the Shroud will be held in 1998 and 2000[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 313].</p><p><a name="1995c"></a><b>1995c</b> September. The Whangers visit the home in Jerusalem of Prof. <a href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/42/3/16">Avinoam Danin (1939–2015)</a>, author of <a href="https://flora.org.il/en/avinoam-danin-2/">Flora of Israel Online</a>, and after showing him a life-size <a href="https://iconicphotos.wordpress.com/tag/giuseppe-enrie/">Enrie photograph of the head area</a>, they ask Danin if he could see images of flowers in the photograph[<a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 8]? After looking at the photograph for about ten seconds, Danin exclaims, "Those are the flowers of Jerusalem"![<a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 85; <a href="#WA08">WA08</a>; <a href="#WA98">WA98</a>, 79; <a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 8]! One of those flower images on the Shroud that</p><p><a name="paraCCC"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8pCNP5kSAtEBrdjydoJA4435ddaSVFp5-f0N_kP3RJzMe5nJScQ3YDo4yj4X__0wJuLhTHgF2zvrBRXy-ptIEJ3SYUADpRS3MeUKiXid-9S0oMes208JIQe8qhacwqTfgs5q83O2ilNau/s1600/ChrysanthemumShroudScopeCircled.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8pCNP5kSAtEBrdjydoJA4435ddaSVFp5-f0N_kP3RJzMe5nJScQ3YDo4yj4X__0wJuLhTHgF2zvrBRXy-ptIEJ3SYUADpRS3MeUKiXid-9S0oMes208JIQe8qhacwqTfgs5q83O2ilNau/s800/ChrysanthemumShroudScopeCircled.png" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8pCNP5kSAtEBrdjydoJA4435ddaSVFp5-f0N_kP3RJzMe5nJScQ3YDo4yj4X__0wJuLhTHgF2zvrBRXy-ptIEJ3SYUADpRS3MeUKiXid-9S0oMes208JIQe8qhacwqTfgs5q83O2ilNau/s1600/ChrysanthemumShroudScopeCircled.png">enlarge</a>): Image of a <i><a href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/glecor/">Chrysanthemum coronarium</a></i> flower (circled in red) on the Shroud[<a href="#LM10">LM10</a>]. This is one of the clearest flower image on the Shroud[<a href="#DA99">DA99</a>, 16].]</p><p>Danin had no difficulty perceiving, was the very first one that Alan Whanger had identified, <i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=Chrysanthemum+coronarium">Chrysanthemum coronarium</a></i>[<a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 85-86; Subsequently, after several years of investigations of those photographs, Danin declared his findings at international conferences and in articles on the following issues: the origin of the Shroud is from an area between Jerusalem and Hebron; only in that area could people bring fresh plants of these species from the field and put them onto a dead man's body[<a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 8]. These plants indicate that the time of the year was March through April[<a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 8]. Jesus was crucified in April[<a href="#FJ64">FJ64</a>, 296, 300; <a href="#DK15">DK15</a>]! Three of those plant images that Danin saw on the Shroud were: <i><a href="http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Gundeliatournefortii_page.htm">Gundelia tournefortii</a></i>[<a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 54], <i><a href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/CISCRE/">Cistus creticus</a></i>[<a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 54] and <i><a href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/zygdum/">Zygophyllum dumosum</a></i>[<a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 17]. Danin found that there is <i>only one place in the world where these three</i></p><p><a name="paraDMS"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd4jOcVQ7G0-I_znJh4GV8SA1qW1gzwAgl3A7ihk5w0ZhFzYC0rw8Hhp6nltL1TyewF10J6eHKiOHqjShsgsYUbcx5QSCDotZj7Ajd7tlEkwVvrAVYZVvzAA5fncozIAli0KFjNe8ciQIZ/s1600/DistributionGTournefortiiZDumosumCCreticusJerusalem600DaninBotany52.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd4jOcVQ7G0-I_znJh4GV8SA1qW1gzwAgl3A7ihk5w0ZhFzYC0rw8Hhp6nltL1TyewF10J6eHKiOHqjShsgsYUbcx5QSCDotZj7Ajd7tlEkwVvrAVYZVvzAA5fncozIAli0KFjNe8ciQIZ/s800/DistributionGTournefortiiZDumosumCCreticusJerusalem600DaninBotany52.jpg" /></a></p><p>[<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd4jOcVQ7G0-I_znJh4GV8SA1qW1gzwAgl3A7ihk5w0ZhFzYC0rw8Hhp6nltL1TyewF10J6eHKiOHqjShsgsYUbcx5QSCDotZj7Ajd7tlEkwVvrAVYZVvzAA5fncozIAli0KFjNe8ciQIZ/s1600/DistributionGTournefortiiZDumosumCCreticusJerusalem600DaninBotany52.jpg">Above</a>: Distribution map showing the only place on earth where three of the plant species whose images are found on the Shroud: <i>Gundelia tournefortii</i>, <i>Zygophyllum dumosum</i> and <i>Cistus creticus</i>, are all found growing together[<a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 52], the area around Jerusalem (green circle)[<a href="#DA99">DA99</a>, 21-22]!]</p><p><i>species of plants can be found growing together</i> - between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron">Hebron</a> and Jerusalem[<a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 8]., a <a href="https://tinyurl.com/slltfpb">distance of only ~28 kilometres</a> (~<a href="https://tinyurl.com/td4pvc4">18 miles</a>)!</p><p><a name="1996a"></a><b>1996a</b> 21 January. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/">The Shroud of Turin Website</a> goes online. The website is produced by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Barrie+Schwortz">Barrie Schwortz</a>, STURP's Official Documenting Photographer during the 1978 examination. It quickly becomes the largest Shroud resource on the Internet[<a href="#WI96a">WI96a</a>].</p><p><a name="1996b"></a><b>1996b</b> February. The conservation committee of five textile experts set up by Cardinal Saldarini in 1992 (see <a href="#1992">above</a>) produces a report which makes a number of suggestions and recommendations for the best conservation of the Shroud. One of these was that it was necessary to study in depth the question of the removal and substitution of the backing Holland cloth which had been put in place in 1534, as well as the possible removal and replacement of the patches stitched on to the Shroud at the same time. It was also agreed that, in future, the Shroud would be laid out flat and in a horizontal position, free of stress and tension, rather than being kept rolled up around a wooden cylinder. This report was submitted to the Papal Custodian of the Holy Shroud, the Archbishop of Turin, and also to the Vatican[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 261-262].</p><p><a name="1996c"></a><b>1996c</b> October. <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Pierluigi+Baima-Bollone">Prof. Pierluigi Baima Bollone (1937-)</a> and <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Nello+Balossino">Prof. Nello Balossino</a>, a computer scientistt, both from the University of Turin, confirmed the presence of coins on the eyes. They reported that the coin on the left eye was higher, probably due to facial swelling. Traces of the coin on the left eye match a <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Julia+lepton+coin">Julia lepton</a> struck only in 29 by </p><p><a name="paraJLC"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmFIOFJTLE5Ig55o6F4IsSwJzjSbXPLZwue57XXwWdxMN5zczdCu-cf6X8waxUQbLaFsjdVzZoeiLZaaDB-ySMYwrQJkjAPWX2UovCscRwxiQ1wqJTcdpg7V4V6Wk2QwxsUazikufj5pMM/s1600/LeptonLeftEyeSchiattiP31c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmFIOFJTLE5Ig55o6F4IsSwJzjSbXPLZwue57XXwWdxMN5zczdCu-cf6X8waxUQbLaFsjdVzZoeiLZaaDB-ySMYwrQJkjAPWX2UovCscRwxiQ1wqJTcdpg7V4V6Wk2QwxsUazikufj5pMM/s800/LeptonLeftEyeSchiattiP31c.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmFIOFJTLE5Ig55o6F4IsSwJzjSbXPLZwue57XXwWdxMN5zczdCu-cf6X8waxUQbLaFsjdVzZoeiLZaaDB-ySMYwrQJkjAPWX2UovCscRwxiQ1wqJTcdpg7V4V6Wk2QwxsUazikufj5pMM/s1600/LeptonLeftEyeSchiattiP31c.jpg">enlarge</a>): Enlargement of object over the left eyebrow of the Shroud showing a Roman <i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=simpulum">simpulum</a></i> which is the major feature of a Julia lepton[<a href="#SL98">SL98</a>, 31].]</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate">Pontius Pilate (r. 26-37)</a> upon the death that year of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livia">Julia (aka Livia)</a>, the mother of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Tiberius">Roman Emperor Tiberius Caesar(r. 14-37)</a>[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 38]. Prof. Baima-Bollone emphatically states: <blockquote>"No more must we rely on tests or calculations; we now have an 'intrinsic' proof, clearly stamped, as it were, upon the Shroud itself. No medieval forger could have accomplished this. ... In my opinion, this latest research is just about 100% proof that the Shroud of Turin truly held the body of the crucified and buried Christ"[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 99]</blockquote><a name="1997a"></a><b>1997a</b> February. During a visit to the Whangers' home in Durham, North Carolina, Danin makes a careful and detailed examination of their Enrie Shroud photographs and of the plant images on them. Danin states that he agrees with confidence with twenty-two of the twenty-eight plant identifications that we had made. Of the remaining six identifications, he said that three are probably correct and the other three are possibly correct, but he could not identify them with certainty because the images are too fragmentary. In no case did he totally disagree with the Whangers' original tentative identifications or fail to see some imaging. Moreover, Danin discovered a large number of additional flower images that the Whangers had not found. <a name="paraHPP"></a>Having previously plotted the locations of multiple thousands of plant species in Israel, Danin was able to state that twenty-seven of the twenty-eight plants whose images are on the Shroud grow within five areas measuring five by five kilometers (three by three miles) immediately around Jerusalem and between Jerusalem and Jericho. The twenty-eighth plant is found at the south end of the Dead Sea. One of the plants, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygophyllum_dumosum">Zygophyllum dumosum</a></i>,<a name="paraDMF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTw-PojWasZVG77Lh86nd7ctg2iI1_nbhOquqZh8s9E1gp96tgLPIS31MwhYo8MISUDkDpBfErdhqADt-Fkz_fDVYBm3gwb1oAQsYt_dHAJt6MiArnNcGNguIOvrRXiX07tC0Kn0NJjqkK/s1600/ZygophyllumDumosumMapDaninBotany17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTw-PojWasZVG77Lh86nd7ctg2iI1_nbhOquqZh8s9E1gp96tgLPIS31MwhYo8MISUDkDpBfErdhqADt-Fkz_fDVYBm3gwb1oAQsYt_dHAJt6MiArnNcGNguIOvrRXiX07tC0Kn0NJjqkK/s800/ZygophyllumDumosumMapDaninBotany17.jpg" /></a><i>grows only in</i> <i>Israel, Jordan, and Sinai</i>, with its northernmost boundary in the world being at the sea level sign on the highway between Jerusalem and Jericho.</p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTw-PojWasZVG77Lh86nd7ctg2iI1_nbhOquqZh8s9E1gp96tgLPIS31MwhYo8MISUDkDpBfErdhqADt-Fkz_fDVYBm3gwb1oAQsYt_dHAJt6MiArnNcGNguIOvrRXiX07tC0Kn0NJjqkK/s1600/ZygophyllumDumosumMapDaninBotany17.jpg">enlarge</a>): Distribution map of <i>Zygophyllum dumosum</i> which is confined to Israel, Sinai and Western Jordan[<a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 12].]</p><p> The image of this plant on the Shroud, according to Danin, shows both a winter leaf and the remnants of the stalk from the preceding year, proof that the plant was plucked in the spring. For Danin as a Jewish botanist, <i>the presence of the image of this one plant is sufficient to establish Jerusalem as the place of origin of the Shroud</i>[<a href="#WA98">WA98</a>, 80; <a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 12]!</p><p><a name="1997b"></a><b>1997b</b> 11 & 12 April. Shortly after 11 p.m. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/fire.htm">fire breaks out in Turin's Guarini Chapel</a>, quickly threatening the Shroud's bulletproof display <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU4UFEJSsQEPaCgts2_OpwGoX4DPLzRoOeZ-fkQ93rx1m4hJtc8morQ14iPIrBOSfEu_25TS4waiEIZrB5PQUlnxFCP3Pgq2dKAtAY3ISIbs9VQjNrqET2TWC-_ioZx9caL5Z-ex79nthP/s1600/MarioTrematoreBreakingGlass.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU4UFEJSsQEPaCgts2_OpwGoX4DPLzRoOeZ-fkQ93rx1m4hJtc8morQ14iPIrBOSfEu_25TS4waiEIZrB5PQUlnxFCP3Pgq2dKAtAY3ISIbs9VQjNrqET2TWC-_ioZx9caL5Z-ex79nthP/s800/MarioTrematoreBreakingGlass.png" /></a>case (see <a href="#paraBFT">above</a>). Fireman Mario Trematore uses a sledgehammer to break open this case [Right <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU4UFEJSsQEPaCgts2_OpwGoX4DPLzRoOeZ-fkQ93rx1m4hJtc8morQ14iPIrBOSfEu_25TS4waiEIZrB5PQUlnxFCP3Pgq2dKAtAY3ISIbs9VQjNrqET2TWC-_ioZx9caL5Z-ex79nthP/s1600/MarioTrematoreBreakingGlass.png">(enlarge</a>)[<a href="#DL06">DL06</a>]] and the Shroud, in its traditional casket, is taken temporarily to Cardinal Saldarini's residence. Signs of arson are found in the Royal Chapel, the walls of which are very badly damaged. Also damaged are the whole High Altar end of the cathedral and the part of the Royal Palace directly adjoining the Chapel[<a href="#WI97">WI97</a>; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 313; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 82].</p><p><a name="1997c"></a><b>1997c</b> 14 April. In the presence of the Cardinal and several invited specialists, including Flury-Lemberg, Prof. Baima-Bollone and Rosalia Piazza of Rome's Istituto Centrale del Restauro, the Shroud is brought out from its casket and its condition carefully examined. It is found to be completely unaffected by the fire. It is taken to an undisclosed place of safety[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 313].</p><p><a name="1997d"></a><b>1997d</b> 11-14 May. An <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nice.htm">International Symposium on the Shroud is held in Nice, France</a>. The event is sponsored by <a href="https://linceuldeturin.com/">CIELT</a>, the French sindonology organization[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 313]. One of the papers presented is by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Mark+Guscin">Mark Guscin</a>: "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm">The Sudarium of Oviedo: Its History and Relationship to the Shroud of Turin</a>"[<a href="#GM97">GM97</a>], in which he listed the coincidences between the Sudarium and the Shroud: • The first and</p><p><a name="paraPFF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO45PyQT4_pb4ONIQ04GO_tP2U30tLxmPjnLQMkOuDG0UTN7lLVe0uYWpxCNhuWqQWfx6GC8NeHehfS9nWpA-GmK2HnDeriQJ-HqG5mLccEu18h3eP33qpDSmdL3kIIZGU-ub-Un5dM-r6vLpIg_gzKq_NLPnWXsNeos_ygCVazfjvWD8FXob8hH-RaA/s1830/1830x1273_230321C0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO45PyQT4_pb4ONIQ04GO_tP2U30tLxmPjnLQMkOuDG0UTN7lLVe0uYWpxCNhuWqQWfx6GC8NeHehfS9nWpA-GmK2HnDeriQJ-HqG5mLccEu18h3eP33qpDSmdL3kIIZGU-ub-Un5dM-r6vLpIg_gzKq_NLPnWXsNeos_ygCVazfjvWD8FXob8hH-RaA/s800/1830x1273_230321C0.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO45PyQT4_pb4ONIQ04GO_tP2U30tLxmPjnLQMkOuDG0UTN7lLVe0uYWpxCNhuWqQWfx6GC8NeHehfS9nWpA-GmK2HnDeriQJ-HqG5mLccEu18h3eP33qpDSmdL3kIIZGU-ub-Un5dM-r6vLpIg_gzKq_NLPnWXsNeos_ygCVazfjvWD8FXob8hH-RaA/s1830/1830x1273_230321C0.jpg">enlarge</a>[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 122]): The <i>exact</i> fit of the stains on the Sudarium of Oviedo (right) with the beard on the face of the man on the Shroud (left)! This is a `<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_factor_authentication">two factor authentication</a>' which proves beyond any <i>reasonable</i> doubt that the Shroud is the "linen shroud" (<i>sindon</i>) of <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=MOUNCE">Mt 27:59; Mk 15:46 & Lk 23:53</a> and the Sudarium is the "facecloth" (<i>soudarion</i>) of <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+20%3A7&version=MOUNCE">Jn 20:7</a>! The Sudarium is known to have entered Spain in the 7th century, so a medieval forger would have had to forge <i>both the Shroud and Sudarium no later than the 7th century</i>! Either way this proves that the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a> is <i>wrong</i>!]</p><p>most obvious coincidence is that the blood on both cloths belongs to the same group, namely AB. • The length of the nose through which the pleural oedema fluid came onto the sudarium has been calculated at eight centimetres, just over three inches. This is exactly the same length as the nose on the image of the Shroud.• If the face of the image on the Shroud is placed over the stains on the sudarium, perhaps the most obvious coincidence is the exact fit of the stains with the beard on the face. As the sudarium was used to clean the man's face, it appears that it was simply placed on the face to absorb all the blood, but not used in any kind of wiping movement. • A small stain is also visible proceeding from the right hand side of the man's mouth. This stain is hardly visible on the Shroud, but John Jackson, using the VP-8 and photo enhancements has confirmed its presence. • The thorn wounds on the nape of the neck also coincide perfectly with the bloodstains on the Shroud. ... • The only possible conclusion is that <i>the Oviedo sudarium covered the same face as the Turin Shroud</i>"[<a href="#GM97">GM97</a>]!</p><p><a name="1997e"></a><b>1997e</b> 13-14 September. A group of independent sindonologists meets in Kaufman, Texas to discuss the collection and archiving of the important and diverse Shroud materials residing in private collections in the United States. Curators of the Wuenschel and Boston collections, two of the largest collections in the world, attend[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 313].</p><p><a name="1997f"></a><b>1997f</b> November/December. Prof. <a href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/42/3/16">Avinoam Danin (1939–2015)</a> publishes an article, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/danin.htm">Pressed Flowers: Where Did the Shroud of Turin Originate?</a>" in Israel's <i>Eretz Magazine</i>[<a href="#DA97">DA97</a>]. Prominent in the article Danin featured the photo below of <i><a href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/glecor/">Chrysanthemum coronarium</a></i>. Also </p><p><a name="paraPBF"></a><a href="https://www.shroud.com/chrys.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://www.shroud.com/chrys.jpg"></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://www.shroud.com/chrys.jpg">enlarge</a>): "A coronal image of a chrysanthemum produced by <a href="https://trauer-nordbayern-de.translate.goog/traueranzeige/oswald-scheuermann?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en">Oswald Scheuermann [1933-2019]</a> (left) the image on the Shroud of Turin (center) and an illustration of the flower (right)"[<a href="#DA97">DA97</a>].</p><p>in the article Danin pointed out that <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/frei-sulzer-max">Max Frei (1913-83)</a>, who, concentrating on taking pollen samples, was oblivious to the flower images, found the pollen of <i><a href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/CISCRE/">Cistus creticus</a></i> <i>exactly</i> where Danin found images of that same plant: <blockquote>"A bouquet of rock rose [<i><a href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/CISCRE/">Cistus creticus</a></i>], which I had noted along with the crown chrysanthemum [<i><a href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/glecor/">Chrysanthemum coronarium</a></i> since renamed <i>Glebionis coronaria</i>] in 1995, appears on the right cheek of the human profile on the shroud. Frei had placed his adhesive tape No. 6Bd [see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/09/obituary-paul-c-maloney-april-9-1936.html#paraMLP">09Sep18</a>] at that spot and actually found some grains of rock rose pollen long before anyone had discovered images of the plant on the shroud. The fact that the existence of this plant’s image on the shroud has been demonstrated by two independent botanical methods <i>proves beyond a reasonable doubt that plants of this species were placed on the shroud at one time</i>" (my emphasis)[<a href="#DA97">DA97</a>].</blockquote><a name="1998a"></a><b>1998a</b> 18 April to 14 Jun. Public exposition of the Shroud is held <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfab264C03FNGfRnRFzfJkc0t3DYEWcVN_dVb_IDvBcnWePOKIApgxC26JTuc_1g0T1U1ISfRXpqI00dNhdzeehKy_Jh6C3zr6mS4efBDjirHwth2z4P579efhxLesGzOm24oLU6zf22ow/s1600/1998TurinCathedral1998Wilson%2526Schwortzpii.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfab264C03FNGfRnRFzfJkc0t3DYEWcVN_dVb_IDvBcnWePOKIApgxC26JTuc_1g0T1U1ISfRXpqI00dNhdzeehKy_Jh6C3zr6mS4efBDjirHwth2z4P579efhxLesGzOm24oLU6zf22ow/s800/1998TurinCathedral1998Wilson%2526Schwortzpii.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfab264C03FNGfRnRFzfJkc0t3DYEWcVN_dVb_IDvBcnWePOKIApgxC26JTuc_1g0T1U1ISfRXpqI00dNhdzeehKy_Jh6C3zr6mS4efBDjirHwth2z4P579efhxLesGzOm24oLU6zf22ow/s1600/1998TurinCathedral1998Wilson%2526Schwortzpii.jpg">enlarge</a>): The Shroud displayed in Turin Cathedral during the 1998 exposition [<a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, ii]. A huge temporary screen hides the fire damage to the Royal Chapel behind it, and upon the screen is painted</a> a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompe-l'%C5%93il">trompe l'oeil</a> (illusory perspective) scene of how the interior of the Chapel would have looked in the 1820s[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 284].]</p><p>to commemorate the centenary of Secondo Pia's first photograph of the cloth, the discovery of its hidden negative image and the beginning of the scientific era of its study. Over two million pilgrims visit the Shroud during the eight week exhibition[<a href="#WI96a">WI96a</a>; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 313].</p><p><a name="1998b"></a><b>1998b</b> 24 May. Pope John Paul II visits the Shroud as it is displayed in the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, in Turin. The visit occurs on the exact day that Secondo Pia made the first photograph of the Shroud 100 years earlier, on May 24, 1898. This is the first time the pope has seen the cloth since a private viewing in 1980[<a href="#WI96a">WI96a</a>].</p><p><a name="1998c"></a><b>1998c</b> 5-7 June. The Third International Congress for the Study of the Shroud is held in Turin. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/turinsy2.htm">Nearly 100 researchers come to present their work at the well attended but poorly organized event</a>, officially opened by the Honorable Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, President of the Republic of Italy, and Cardinal Giovanni Saldarini, Archbishop of Turin[<a href="#WI96a">WI96a</a>]</p><p><a name="1998d"></a><b>1998d</b> 9 June. Death of <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n48part6.pdf">Adam Otterbein (1915-98)</a>, co-founder of the Holy Shroud Guild[<a href="#WI96a">WI96a</a>].</p><p><a name="1999a"></a><b>1999a</b> 16 March. Publication of pediatrician and University of Texas microbiology professor, <a href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sanantonio/name/leoncio-garza-valdes-obituary?id=22836167">Dr Leoncio Garza-Valdes (1939-2010)</a>'s (see <a href="#1993b">above</a>) sensationalist, if not blasphemously, titled book, "<a href="https://www.amazon.com.au/DNA-God-Leoncio-Garza-Valdes/dp/0385488505">DNA of God?</a>"[<a href="#DG99">DG99</a>]. In the mid-1980s Garza-Valdes discovered that some Mayan jade artifacts had a lustrous "bioplastic" coating caused by a rock fungus, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Lichenothelia"><i>Lichenothelia</i></a>[<a href="#GV98">GV98</a>, 13-19]. But <i>Lichenothelia</i> are "borderline lichens" as algal cells are associated with them[<a href="#ML12">ML12</a>]. A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen">lichen</a> is a fungus in a symbiotic relationship with a photosynthetic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, from which it derives its energy[<a href="#LNW">LNW</a>]. So evidently <i>Lichenothelia</i> could not survive on exposed rock surfaces separately as a fungus. In 1991 Garza-Valdes had one of his Mayan jade artifacts radiocarbon dated by Arizona radiocarbon dating laboratory and its radiocarbon date was 1535 ±240 years[<a href="#GV98">GV98</a>, 18]. This was too recent as the Mayan culture flourished between AD 200-900[<a href="#GV98">GV98</a>, 11]. So Garza-Valdez assumed that the <i>Lichenothelia</i> "bioplastic coating" contained new carbon which caused the jade artifact to carbon-date too young[<a href="#GV98">GV98</a>, 18-19]. Years before, Garza-Valdez does not say when, he came to believe that the Shroud was Jesus'[<a href="#GV98">GV98</a>, 4-5]. But it was not a strong belief so when in 1988 <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">the Shroud was radiocarbon dated 1260-1390</a>, Garza Valdes was surprised but not shocked[<a href="#GV98">GV98</a>, 20-21]. Garza Valdes then formed the <i>absurd</i> hypothesis that the <i>rock</i> fungus, <i>Lichenothelia</i>, was living on the <i>linen</i> Shroud and was responsible for its 1260-1390 radiocarbon date[<a href="#GV98">GV98</a>, 21-22]! In April 1993 STURP chemist <a href="https://www.ancientfaces.com/person/alan-d-adler-birth-1931-death-2000/10249163">Alan D. Adler (1931-2000)</a> gave Garza Valdes a poor quality sticky tape Shroud sample which originally belonged to another STURP chemist, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Rogers">Ray Rogers (1927–2005)</a>. Looking through a microscope Garza-Valdes <i>deluded himself</i> that all the blood on the Shroud sample "had been completely replaced by fungi and bacteria"[<a href="#GV98">GV98</a>, 21]! <a name="paraTCL"></a>To cut a long story short, in 1999 Adler delivered a <i>devastating</i> critique of Garza-Valdes' "bioplastic coating" claim:<blockquote>"In `The DNA of God?' Garza-Valdez makes a large number of extravagant claims, many of them self-contradictory, at odds with accepted Shroud scientific literature, or at odds with basic accepted biochemical, chemical, or physical knowledge ... His ... contention is that the entire cloth is more or less covered by a bioplastic coating deposited by a novel microbe [sic] that he himself has discovered in the Shroud samples in his possession. He claims this bioplastic has corrupted the radiocarbon date and even suggests that the microbes may be responsible for creating the body image [55-57] ... Are we to take seriously the notion that such microbial growth could produce the VP-8 characteristic? It should be noted that to corrupt the observed radiodate from a first century date to that reported [1260-1390] requires about a 50% increase in the C14 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_fraction ">mole fraction</a>. This is a prodigious amount of bacterial metabolism. Even if we ignore the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics ">Second Law of Thermodynamics</a> and only satisfy the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics ">First Law</a>, where does all this energy for growth come from? Are the organisms photosynthetic? Where does the mass come from? Does this microorganism fix the nitrogen from air as required for its growth and metabolism? Where does it get its sulfur, phosphorus, and minerals from and to where have they disappeared ... It seems that his evidence for large amounts is based on what he sees in a microscope. Looking at his micrographs, however, gives us pause for new concerns. He shows us a magnified picture of the weave of the whole cloth and says see how shiny it is — bioplastic coated. Unfortunately, he seems to be unaware that all linen looks like this. It is called luster and it is one of the characteristics by which linen is distinguished from other fabrics. For many of the pictures … a question arises as to whether one is really seeing … only diffraction artifacts, as the smaller objects in the field show pronounced diffraction rings, indicating that the field is simply out of focus. His work lacks hard convincing quantitative evidence on which one can judge the merit of his claims …"[<a href="#AA99">AA99</a>, 108-109].</blockquote>Garza Valdes even rules out the resurrection of Jesus as an explanation of the Shroudman's image and will only accept a fully naturalistic explanation[<a href="#GV98">GV98</a>, 55]. Which makes me question whether Garza Valdes believed in Jesus' resurrection and was a Christian! </p><p><a name="1999b"></a><b>1999b</b> 18-20 June. The Shroud of Turin Center of Richmond, Virginia, hosts the Richmond Conference, an international Shroud meeting with the theme "Multidisciplinary Investigation of an Enigma." The focus of the meeting is new research and sindonologists from around the world attend[<a href="#WI96a">WI96a</a>].</p><p><a name="1999c"></a><b>1999c</b> August. An article titled, "Flora of the Shroud of Turin" by Avinoam Danin, Uri Baruch and Alan and Mary Whanger is published by the Missouri Botanical Garden Press, a highly respected international botanical scientific press. Not only does the article document the pollen evidence they discovered on the Shroud in detail, but it also presents their discovery of actual flower images on the cloth[<a href="#WI96a">WI96a</a>]. In the book Danin makes a similar point to one <a href="#paraHPP">above</a>, "This assemblage of <i>Z. dumosum</i> and ... <i>Gundelia tournefortii</i>, <i>Cistus creticus</i>, and <i>Capparis aegyptia</i> occurs in only one rather small spot on earth ... the vicinity of Jerusalem":<blockquote>"The physical location of the bouquet containing <i>Zygophyllum dumosum</i> appears on the body image's upper chest ... The chronological significance of <i>Z. dumosum</i> in the phenologic stage of bloom seen on the Shroud (it has a flower and two kinds of leaves) is that it was cut between the months of December and April (in the context of the Judean Desert). This is the particular season when both leaf types and flowers are found together on the plant. The geographical implications of <i>Z. dumosum</i> are significant beyond that of other species associated with the Shroud because the plant is endemic [see <a href="#paraDMF">above</a>]. <i>Zygophyllum dumosum</i> grows only in Israel, Sinai, and a small area of Jordan [see <a href="#paraDMS">above</a>]. This assemblage of <i>Z. dumosum</i> and additional species such as <i>Gundelia tournefortii</i>, <i>Cistus creticus</i>, and <i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Capparis+aegyptia">Capparis aegyptia</a></i> occurs in only one rather small spot on earth, this being the Judean mountains and the Judean Desert of Israel, in the vicinity of Jerusalem[<a href="#DA99">DA99</a>, 18]</blockquote></p><p><a name="1999d"></a><b>1999d</b> 5 September. <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Archbishop+Severino+Poletto">Archbishop Severino Poletto (r. 1999-2010)</a>, becomes the new Archbishop of Turin and Pontifical Custodian of the Shroud, following the resignation in June 1999 of Cardinal Saldarini due to health problems[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 155; <a href="#WI96a">WI96a</a>].</p><p><a name="1999e"></a><b>1999e</b> October (assumed). The Conservation Committee (see <a href="#1992">above</a> and <a href="#1996b">above</a>), becomes the Commission for Conservation. The names of the members of the Commission are published. They include: Monsignor Giuseppe Ghibert; Alan Adler-chemist; Pierluigi Baima-Bollone-forensics specialist; Bruno Barberis-mathematician; Karlheinz Dietz-historian; Methchild Flury-Lemberg-Swiss textile expert and Silvano Scannerini-microbiologist. Adler, the only member of the original STURP team on the Commission, died suddenly in June 2000. So, scientists were in a minority on the Commission and only one of the original members remained on it, Mechthild Flury-Lemberg[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 264-265].</p><p><a name="2000a"></a><b>2000a</b> 2-5 March. An International Symposium on the Shroud called "The Turin Shroud: Past, Present and Future," is held at the Villa Gualino in Turin, Italy. The attendees include noted sindonologists from around the world like Alan Adler, John Jackson, Dr. Alan Whanger and Ian Wilson[<a href="#WI96a">WI96a</a>]. The first speaker was <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Mechthild+Flury-Lemberg">Mechthild Flury-Lemberg (1929-)</a>. In preparing the Shroud for the 1998 Exposition (see <a name="1998a"></a>), she removed the blue surround that had been sewed on in 1868 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_Clotilde_of_Savoy">Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy (1843-1911)</a> [<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 97], enabling an accurate calculation of the Shoud's dimensions as 437 cm long by 111 cm wide[<a href="#WI00">WI00</a>] or 14ft 4in. by 3ft 8in. <a name="paraNFL"></a>Next Flury-Lemberg explained the origin of the sidestrip (see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/08/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Sidestrip #5</a>" and "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/09/selvedge-6-evidence-is-overwhelming.html">Selvedge #6</a>"). Looms in antiquity, particularly those in Egypt, could be up to 3.5 </p><p><a name="paraFLX"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU949iNxDjynnNGMPKRCgIo_ZiKTkaAuSfQ5NCNTBkpdLjkrSFAL2O9howDOr65DwquB6xhesqDVqhq1NXOfhtgOZNdtp8XvBjrct7YGHXTR6uqQUGsI5eBkYSdn2eH1ZevMme5h35a7dT/s450/WideLoom210418B0.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU949iNxDjynnNGMPKRCgIo_ZiKTkaAuSfQ5NCNTBkpdLjkrSFAL2O9howDOr65DwquB6xhesqDVqhq1NXOfhtgOZNdtp8XvBjrct7YGHXTR6uqQUGsI5eBkYSdn2eH1ZevMme5h35a7dT/s450/WideLoom210418B0.png" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU949iNxDjynnNGMPKRCgIo_ZiKTkaAuSfQ5NCNTBkpdLjkrSFAL2O9howDOr65DwquB6xhesqDVqhq1NXOfhtgOZNdtp8XvBjrct7YGHXTR6uqQUGsI5eBkYSdn2eH1ZevMme5h35a7dT/s450/WideLoom210418B0.png">enlarge</a>)[See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/09/selvedge-6-evidence-is-overwhelming.html#para08">11Sep15</a>]: Flury-Lemberg's explanation of how the cloth from which the Shroud came was originally woven much wider than the Shroud. Then the cloth was cut lengthwise and the two outer pieces bordered by the selvedge (shaded) were joined together by a seam to form the Shroud cloth[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 73].]</p><p>metres wide, enabling them to turn out continuous lengths of cloth far longer and wider than the Shroud. The side-strip at the time of its manufacture formed part of a much wider cloth which was then cut lengthwise into four pieces, one narrow, this latter being the side-strip, which retains selvedge along its length, just as does its opposite number. With the central section removed, the wide and narrow pieces were very expertly joined by a seam to form the Shroud as we know it today[<a href="#WI00">WI00</a>]. <a name="paraFFL"></a>Finally, Flury-Lemberg reported that the Shroud's hem (top and bottom) and the seam joining the sidestrip and the main body of the Shroud (see <a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=7&image=3&lon=830.5&lat=13980.5">selvedge (far left), sidestrip (left), seam (centre left), hem (bottom centre) and main body of the Shroud (right)</a>, had an <a name="paraSNS"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHIvNyAzSs1xp5jZ4MfsWs-SDnsqrF6Ny4dIn007LmiR_eD0zb9pl0S795Amj9V73upzkVYHgXyzQp0irSKMRYMZcqzgAVXfjEjVjnkmn7llNnaASQCYDGXuG_-Ldk5NThqvp05K2kB3eE/s1600/SeamMasadaWilson2010p74.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHIvNyAzSs1xp5jZ4MfsWs-SDnsqrF6Ny4dIn007LmiR_eD0zb9pl0S795Amj9V73upzkVYHgXyzQp0irSKMRYMZcqzgAVXfjEjVjnkmn7llNnaASQCYDGXuG_-Ldk5NThqvp05K2kB3eE/s800/SeamMasadaWilson2010p74.png"></a></p><p>[Right: <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHIvNyAzSs1xp5jZ4MfsWs-SDnsqrF6Ny4dIn007LmiR_eD0zb9pl0S795Amj9V73upzkVYHgXyzQp0irSKMRYMZcqzgAVXfjEjVjnkmn7llNnaASQCYDGXuG_-Ldk5NThqvp05K2kB3eE/s1600/SeamMasadaWilson2010p74.png">enlarge</a>: Sketch of unusual stitching found on cloth fragments at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada">first-century Jewish fortress of Masada</a>[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 74], which is "<i>identical to that found on the Shroud and nowhere else</i>"[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 109].]</p><p>unusual type of stitching, nearly invisible on one side, and closely resembling that of ancient Jewish textiles as found at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada">Masada</a>, the Jewish fortress that was overthrown by the Romans in AD 73-74, never to be occupied again. This is further evidence against the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1230-1390 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a>, because how could, and why would, a medieval forger include first-century stitching that is nearly invisible? Flury-Lemberg told the <i>Sunday Times</i>, "In my opinion the Shroud is not a mediaeval fake. The parallels I have found indicate that it could have existed at the same time as Jesus Christ and in what is now Israel"[<a href="#WI00">WI00</a>]!</p><p><a name="2000b"></a><b>2000b</b> 12 August 12 to 22 October. A <a href="https://www.shroud.com/expos.htm#2000">ten week public exhibition of the Shroud</a> is held in Turin to commemorate the Jubilee anniversary of the birth of Jesus. It marks the fifth such exposition of the Shroud since it was first photographed in 1898 and modern science took an interest in the cloth. It also has the distinction of being the longest ever public exhibition in recorded Shroud history[<a href="#WI96a">WI96a</a>].</p><p><a name="2000c"></a><b>2000c</b> 27-29 August. A <a href="http://web.tiscali.it/sindone2000/index2.htm">major International Shroud Symposium, called "Sindone 2000," is held in Orvieto, Italy</a>. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/orvieto.htm">Papers presented at the symposium that are online include</a>: A. Acetta: "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/accett2.pdf">Nuclear Medicine and Its Relevance to the Shroud of Turin</a>"; J. Marino, M.S. Benford: "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/marben.pdf">Evidence for the Skewing of the C-14 Dating of the Shroud of Turin Due to Repairs</a>" & B. Schwortz: "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/orvieto.pdf">Is The Shroud of Turin a Medieval Photograph? A Critical Examination of the Theory</a>".</p><p><a name="2000d"></a><b>2000d</b> 22 October. Archbishop of Turin Severino Poletto officially closes the longest Shroud Exhibition in history and announces the next planned public exhibition will occur during the next Holy Year, in 2025[<a href="#WI96a">WI96a</a>]. I hope to see the Shroud in 2025, and to publish my book in conjunction with that 2025 exposition. But as far as I am aware there has been no official confirmation of that date. </p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AA99">AA99</a>. Adler, A.D., 1999, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/adler.pdf">The Nature of the Body Images on the Shroud of Turin</a>," in Adler, A.D. & Crispino, D., ed., 2002, "The Orphaned Manuscript: A Gathering of Publications on the Shroud of Turin," Effatà Editrice: Cantalupa, Italy, 103-112.<br><a name="AM00">AM00</a>. Antonacci, M., 2000, "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY.<br><a name="BJ01">BJ01</a>. Bennett, J., 2001, "Sacred Blood, Sacred Image: The Sudarium of Oviedo: New Evidence for the Authenticity of the Shroud of Turin," Ignatius Press: San Francisco CA.<br><a name="BB00">BB00</a>. Bonnet-Eymard, B., 2000, "<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20001002025911/www.crc-internet.org/may00d.htm">The Holy Shroud is as Old as the Risen Jesus, IV. Caution! Danger!</a>, <i>The Catholic Counter-Reformation in the XX<sup>th</sup> Century</i>, No 330, Online edition, May.<br><a name="BB91">BB91</a>. Bonnet-Eymard, B., 1991, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn068Dec91.pdf">Study of Original Documents of the Archives of the Diocese of Troyes in France with Particular Reference to the Memorandum of Pierre D'Arcis</a>," <i>Shroud News</i>, No 68, December, 6-18.<br><a name="BI69">BI69</a>. Berkovits, I., 1969, "Illuminated Manuscripts in Hungary, XI-XVI Centuries," Horn, Z., transl., West, A., rev., Irish University Press: Shannon, Ireland.<br><a name="CA89">CA89</a>. Coghlan, A., 1989, "<a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12316841-900-unexpected-errors-affect-dating-techniques/">Unexpected errors affect dating techniques</a>," <i>New Scientist</i>, 30 September.<br><a name="DA10">DA10</a>. Danin, A., 2010, "Botany of the Shroud: The Story of Floral Images on the Shroud of Turin," Danin Publishing: Jerusalem, Israel.<br><a name="DA97">DA97</a>. Danin, A., 1997, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/danin.htm">Pressed Flowers: Where Did the Shroud of Turin Originate?: A Botanical Quest</a>," <i>ERETZ Magazine</i>, November/December.<br><a name="DA99">DA99</a>. Danin, A., Whanger, A.D., Baruch, U. & Whanger, M., 1999, "Flora of the Shroud of Turin," Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis MO.<br><a name="DB98">DB98</a>. Danin, A. & Baruch, U., 1998, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/daninx.pdf">Floristic Indicators for the Origin of the Shroud of Turin</a>," Paper presented at the Third International Congress on the Shroud of Turin, 6 June 1998, Turin, Italy, in <a href="#MM02">MM02</a>.<br><a name="DG99">DG99</a>. "<a href="#https://www.amazon.com.au/DNA-God-Leoncio-Garza-Valdes/dp/0385488505">DNA of God?</a>" Hardcover – 16 March 1999 by Leoncio A.Garza- Valdes (Author), Amazon.com.<br><a name="DL06">DL06</a>. de la Piedra, R.G., 2006, "<a href="https://goo.gl/Z8NUMS">Shroud 1997</a>," YouTube, 26 November.<br><a name="DP89">DP89</a>. Damon, P.E., et al., 1989, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin</a>," <i>Nature</i>, Vol. 337, 16 February, 611-615.<br><a name="DT12">DT12</a>. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London.<br><a name="FJ64">FJ64</a>. Finegan, J., 1964, "Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible," Princeton University Press: Princeton NJ.<br><a name="FP14">FP14</a>. "Cliff Stoll visiting Karl Koch's death forest," <i>FirstPost</i>, 2014 (no longer online).<br><a name="GH96">GH96</a>. 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Jackson, J.P., 1990, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi34part3.pdf">Is the image on the Shroud due to a process heretofore unknown to modern science?</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 34, March, 3-29.<br><a name="LJ13">LJ13</a>. Long, J., 2013, "<a href="https://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2013/03/20/The-Shroud-of-Turins-Earlier-History-Part-Two-To-the-Great-City.aspx">The Shroud of Turin's Earlier History: Part Two: To the Great City</a>," Associates for Biblical Research, March 20.<br><a name="LM10">LM10</a>. Extract from Latendresse, M., 2010, <a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=11&image=2&lon=1766&lat=5586">Shroud Scope: Enrie Negative Vertical</a>, Sindonology.org.<br><a name="LNW">LNW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen">Lichen</a>," Wikipedia, 26 April 2023.<br><a name="ML12">ML12</a>. Muggia, L., et al, 2012, "<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Habit-of-Lichenothelia-sp-and-cultured-black-fungi-a-b-habit-of-Lichenothelia-sp_fig1_233538272">The Lichen Connections of Black Fungi</a>," <i>ResearchGate</i>, November.<br><a name="MM02">MM02</a>. Minor, M., Adler, A.D. & Piczek, I., eds., 2002, "The Shroud of Turin: Unraveling the Mystery: Proceedings of the 1998 Dallas Symposium," Alexander Books: Alexander NC.<br><a name="MR86">MR86</a>. Morgan, R., 1986, "The Holy Shroud and the Earliest Paintings of Christ," Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.<br><a name="MR93">MR93</a>. Morgan, R.H., 1993, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi42part10.pdf">New Evidence for the Earliest Portrait of Jesus</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 42, December, 28.<br><a name="MR97">MR97</a>. Morgan, R.H., 1997, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn100Feb97Part29.pdf">The Earliest Portrait of Christ</a>," <i>Shroud News</i> No. 100, February.<br><a name="OM10">OM10</a>. Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.<br><a name="PM96">PM96</a>. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.<br><a name="RP06">RP06</a>. Rinaldi, P.M., in <a href="#TF06">TF06</a>.<br><a name="SB97">SB97</a>. Schwortz, B., 1997, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/fire.htm">The 1997 Fire</a>," Shroud.com<br><a name="SL98">SL98</a>. Schiatti, L., 1998, "The Shroud: A Guide to the Reading of an Image Full of Mystery," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.<br><a name="TF06">TF06</a>. Tribbe, F.C., 2006, "Portrait of Jesus: The Illustrated Story of the Shroud of Turin," Paragon House Publishers: St. Paul MN, Second edition.<br><a name="WA08">WA08</a>. Whanger, A. & M., 2008, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ohiowhanger2.pdf">Aspects of the Shroud in Botany and Related Art</a>," in Fanti, G., ed., 2009, "The Shroud of Turin: Perspectives on a Multifaceted Enigma," Proceedings of the 2008 Columbus Ohio International Conference, August 14-17, 2008, Progetto Libreria: Padua, Italy, 140-144.<br><a name="VR87">VR87</a>. Van Haelst, R., 1987, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn044Dec87.pdf">Did I see the Lord?</a>," <i>Shroud News</i>, No. 44, December, 11-15.<br><a name="WA90">WA90</a>. Whanger, A. & M., 1990, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/sn059Jun90.pdf">Floral, Coin, and Other Non-Body Images on the Shroud of Turin</a>," <i>Shroud News</i>, No 59, June, 10-20.<br><a name="WA98">WA98</a>. Whanger, M. & Whanger, A.D., 1998, "The Shroud of Turin: An Adventure of Discovery," Providence House Publishers: Franklin TN.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI89">WI89</a>. Wilson, I, 1989, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n21part4.pdf">Lecture by Professor Hall of Oxford</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 21, January/February, 7-10.<br><a name="WI90">WI90</a>. Wilson, I., 1990, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n24part7.pdf">Flower images on the Shroud?</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 24, January, 11-13.<br><a name="WI93">WI93</a>. Wilson, I., 1993, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n35part3.pdf">The Rome symposium - another CIELT success</a> ...," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 35, August/September, 3-8.<br><a name="WI95">WI95</a>. Wilson, I., 1995, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n39part3.pdf">News From Around the World</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 39, January, 4-13<br><a name="WI96a">WI96a</a>. Wilson, I., 1996a, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1900">Highlights of the Undisputed History: 1900's</a>," Shroud.com.<br><a name="WI96b">WI96b</a>. Wilson, I., 1996b, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n44part8.pdf">STURP - The End of an Era....</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 44, November/December.<br><a name="WI96b">WI96b</a>. Wilson, I., 1996b, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n44part8.pdf">STURP - The End of an Era....</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 44, November/December.<br><a name="WI97">WI97</a>. Wilson, I., 1997, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n45part2.pdf">The Turin Fire of April 11</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 45, June/July.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.<br><a name="WI00">WI00</a>. Wilson, I., 2000, "`<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n51part2.pdf">`The Turin Shroud - past, present and future', Turin, 2-5 March, 2000 - probably the best-ever Shroud Symposium</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 51, June.<br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.<br><a name="WS00">WS00</a>. Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books: London.<br></p><p>Posted 21 March 2023. Updated 2 March 2024.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-23231088289566976912023-03-03T22:57:00.025+08:002023-05-08T07:49:38.794+08:00How was the Image Formed? (1) Turin Shroud Encyclopedia<p><a name="para01"></a><center><b><i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i><br>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones</b>[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is "How was the Image Formed? (1)" part #23 of my <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i>. This will help me write chapter "17. How was the Image Formed?" of my book, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Sheet of Jesus!" See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#mybk">06Jul17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#paraMBK">03Jun18</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html#paraMNW">04Apr22</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraPTS">13Jul22</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">8 Nov 22</a>.</p><p>[<a href="https://goo.gl/2WAtLP">Index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/02/herbert-thurston-turin-shroud.html">Herbert Thurston</a> #22] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/05/john-calvin-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html">John Calvin</a> #24]<hr></p><p><a name="paraMJF"></a>• <b>Explanations and replications</b> There are theoretical <i>explanations</i> <a href="https://shrouduniversity.com/bodyimages/2002restorationimage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="190" src="https://shrouduniversity.com/bodyimages/2002restorationimage.jpg" /></a>of how the Shroudman's image was formed and there are claimed <i>replications</i> of the Shroud and its image by Shroud sceptics. As the latter are more significant, I will only consider them here.</p><p>[Right (<a href="https://shrouduniversity.com/bodyimages/2002restorationimage.jpg">enlarge</a>): Full-length image of the Shroud after the 2002 restoration[<a href="#HR14">HR14</a>].]</p><p><a name="paraMJF"></a>• <b>Major features</b> Any claimed replication of the Shroud must include <i>all</i> of its major features[<a href="#JP88">JP88</a>, 11]. Claimed replications of the Shroud which do not include <i>each and every</i> major feature of the Shroud, are a type of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man">`straw man' fallacy</a>. That is, they present a replication of the Shroud which does not contain all the Shroud's major features, and then claim that they have replicated the Shroud! Major features of the Shroud include: <a name="paraDBL"></a><u>1) Double body length</u>[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 21; <a href="#AF82">AF82</a>, 26; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 184]. <a name="paraFNT"></a><u>2) Faint</u>[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 21; <a href="#AF82">AF82</a>, 5; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 37]. <a name="paraNGT"></a><u>3) Negative</u>[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 67; <a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 19; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 34-35]; <a name="paraTDL"></a><u>4) Three-dimensional</u>[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 67; <a href="#AF82">AF82</a>, 93-94; <a href="#CJ84">CJ84</a>, 53; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 38-39]; <a name="paraNDL"></a><u>5) Non-directional</u>[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 67; <a href="#CJ84">CJ84</a>, 53; <a href="#CT96">CT96</a>, 26]; <a name="paraSFL"></a><u>6) Superficial</u>[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 66; <a href="#CJ84">CJ84</a>, 53; <a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 217; <a href="#AA99">AA99</a>, 105; <a href="#AA0a">AA0a</a>, 116; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 238]; <a name="paraNCL"></a><u>7) Uniform straw-yellow colour</u>[<a href="#AA99">AA99</a>, 105; <a href="#AA0a">AA0a</a>, 116; <a href="#AA0c">AA0c</a>, 15]; <a name="paraNPD"></a><u>8) No paint, pigment or dye</u>[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 67; <a href="#CJ84">CJ84</a>, 53; <a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 71; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 71]; <a name="paraBSH"></a>9) <u>Blood is human</u>[<a href="#BZ98">BZ98</a>, 20-22; <a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 95, 100; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 25; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 49]; and <a name="paraBWF"></a><u>10) Blood was before image</u>[<a href="#HJ83">HJ83</a>, 203; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 71; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 104]. See my "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/12/the-man-on-shroud-8-evidence-is.html">The man on the Shroud #8</a>." These will be explained as we consider each claimed replication.</p><p><a name="paraSPL"></a>• <b>Spoiler alert!</b> "The basic fact remains: neither Joe Nickell nor any other artist or forger has ever created an image showing all the characteristics of the image of the man of the Shroud"[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 109]; "Yet none of the proposed mechanisms ... can replicate all the unique characteristics of both the body images and blood marks on the Shroud ... none even comes close"[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 60-61].</p><p><a name="paraDFF"></a>• <b>Admissions of failure</b> Each new claimed replication of the Shroud by sceptics is a tacit admission that all previous claimed replications of the Shroud by sceptics had failed!</p><p><a name="paraNCS"></a>• <b>No consensus</b> What <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wilson_%28author%29">Ian Wilson</a> wrote in 1998, ~25 years ago, is still true today:<blockquote>"Indeed, if anyone had come up with a convincing solution as to how and by whom the Shroud was forged, they would inevitably have created a consensus around which everyone sceptical on the matter would rally. Yet so far this has not even begun to happen."[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 235]</blockquote><a name="paraPNT"></a>• <b>Painted</b> Chicago microscopist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_McCrone">Walter McCrone (1916-2002)</a> correctly pointed out that a medieval forger would have painted the Shroud: <blockquote>"Why go to all the work of preparing a statue or bas-relief or making a transfer of the image from a primary artist's rendering? A direct approach to painting a dilute watercolor image on a canvas of the proper size is a common sense assumption; Occam's Razor applies here ..."[<a href="#MW99">MW99</a>, 124].</blockquote><a name="paraSMC"></a>So McCrone commissioned a professional artist, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sanford">Walter Sanford </a> </p><p><a name="paraNFS"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ-lrwoF84XY2PuOo5aVOie8pwamXFQmHZ8bddGdRDlSQK868NnWYwSKoCmyfXNdeoxHAAmdgt4-v5oGIgkwUe0_gwhS5X9YNFEbx8NAWYgGP5X4c4ky6CI1Ouj2B3joElbQkP4Y8qwWZH/s1600-h/WilsonTSIllustSanford&ShroudNeg2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ-lrwoF84XY2PuOo5aVOie8pwamXFQmHZ8bddGdRDlSQK868NnWYwSKoCmyfXNdeoxHAAmdgt4-v5oGIgkwUe0_gwhS5X9YNFEbx8NAWYgGP5X4c4ky6CI1Ouj2B3joElbQkP4Y8qwWZH/s800/WilsonTSIllustSanford&ShroudNeg2.JPG" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ-lrwoF84XY2PuOo5aVOie8pwamXFQmHZ8bddGdRDlSQK868NnWYwSKoCmyfXNdeoxHAAmdgt4-v5oGIgkwUe0_gwhS5X9YNFEbx8NAWYgGP5X4c4ky6CI1Ouj2B3joElbQkP4Y8qwWZH/s1600-h/WilsonTSIllustSanford&ShroudNeg2.JPG">enlarge</a>): Negative of Sanford's painted Shroud face (left) compared with the Shroud face (right)[<a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 120-121]. As can be seen, Sanford's negative lacks the photographic realism of the Shroud's.]</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sanford">(1912-87)</a>, to paint the Shroud face, using medieval pigments[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 196]. <a name="paraYVT"></a>Yet even though Sanford had a photograph of the Shroud before him and only had to copy the Shroud face[<a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 120], his finished result was "nowhere near as impressive as the Shroud," according to Shroud sceptic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Picknett">Lynn Picknett (1947-)</a>[<a href="#PP06">PP06</a>, 77]. McCrone himself conceded before a 1980 meeting of the British Society for the Turin Shroud (BSTS) that Sanford's attempt to replicate only the Shroud face had failed[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, 99, 173. n.16]. McCrone's reason why Sanford had failed, because an artist would "have to think in terms of what would a body under a cloth ... register"[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, 99] would apply even more to a medieval artist who didn't know about photographic negativity and didn't have the Shroud to copy! McCrone told the meeting, "I'm sorry I got into this part of the controversy, and I wish that I had stuck to my microscope[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, 99]! McCrone subsequently "quietly downgraded his references to" Sanford's `replication' of the Shroud face[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 196]. In his 1999 book, <i>Judgement Day for the Turin Shroud</i>, while McCrone has a photograph of Sanford's painted Shroud face[<a href="#MW99">MW99</a>, 149], he tellingly omitted a negative photograph of it (which Wilson and Schwortz provided <a href="#paraNFS">above</a>)! <a name="paraSMP"></a>So McCrone's painted replication of the Shroud fails because: <u>1) Double body length</u>. It is face-only. It does not follow that a method which can replicate the Shroud face (and McCrone's replication didn't even do that) could replicate the double full-length Shroud. For one, there are more than a hundred scourge wounds on the man's back, chest and legs, each with blood serum retraction halos[<a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 85; <a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 42; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 27-28; <a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 56; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 45-46; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 122] and to date, no one has even attempted to paint those! <u>3) Negative</u>. It's negative lacks the Shroud's realism (<a href="#paraNFS">above</a>). <u>4) Three-dimensional</u>. McCrone's flat painted replication, was not three-dimensional[<a href="#PP06">PP06</a>, 77] <u>5) Non-directional</u>. Being painted, McCrone's replication would show direcional brushstrokes. <u>6) Superficial</u>. Sanford's paint would not have remained on the topmost fibrils as the Shroud image does, but would have soaked through the cloth. <u>7) Uniform straw-yellow colour</u> The Shroud image is a uniform straw-yellow but Sanford's red ochre painting is redder than the Shroud's image[<a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 120]. <u>8) No paint, pigment or dye</u> is on the Shroud, but paint would be on Sanford's shroud. <u>9) Blood is human</u> and <u>10) Blood was before image</u>. Sanford painted the blood after he had painted the image[<a href="#MW99">MW99</a>, 124; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 196; <a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 120]. So McCrone's painted replication of the Shroud fails in all but one of the Shroud's 10 major features! There actually are more - see again my "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/12/the-man-on-shroud-8-evidence-is.html">The man on the Shroud #8</a>." Only one major feature, <u>2) Faint</u> in one of the photos of Sanford's paintings on page 149 of McCrone's book <i>apparently</i> passes! But as McCrone pointed out <a href="#paraPNT">above</a> a medieval forger <i>would have</i> painted the Shroud. So the abject failure of McCrone's painted replication is, in effect, the failure of the forgery theory!</p><p><a name="paraPWD"></a>• <b>Powder rubbing</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell">Joe Nickell (1944-)</a>, a former stage magician [<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 73; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 76; <a href="#NJW">NJW</a>], whose PhD is in English[<a href="#NJW">NJW</a>], experimented with replicating the Shroud image by rubbing powdered pigments on a wet<a name="paraNNF"></a><a href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/uploads/images/si/nickell-shroud-deceives.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="230" src="https://skepticalinquirer.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/uploads/images/si/nickell-shroud-deceives.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/uploads/images/si/nickell-shroud-deceives.jpg">enlarge</a>). Negative photograph of a powder rubbing of the Shroud face by Nickell using an iron oxide pigment[<a href="#NJ15">NJ15</a>]. Sceptic Lynn Picknett (see <a href="#paraYVT">above </a>) had included "Nickell's results" in with Sanford's, as "although more recognizable in negative-are nowhere near as impressive as the Shroud"[<a href="#PP06">PP06</a>, 77]!]</p><p><a name="paraLCP"></a>linen cloth placed over a <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=bas-relief">bas-relief</a>[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, 102; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 73], while impressing all the relief's features onto the cloth[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 73; <a href="#JNW">JNW</a>]. After the cloth dried, he used a cotton dauber covered with cloth to rub powdered pigment onto the impressions left on the linen[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 73]. <a name="paraRHT"></a>Art historian <a href="https://www.google.com/search?b-d&q=Thomas+de+Wesselow">Thomas de Wesselow</a> pointed out that "Nickell implies an art-historical episode so bizarre, speculative, impractical and anachronistic that it is quite unbelievable"[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 139]. <a name="paraNPR"></a>Nickell's powdered pigment replication of the Shroud fails because: <a name="paraNDB"></a><u>1) Double body length</u>. It is face-only (see <a href="#paraDBL">above</a>). Nickell needed to show that his powdered rubbing method can replicate the full-length Shroud image, front and back. In particular, Nickell would need to explain how his method could depict the Shroud's fine details[<a href="#TF06</a>, 181], including the at least one hundred tiny scourge marks on the man's back, chest and legs when their characteristics are only visible under a microscope (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_microscope_technology">invented c. 1609</a>) and in ultraviolet light (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet#History_and_discovery">discovered 1801</a>)[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 76]. Indeed, modern sceptics like McCrone and Nickell who don't go to the trouble to replicate the entire full-length, double image, front and back, Shroud, but the face only, are refuting their own theory because they are showing that that is what a medieval forger would have done[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 138]! <a name="paraFNC"></a><u>2) Faint</u> Nickell claims "the rubbing technique can produce images which are quite faint"[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, 103] but he doesn't say "as faint <i>as the Shroud</i>"! Nickell has in his 1987 book a black-and-white positive photograph and its </p><p><a name="paraPNP"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg574O3XFBvOpMfW3RkzEF7mZLWSMzrKMxneKUkowOcFkGugq0wxkhX6Xdhg9pzXj6zN6cZYOODxEkckyvwBO5v90xdHzLEArOrdUY2XjXakU3QYrPSisYwlLOEdDvoLZFbFNswmwvtNvRpqnfEt7fGgi8kGn_UwtcW_M9So0eGkxjqN6YzDRKU4Q265Q/s1283/NickellFacePos&Neg230303E3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg574O3XFBvOpMfW3RkzEF7mZLWSMzrKMxneKUkowOcFkGugq0wxkhX6Xdhg9pzXj6zN6cZYOODxEkckyvwBO5v90xdHzLEArOrdUY2XjXakU3QYrPSisYwlLOEdDvoLZFbFNswmwvtNvRpqnfEt7fGgi8kGn_UwtcW_M9So0eGkxjqN6YzDRKU4Q265Q/s400/NickellFacePos&Neg230303E3.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg574O3XFBvOpMfW3RkzEF7mZLWSMzrKMxneKUkowOcFkGugq0wxkhX6Xdhg9pzXj6zN6cZYOODxEkckyvwBO5v90xdHzLEArOrdUY2XjXakU3QYrPSisYwlLOEdDvoLZFbFNswmwvtNvRpqnfEt7fGgi8kGn_UwtcW_M9So0eGkxjqN6YzDRKU4Q265Q/s1283/NickellFacePos&Neg230303E3.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, pl. 6]: Black-and-white positive photograph (left) of powdered myrrh and aloes "rubbed on with a cloth-over-cotton dauber," and its negative (right). As can be seen, even though it isn't in colour, the positive would not be faint. I printed in grayscale <a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml">a positive of the Shroud face</a> and it was much fainter than Nickell's positive above.]</p><p>negative, of a myrrh and aloes powdered rubbing over a bas relief (above) and it is <i>not</i> faint. And presumbly the positive of an iron oxide powder rubbing would be even less faint, otherwise Nickell would have shown that in his book! <a name="paraNGV"></a><u>3) Negative</u>. Nickell's negative of an iron oxide powder rubbing (<a href="#paraNNF">above</a>), like McCrone's, lacks the photographic realism of the Shroud. <a name="paraNTD"></a><u>4) Three-dimensional</u>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin_Research_Project">STURP</a> found that under a <a href="https://www.shroud.com/78strp10.htm">VP-8 Image Analyzer</a> Nickell's shroud face is not truly three-dimensional[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 108; <a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 79; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 73; <a href="#TF06</a>, 181; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 253] and is distorted[<a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 79; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 31; <a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 181]. <a name="paraNDR"></a><u>5) Non-directional</u>. Nickell claims his powdered rubbing images are "`directionless' (that is, without brush marks)"[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, 102]. But he must know from the very word "direction<i>less</i> that what is meant is <i>no direction at all</i>, by <i>any means</i> [see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/10/non-directional-17-man-on-shroud_29.html">Non-directional #17</a>"]. The Shroudman's image is random with no evidence of a directional pattern[<a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 22; <a href="#AA0a">AA0a</a>, 116; <a href="#AA0c">AA0c</a>, 18]. Not up and down nor side to side[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 38]. Any method by which colouring medium was added to the cloth by hand would be directional[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 122]. So the application of powdered pigment would be directional[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 108]. Nickell himself wrote: "using a dauber, I rubbed on powdered pigment"[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, 102]. Nickell is deceiving himself if he thinks that rubbing with a cloth dauber is "directionless"! <a name="paraSPF"></a><u>6) Superficial</u>. Nickell claimed that his powder "rubbing technique ... yields images that are superficial (remain on the topmost fibers)"[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, 102; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 253]. But this is self-evidently false as the powder particles which are smaller than the gaps between the Shroud's weave would not have stayed on the surface fibres, but would have fallen through those gaps, and larger particles would have become lodged between the threads, discolouring them throughout the weave[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 138]. STURP tested Nickell's powder rubbing method and found that powder particles fell through the weave of the cloth and accumulated on the reverse side[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 74; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 77; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 253]. <u>7) Uniform straw-yellow colour</u> A uniform application of powder, resulting in a uniform image, has been shown to be unachiev-able[<a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 136; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 253]. <u>8) No paint, pigment or dye</u> Nickell's image would <i>consist</i> of powdered pigment, but he later accepted STURP's finding that there was no build up of pigment particles in the image area[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 107] and there isn't enough iron oxide on the Shroud to account for its image[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 137]. So Nickell now claims that <i>all</i> the powdered pigment had fallen off the cloth and that the image is a `ghost' of the vanished iron oxide having dehydrated and oxidized the underlying cellulose[<a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 44; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 137-138]! But residues of powdered iron oxide pigment would remain on the cloth if they had been there originally[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 122; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 138]. And Nickell hasn't explained how iron oxide powder <i>could</i> have dehydrated and oxidized the underlying cellulose of the Shroud's linen. Iron oxide as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochre">red ochre</a> has been used in Egypt since at least 1800 BC to colour red on linen[<a href="#GC22">GC22</a>], and obviously it wouldn't have been so<a name="paraRXL"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNFZPrUduvAiVmwInGOiMhDkbrSbUPqkCbAuauGXpdgnp_NelYKUiJFcJ7GDcfcuGBKNwso6CGLHyBTybZJjMbGg-uNhLj1H51G3Haa1OJuxdv_R6Gr1xMBaVSZCKS8UQG3iWHeek4PesM8mkPrnYNga34_8urmZbqWGCOkLj2g9N1eMxKe7WAZdwcCQ/s630/OchreLinenTuthmosisIV230303E3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNFZPrUduvAiVmwInGOiMhDkbrSbUPqkCbAuauGXpdgnp_NelYKUiJFcJ7GDcfcuGBKNwso6CGLHyBTybZJjMbGg-uNhLj1H51G3Haa1OJuxdv_R6Gr1xMBaVSZCKS8UQG3iWHeek4PesM8mkPrnYNga34_8urmZbqWGCOkLj2g9N1eMxKe7WAZdwcCQ/s400/OchreLinenTuthmosisIV230303E3.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNFZPrUduvAiVmwInGOiMhDkbrSbUPqkCbAuauGXpdgnp_NelYKUiJFcJ7GDcfcuGBKNwso6CGLHyBTybZJjMbGg-uNhLj1H51G3Haa1OJuxdv_R6Gr1xMBaVSZCKS8UQG3iWHeek4PesM8mkPrnYNga34_8urmZbqWGCOkLj2g9N1eMxKe7WAZdwcCQ/s630/OchreLinenTuthmosisIV230303E3.jpg">enlarge</a>[<a href="#GC22">GC22</a>]): Linen coloured red with iron oxide (red ochre) from the tomb of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_IV">Tuthmosis IV (c. 1400-1390 BC)</a>.]</p><p><a name="paraSFT"></a>used if it all fell off those linen cloths after it had dehydrated and oxidised them! <u>9) Blood is human</u>. Nickell simply denies STURP's findings that the blood is real, human blood [see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/06/real-human-blood-23-man-on-shroud.html">Real human blood #23</a>"] and claims the blood was paint applied after the image[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 76; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 137]. But, for starters, paint cannot account for the serum halos surrounding the edges of the hundreds of bloodstains on the Shroud[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 76]. Nickell's painted `blood' is not realistic and does not have the correct shape or appearance of actual wounds that have formed and bled on human skin[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 76]. <u>10) Blood was before image</u> It would be <i>impossible</i> to apply the `blood' paint first to the cloth over a bas relief and then rub powdered pigment around it! So Nickell's powder rubbing replication of the Shroud fails to replicate <i>all ten</i> of the Shroud's major features!</p><p><a name="paraSFT"></a>Other problems with Nickell's powder rubbing method include: • There is no evidence in the Shroud cloth of tensions that would have resulted from it having been moulded wet over a bas-relief[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 253]. • There are no medieval powdered rubbings on bas-reliefs[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 122; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 31-32; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 253].]. Brass rubbing only began in 17th century Holland[<a href="#BR83">BR83</a>]. • The bas-relief that Nickell's rubbing was based on would itself be a major work of art[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 108-109; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 137]. So where is it[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 108]? And after the forger had made his double body length, front and back, bas relief, he could have produced many shrouds identical to the Shroud[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 108; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 139], as Nickell admits[<a href="#NJ87">NJ87</a>, 106]. So where are they? Why is there only one Shroud?</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AF82">AF82</a>. Adams, F.O., 1982, "Sindon: A Layman's Guide to the Shroud of Turin," Synergy Books: Tempe AZ, 26.<br><a name="AA99">AA99</a>. Adler, A.D., 1999, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/adler.pdf">The Nature of the Body Images on the Shroud of Turin</a>," in <a href="#AC02">AC02</a>, 103-112.<br><a name="AA0a">AA0a</a>. Adler, A.D., 2000a, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi43part11.pdf">The Shroud Fabric and the Body Image: Chemical and Physical Characteristics</a>," in <a href="#AC02">AC02</a>, 113-127.<br><a name="AA0c">AA0c</a>. Adler, A.D., 2000c, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi43part1.pdf">Chemical and Physical Aspects of the Sindonic Images</a>," in <a href="#AC02">AC02</a>, 10-27.<br><a name="AC02">AC02</a>. Adler, A.D. & Crispino, D., ed., 2002, "The Orphaned Manuscript: A Gathering of Publications on the Shroud of Turin," Effatà Editrice: Cantalupa, Italy.<br><a name="AM00">AM00</a>. Antonacci, M., 2000, "The Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY.<br><a name="BA91">BA91</a>. Berard, A., ed., 1991, "History, Science, Theology and the Shroud," Symposium Proceedings, St. Louis Missouri, June 22-23, 1991, The Man in the Shroud Committee of Amarillo, Texas: Amarillo TX.<br><a name="BR83">BR83</a>. "<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/29/garden/brass-rubbing-historic-craft-revived.html">Brass Rubbing: Historic Craft Revived</a>," <i>The New York Times</i>, 29 December, 1983.<br><a name="BZ98">BZ98</a>. Baima-Bollone, P. & Zaca, S., 1998, "The Shroud Under the Microscope: Forensic Examination," Neame, A., transl., St Pauls: London.<br><a name="CJ84">CJ84</a>. Cruz, J.C., 1984, "Relics: The Shroud of Turin, the True Cross, the Blood of Januarius. ..: History, Mysticism, and the Catholic Church," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN, 52-53.<br><a name="CT96">CT96</a>. Case, T.W., 1996, "The Shroud of Turin and the C-14 Dating Fiasco," White Horse Press: Cincinnati OH.<br><a name="DT12">DT12</a>. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London,<br><a name="GC22">GC22</a>.Graves-Brown, C., 2022, "<a name="http://egyptcentre.blogspot.com/2022/02/ochre-to-protect-living-and-dead.html">Red cloth to protect the living and dead</a>," Egypt Centre, Swansea [Wales], 10 February.<br><a name="GV01">GV01</a>. Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL<br><a name="HJ83">HJ83</a>. Heller, J.H., 1983, "Report on the Shroud of Turin," Houghton Mifflin Co: Boston MA.<br><a name="HR14">HR14</a>. "<a href="https://shrouduniversity.com/hiresimage.php#full">High Resolution Imagery: Image of Full 2002 Restored Shroud</a>," Shroud University, Peachtree City GA, 2014.<br><a name="JNW">JNW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell">Joe Nickell</a>," Wikipedia, 8 February 2023.<br><a name="JP88">JP88</a>. Jackson, J.P., 1988, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi2829part3.pdf">The radiocarbon date and how the image was formed on the Shroud</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 28/29, September/December, 2-12.<br><a name="MW99">MW99</a>. McCrone, W.C., 1999, "Judgment Day for the Shroud of Turin," Prometheus Books: Amherst NY.<br><a name="NJ87">NJ87</a>. Nickell, J., 1987, "Inquest on the Shroud of Turin," Prometheus Books: Buffalo NY, Revised, Reprinted, 2000.<br><a name="NJ15">NJ15</a>. Nickell, J., 2015, "<a href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/fake-turin-shroud-deceives-national-geographic-author/">Fake Turin Shroud Deceives National Geographic Author</a>," <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>, 23 April.<br><a name="NJW">NJW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell">Joe Nickell</a>," Wikipedia, 18 March 2023.<br><a name="OM10">OM10</a>. Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.<br><a name="PM96">PM96</a>. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.<br><a name="PP06">PP06</a>. Picknett, L. & Prince, C., 2006, "The Turin Shroud: How Da Vinci Fooled History," [1994], Touchstone: New York NY, Second edition, Reprinted, 2007.<br><a name="RC99">RC99</a>. Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.<br><a name="SH90">SH90</a>. Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1981, "Verdict on the Shroud: Evidence for the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ," Servant Books: Ann Arbor MI.<br><a name="SH81">SH81</a>. Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1990, "The Shroud and the Controversy," Thomas Nelson Publishers: Nashville TN.<br><a name="TF06">TF06 </a>. Tribbe, F.C., 2006, "Portrait of Jesus: The Illustrated Story of the Shroud of Turin," Paragon House Publishers: St. Paul MN, Second edition.<br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.<br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.<br><a name="WS00">WS00</a>. Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books: London.<br></p><p>Posted 3 March 2023. Updated 8 May 2023.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-16956439754161702662023-03-02T13:56:00.012+08:002024-01-01T23:43:18.155+08:00Date index 2023: The Shroud of Turin blog <p><a name="para01"></a><center><b><i>The Shroud of Turin</i> blog<br>DATE INDEX 2023<br>© Stephen E. Jones</b>[<a href="#1">1</a>]<br></center></p><p>This is the date index to the 2023 posts on this my <i>The Shroud of Turin</i> blog. The posts are listed in reverse date order (recent uppermost). For further information on this date index series see the <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/the-shroud-of-turin-blog-main-date-index.html">Main Index</a>. The linked subject headings of my future 2023 posts will be added to this page in the background.</p><p>[<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/the-shroud-of-turin-blog-main-date-index.html">Main index</a>] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/03/date-index-2022-shroud-of-turin-blog.html">2022</a>] [Next: 2024]<hr><b>2023</b><br><a name="21Dec23"></a>21-Dec-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/12/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming_21.html">Kim Dreisbach's "overwhelming preponderance of evidence" in favor of the Shroud's authenticity (part 3) <a><br><a name="10Dec23"></a>10-Dec-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/12/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming.html">Kim Dreisbach's "overwhelming preponderance of evidence" in favor of the Shroud's authenticity (part 2) <a><br><a name="21Nov23"></a>21-Nov-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/11/kim-dreisbachs-overwhelming.html">Kim Dreisbach's "overwhelming preponderance of evidence" in favor of the Shroud's authenticity (part 1) <a><br><a name="08Nov23"></a>08-Nov-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-shroudman-and-jesus-were.html">The Shroudman and Jesus were <i>resurrected</i>! #43: The evidence is <i>overwhelming</i> that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet! <a><br><a name="09Sep23"></a>09-Sep-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/09/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twenty-first.html">Chronology of the Turin Shroud: Twenty-first century (2)<a><br><a name="23Aug23"></a>23-Aug-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-shroudman-and-jesus-were-buried-in.html">The Shroudman and Jesus were buried in a rock tomb #42: The evidence is <i>overwhelming</i> that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet!<a><br><a name="07Jul23"></a>07-Jul-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/07/objections-answered-1-turin-shroud.html">Objections answered (1), <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i></a></a><br><a name="11Jun23"></a>11-Jun-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/06/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twenty-first.html">Chronology of the Turin Shroud: Twenty-first century (1) </a><br><a name="29May23"></a>29-May-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/05/the-shroudman-and-jesus-were-wrapped-in.html">The Shroudman and Jesus were wrapped in a linen shroud #41: The evidence is <i>overwhelming</i> that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet! </a><br><a name="27May23"></a>27-May-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/05/the-three-hebrewaramaic-letters-under.html">The three Hebrew/Aramaic letters under the Shroudman's chin are <i>numbers</i>!</a><br><a name="07May23"></a>07-May-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/05/john-calvin-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html">John Calvin, <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i </a><br><a name="21Mar23"></a>21-Mar-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/03/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html">Chronology of the Turin Shroud: Twentieth century (6) </a><br><a name="03Mar23"></a>03-Mar-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/03/how-was-image-formed-turin-shroud.html">How was the Image Formed? <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i></a><br><a name="02Mar23"></a>02-Mar-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/03/date-index-2023-shroud-of-turin-blog.html">Date index 2023: <i>The Shroud of Turin</i> blog</a><br><a name="21Feb23"></a>21-Feb-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/02/herbert-thurston-turin-shroud.html">Herbert Thurston, <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i></a><br><a name="11feb23"></a>11-Feb-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/02/prehistory-of-shroud-1001-1355-turin.html">Prehistory of the Shroud (1001-1355).</a><br><a name="23Jan23"></a>23-Jan-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/01/the-shroudman-and-jesus-died-on-cross.html">The Shroudman and Jesus died on a cross #40</a><br><a name="11Jan23"></a>11-Jan-23: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/01/ulysse-chevalier-turin-shroud.html">Ulysse Chevalier, <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i></a><br></p><hr><p><b>Notes</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided it includes a reference citing my name, its subject heading, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p>Posted 2 March 2023. Updated 1 January 2024.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-850077292221885492023-02-21T23:44:00.020+08:002023-05-07T23:23:36.424+08:00Herbert Thurston, Turin Shroud Encyclopedia<p><a name="para01"></a><center><b><i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i><br>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones</b>[<a href="#1">1</a>]</p><p><h1>Herbert Thurston #22</h1></center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is "Herbert Thurston," part #22 of my <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i>. As mentioned in my previous <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">Pierre d'Arcis</a> #19, this series will help me write chapter "18. Sceptics and the Shroud" of my book, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Sheet of Jesus!" See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#mybk">06Jul17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#paraMBK">03Jun18</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html#paraMNW">04Apr22</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraPTS">13Jul22</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">8 Nov 22</a>. Other Shroud sceptics covered in this series to date are "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">Pierre d'Arcis #19</a>" and "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/01/ulysse-chevalier-turin-shroud.html">Ulysse Chevalier #20</a>," </p><p>[<a href="https://goo.gl/2WAtLP">Index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/02/prehistory-of-shroud-1001-1355-turin.html">Prehistory of the Shroud</a> #21] [Next: <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/03/how-was-image-formed-turin-shroud.html">How was the Image Formed? (1)</a> #23]<hr><p><a name="paraHTN"></a><b>Herbert Henry Charles Thurston</b> (1856-1939) was an English <a name="paraFHT"></a><a href="https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/article_featured_image/public/media/herbert%20thurston2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/article_featured_image/public/media/herbert%20thurston2.jpg" /></a>[Right (<a href="https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/article_featured_image/public/media/herbert%20thurston2.jpg">enlarge</a>[<a href="#PM23">PM23</a>]) priest of the Roman Catholic Church, a member of the Jesuit order, and a prolific scholar on liturgical, literary, historical, and spiritual matters[<a href="#HTW">HTW</a>]. He was regarded as an expert on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism">spiritualism</a> but he is remembered chiefly for his extensive contributions to the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>[<a href="#HTW">HTW</a>].</p><p><a name="paraNNN"></a>In 1901 Thurston read the <i>fraudulent</i> (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/01/ulysse-chevalier-turin-shroud.html#paraNNN">#20</a>) anti-Shroud monograph[<a href="#CU00">CU00</a>] of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysse_Chevalier">Ulysse Chevalier (1841-1923)</a>[<a href="#AF82">AF82</a>, 55]. <a name="paraTNN"></a>Then in 1903 Thurston wrote an anti-Shroud article, "The Holy Shroud and the Verdict of History," in the English Jesuit journal, <i>The Month</i>[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>]. In it Thurston included an English translation of Chevalier's <i>fraudulent invention</i> of the d'Arcis Memorandum (see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraHTN">Pierre d'Arcis #19</a>")[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 21-26]. It is possible that Thurston did not know that it was fraudulent, that there was no actual parchment Memorandum, only two rough paper drafts which Chevalier <i>fraudulently</i> combined into one parchment document[<a href="#BB91">BB91</a>, 236-237; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 151-152]. At the outset Thurston made an important concession that, either the Shroud is a forgery or it is Jesus' burial sheet:<blockquote>"As to the identity of the body whose image is seen on the Shroud, no question is possible. The five wounds, the cruel flagellation, the punctures encircling the head, can still be clearly distinguished in spite of the darkening of the whole fabric. If this is not the impression of the Body of Christ, it was designed as the counterfeit of that impression. In no other personage since the world began could these details be verified"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 19; <a href="#WE54">WE54</a>, 40]</blockquote><a name="paraNMF"></a>In my forthcoming book, I call this the "Central Dilemma of the Shroud."</p><p><a name="paraTBS"></a>Thurston brushed aside the refutation of the forgery thesis by the agnostic Sorbonne Professor of Anatomy, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Delage">Yves Delage (1854-1920)</a>:<blockquote>"As the shroud is authenticated since the fourteenth century, if the image is a faked painting, there must at this epoch, have existed an artist-who has remained unknown-capable of executing a work hardly within the power of the greatest Renaissance painters. While this is already very difficult to admit for an image painted as a positive, it becomes quite incredible in the case of a negative image, which lacks all aesthetic character in this form and assumes its value only when the lights and shades are reversed, while strictly respecting their contours and values. Such an operation would be almost impossible except by photography, an art unknown in the fourteenth century. The forger, while painting a negative, would have to know how to distribute light and shade so that after reversal they would give the figure which he attributed to Christ, and that with perfect precision; ... I add this argument whose force will be felt on reflection: Why should this forger have taken the trouble to realise a beauty not visible in his work and discernible only after reversal which was only later made possible? He would be working for his contemporaries and not for the twentieth century and the Academy of Sciences"[<a href="#GM69">GM69</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraTDT"></a>Thurston deludedly thought the "history" of the Shroud was more important than its "scientific aspect':<blockquote>"... M. Vignon's essay created a profound impression ... But before we come to take an account of what may be called the scientific aspect of the subject, there is an important preliminary question to be settled belonging to the domain of history"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 17-18].</blockquote><a name="paraBFX"></a>But if "science" proved the Shroud is not painted (which it did - see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/no-paint-etc-15-man-on-shroud-evidence.html">11Jul16</a>), then the "history" of the Shroud which claimed it was "cunningly painted" (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraHRD">08Nov22</a>), is <i>wrong</i>!</p><p><a name="paraTWD"></a>Thurston was doubly wrong that there was a d'Arcis Memorandum and that it was sent to the Pope, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII">Clement VII (r. 1523-34)</a>:<blockquote>"Under these circumstances Pierre d'Arcis drew up a very clear and able memorial, which he forthwith despatched to the Pope"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 21].</blockquote><a name="paraTTN"></a>That there never was a d'Arcis Memorandum is evidenced by there being no original of it in the either the Troyes' or Papal archives:<blockquote>"Similarly, there is no proof that the letter was ever sent to the pope. All that we have are the two copies of the rough draft. There is no copy of such a letter in the Vatican Archives; the Troyes diocesan records; in the works of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Nicolaus+Camuzat">Nicolaus Camuzat</a> (the historian for the diocese); the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France">Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris</a>, where the copies of the rough draft were found; or anywhere else. Moreover, in numerous subsequent and extemporaneous documents from Pope Clement VII concerning the Shroud and its exhibition, the pope never said a word about such a previous communication from the bishop"[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 152].</blockquote>Thurston then quotes the supposed d'Arcis Memorandum (see [<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraHRD">Pierre d'Arcis #19</a>]) and in fact the English text of the d'Arcis Memorandum we have is Thurston's translation from its Latin[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 266].</p><p><a name="paraFQH"></a>After quoting his English translation of the d'Arcis Memorandum, Thurston summarised its "confirmatory evidence," including:<blockquote>"We possess nearly a score of documents which have some direct or indirect bearing on the facts reported in the Bishop's memorial. It may be said unhesitatingly that none of these in any one detail are in conflict with his statements. Such evidence as they furnish is wholly confirmatory"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 26].</blockquote></p><p><a name="paraBSS"></a>But Shroud scholar <a href="http://www.shroud.it/FOSSATI2.HTM">Luigi Fossatt (1920-2007)</a> checked the documents in the Appendix of Chevalier's monograph and found that those that are contrary to the Shroud's authenticity all boil down to <i>one</i>, "the so-called <i>Memorandum of Pierre d'Arcis</i>":<blockquote>"But what documents and how many did Chevalier find, ninety-odd years ago, that are contrary to the authenticity of the Shroud? The first collection of documents appeared as an appendix in his <i>Étude critique</i> .... There are thirty-three items. 1. Four documents that are not concerned with authenticity, in fact they presume the Shroud to be authentic: a) the liturgical office approved by Julius II (1506); b) part of a text by a canon of Lirey who laments that the church no longer possesses the Holy Shroud of Our Lord; c) a text of Sixtus IV that indirectly mentions the Holy Shroud (1473); d) a brief report of an exposition (1503). 2. Eleven notarial and judicial documents concerning a litigation lasting several years between the canons of Lirey for the return of the Holy Shroud to their church, and the legitimate proprietor of the Shroud, Marguerite de Charny; 3. Five labels wrapped around the documents; 4. Calvin's derisory passage in T<i>reatise on relics</i> (1563). That leaves twelve documents. One is of very little interest because it is only a XVIth or XVIIth century résumé of an original. But not all of the remaining eleven can be considered contrary to authenticity: 1. The <i>Memorandum</i> of Pierre d'Arcis (1389); 2, 3, 4. The first version of the Bull of 6 January 1390 and the related letters to Pierre d'Arcis and the ecclesiastical officials of Autun, Langres and Châlons-sur-Marne; 5. The Report of the Liege investigation, which merely confirms what Clement VII had established, without giving any personal judgment. This includes the remaining six documents: a) the letter of Charles VI, king of France, to the bailiff of Troyes instructing him to requisition the Shroud (1389); b, c, d) the report of the bailiff, with two accompanying letters (1389); e) an official letter from the king's sergeant (1389); f) the letter from Clement VII to Geoffroy II de Charny, which is not concerned with authenticity (1390) ... All things considered, the documents contrary to authenticity, those that support a manual origin of the imprints, are reduced to one only: the so-called <i>Memorandum of Pierre d'Arcis</i>"[<a href="#FL92">FL92</a>, 3-4]!</blockquote><a name="paraTST"></a>Thurston's second item of "confirmatory evidence" was:<blockquote>"A more important confirmation is to be found in the fact that whereas Pierre d'Arcis describes the shroud as fabricated in the time of his predecessor, it curiously happens that the history of the supposed relic for thirteen hundred years down to that precise date remains an absolute blank"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 26].</blockquote>Thurston is <i>lying</i>! At the very end of his article, after admitting that his "conclusive" historical evidence against the Shroud, "would not perhaps be sufficient ... in a modern court of law"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 26], Thurston further admited that he knew the "history" of the Shroud having been "stolen" (in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople">1204 Sack of Constantinople</a> by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> as there was no other occasion when the Shroud was stolen):<blockquote>"It is just conceivable, for instance, that the consciousness that the shroud had been stolen prevented the Charny family from giving any account of its previous history, and caused them even to acquiesce in the description of it as a mere picture or facsimile. But, on the other hand, the owners of stolen property do not generally seek to advertise the fact by bringing crowds together to view it, and in any case the alleged testimony of the artist remains unaccounted for"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 26].</blockquote>And the crusader who stole the Shroud was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othon_de_la_Roche">Othon IV de la Roche (c.1170-1234)</a>, who `just happened' to be a direct ancestor of <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeanne_de_Vergy?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Jeanne de Vergy (c.1332–1428)</a>, the wife of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroi_de_Charny">Geoffroy I de Charny (c.1300-56)</a>[see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/11/chronology-of-turin-shroud-thirteenth.html#paraMRS">1204b</a>"] , and co-exhibitor with him of the Shroud in 1355[see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/04/chronology-of-turin-shroud-fourteenth.html#c1355">1355</a>"]!</a></p><p>Thurston's, "But, on the other hand, the owners of stolen property do not generally seek to advertise the fact by bringing crowds together to view it" is weak. As he well knows, in his own translation of the d'Arcis Memorandum, d'Arcis said that after the 1355 exposition, the Shroud had been "kept ... <i>hidden afterwards for thirty-four years</i> or thereabouts down to the present year"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 22]! And in 1355 France had suffered the twin catastrophes of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death_in_France">Black Death from 1347-52</a>, which killed 30%-50% of its population, and the English invasion in the first phase of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War">Hundred Years (1337–1360)</a>, so it was the right time to show the Shroud to the suffering French as a sign that God had not abandoned them.</p><p><a name="paraTNN"></a>Thurston's "in any case the alleged testimony of the artist remains unaccounted for"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 22], is even weaker. <i>What</i> "artist"? d'Arcis doesn't say, and being a lawyer [see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraTTB">Pierre d'Arcis #19</a>"], he would have if there had been one. And <i>what</i> "testimony"? That the Shroud had been "cunningly painted"? The Shroudman's image was <i>not</i> painted, so that "testimony" was <i>false</i>!</p><p><a name="paraTST"></a>Thurston's third item of "confirmatory evidence" began: <blockquote>"Our documents abundantly show that ... The Papal Court, influenced perhaps by Geoffrey de Charny [<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n66part5.pdf">Geoffroy II de Charny (1352-98)</a>], would even seem to have shown itself somewhat hostile, and the Bishop's request for the entire suppression of the shroud was bluntly refused"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 27].</blockquote><a name="paraTVD"></a>Thurston evidently didn't know what I explained in a <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/08/obituary-rev-h-david-sox-24-april-1936.html#paraFCL">previous post</a>, that Pope Clement VII knew from his former neighbour Jeanne de Vergy that the Shroud had been looted from Constantinople in 1204 by her ancestor, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othon_de_la_Roche">Othon de la Roche (c.1170-1234)</a>, and passed down to her, so it belonged to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, presenting the Pope with a diplomatic problem if at the 1389 exposition it was stated that the Shroud was the actual Shroud of Christ:<blockquote>"Sox claimed that `The de Charnys appear to have been unconvinced of the authenticity of their Shroud, and quite willing to accept it as a 'likeness' or 'representation' (p.19[<a href="#SH88">SH88</a>, 19]). But Sox failed to consider that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII">Pope Clement VII (r. 1378-94)</a> who ordered that <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1389">Bishop d'Arcis remain `perpetually silent' about the 1389 second Lirey exposition</a> in exchange for <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n66part5.pdf">Geoffroy II de Charny (c.1352–1398)</a> and his mother <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeanne_de_Vergy?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Jeanne de Vergy (c.1332–1428) </a> only claiming that the Shroud was `a representation'; as Robert of Geneva, was a nephew of Jeanne's second husband Aymon IV de Geneva (1324-88). And after Jeanne married Aymon in c.1359 she took her ~7 year-old son Geoffroy II, her ~3 year-old daughter Charlotte, and the Shroud, to live with Aymon in <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@46.1308834,6.507296,15z">Anthon, High Savoy</a>, where they were neighbours of Robert (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/02/locations-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#para05">16Feb15</a>). There they would have given the future Pope a private viewing of the Shroud and explained to him that it was looted in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople">1204 sack of Constantinople</a> by Jeanne's ancestor, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othon_de_la_Roche">Othon de la Roche (c.1170-1234)</a> [see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/10/uncovering-sources-of-dna-found-on_25.html#para15">25Oct15</a>). The problem for Pope Clement VII was that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire (c. 330–1453)</a> still existed and what's more, the Byzantine Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos (1332–1391)</a>, was a son of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy">Anna of Savoy (1306-65)</a>, a daughter of Count <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_V,_Count_of_Savoy">Amadeus V of Savoy (1249-1323)</a>, who in turn established <a href="https://www.google.com/search?b-d&q=Chamb%C3%A9ry">Chambéry</a> as his seat! So if the de Charny's continued to claim that the Shroud was Jesus' burial Shroud, John V would have known it was the one looted from Constantinople and demanded it be returned, creating a diplomatic crisis for the Pope! It seems significant that it was only when the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople">Byzantine Empire finally fell in 1453</a> that <a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1453">Geoffroy II's daughter, Marguerite de Charny (c. 1390–1460), transferred the Shroud</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Savoy">Duke Louis I of Savoy (1440-1465)</a>."</blockquote><a name="paraTFN"></a>Thurston's fourth and last item of "confirmatory evidence" was: <blockquote>"But the most damning and conclusive piece of evidence, one to which Canon Chevalier himself, it seems to me, has hardly given sufficient prominence, is the undoubted fact that Geoffrey de Charny and the canons had never ventured to maintain to the Pope that their shroud was an authentic relic"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 28].</blockquote><a name="paraBTS"></a>But this is an example of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance">Argument from Ignorance Fallacy</a>: `I Herbert Thurston, living in England in the 1900s, <i>do not know</i> if Geoffrey II de Charny privately told Pope Clement VII in France in the 1380s (or his mother Jeanne de Vergy when he was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII">Robert of Geneva</a> in the 1360s), <i>over 520 years before</i>, that the Shroud was the very burial sheet of Jesus, <i>therefore it isn't</i>"!</p><p><a name="paraTCM"></a>Thurston continued:<blockquote>"M. Vignon spends a page of his book in asking why Bishop Peter d'Arcis in writing to the Pope did not produce the authentic records from the archives of his episcopal court to prove that the shroud was a painting. The answer is very simple. Bishop d'Arcis did not waste time in arguing the point further for the sufficient reason that nobody contested it. Whatever the people believed, it is quite certain now that from the very first neither Geoffrey, nor the canons, nor the Pope supposed that the so-called shroud was anything else but an ordinary painting"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 28-29].</blockquote><a name="paraLST"></a>Leaving aside that <i>falsehood</i> (see <a href="#paraTVD">above</a> that Geoffrey II de Charny and Pope Clement VII did know the Shroud to be Jesus'), the fact is, and Thurston must know it, that <i>there are no</i> "authentic records from the archives of his [d'Arcis] episcopal court" in suport of d'Arcis' claim in his Memorandum that:<blockquote>"Eventually, after diligent inquiry and examination, he [Bishop Henri de Poitiers] discovered the fraud and how the said cloth had been cunningly painted, the truth being attested by the artist who had painted it, to wit, that it was a work of human skill and not miraculously wrought or bestowed"[<a href="#TH03">TH03</a>, 22]</blockquote><a name="paraTWV"></a>That was Vignon's point, amongst others, in his 1902 book that, in "the archives of Troyes ... <i>there is to be found no written record</i> of any public disavowal of the relic":<blockquote>"According to Monsieur Chevalier, this ecclesiastical pronouncement settles finally the question of the authenticity of the Shroud of Lirey ... The Bishop of 1389 recalls the fact that in 1353 his predecessor, after careful inquiry, had obtained a confession of the fraud from the forger himself, and proceeds ... [Latin omitted]. There, says Monsieur Chevalier, is the avowal of the actual forger himself. What more can be desired? We are not disposed to admit so easily an `<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte">ex parte</a>' statement. The imputations and assumptions of the Bishop's inquiry - nay, the very avowal of the so-called forger - are worthless if we are able to prove that the impressions on the Shroud cannot have been painted, but are of the nature of a photographic negative ... We may be allowed to point out that the archives of Troyes must have been very badly kept when there is to be found no written record of any public disavowal of the relic. The Pope's letters on the subject make no mention of any such formal prohibition ... Indeed, had the authorities of the Abbey of Lirey, together with the Charny family, been guilty of the attempt to foist upon the religious world a manufactured relic they would have been well deserving of censure, if not of excommunication ..."[<a href="#VP02">VP02</a>, 57-58).</blockquote><a name="paraTWH"></a>It would have been <i>automatic</i>, in d'Arcis' writing <i>to the Pope</i> about an investigation which discovered a confessed forger of the Shroud, to include details of the investigation, and especially the name of the forger. That those details were not included in d'Arcis' Meomorandum, shows that there was no investigation and no forger and why the d'Arcis Memorandum remained as two rough drafts and was never sent to Pope Clement!</p><p><a name="paraTCG"></a>Thurston completely ignored Vignon's point above that even if there had been an inquiry and a confession by an artist that he had painted the Shroud image, it would have all been "worthless if we are able to prove that the impressions on the Shroud cannot have been painted, but are of the nature of a photographic negative"[<a href="#VP02">VP02</a>, 58]. Vignon does just that in the remainder of his 1902 book, which Thurston, writing his article in 1903, must have read, but simply ignored.</p><p><a name="paraTLG"></a>Thurston also ignored Vignon's point above that had there been an investigation by Henri de Poitiers in 1355 which discovered that the Shroud was a painted forgery purporting to be the very burial sheet of Jesus and misleading a great many pilgrims, then "the Charny family ... would have been well deserving of censure, if not of excommunication"[<a href="#VP02">VP02</a>, 58]. When in fact, as we saw in "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraFVT">Pierre d'Arcis #19</a>," amongst other evidence that Henri de Poitiers didn't have a problem with the Shroud, "Geoffroy II de Charny married Henri de Poitiers' niece, Marguerite de Poitiers (c. 1362-1418)! </p><p><a name="paraTCH"></a>Thurston concluded his article, with blatant self-contradiction, doubting "if anything can settle" the question whether the Shroud is a 14th century painted forgery or is the very burial sheet of Jesus, stating that "all history is relative," and what he treats "as conclusive ... would not ... be sufficient to convict ... in a modern court of law," yet "the probability of an error in the verdict of history" is "almost <i>infinitesimal</i>":<blockquote>"There are many minor points that might be urged, but what has been said seems to me sufficient to settle the question, if anything can settle it. Of course all historical evidence is to some extent relative. What we treat as conclusive in discussing the events of the fourteenth century would not perhaps be sufficient to convict a prisoner on trial for his life in a modern court of law. None the less, the case is here so strong that however plausible M. Vignon's scientific hypothesis may seem, the probability of an error in the verdict of history must be accounted, it seems to me, as almost infinitesimal"[<a href="#VPL">VPL</a>, 29]!</blockquote><a name="paraNNT"></a>In 1912 Thurston wrote an article, titled, "The Holy Shroud (of Turin)," in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>[<a href="#OG85">OG85</a>, 50; <a href="#WR10">WR10</a>, 121]. However, even though that article was corrected in 1968 in the hardcopy edition[<a href="#WR10">WR10</a>, 123], Thurston's fallacious article still appears in online editions[<a href="#TH12">TH12</a>]. Few Catholics and even fewer non-Catholic Christians believed in the Shroud after this article appeared[<a href="#SD89">SD89</a>, 23].</p><p><a name="paraTFP"></a></p>The first part of Thurston's article covered issues that have been dealt with above. However, having ignored Vignon's "photographic negative" evidence, Thurston unwisely tried to answer it:<blockquote>"From the scientific point of view, however, the difficulty of the `negative' impression on the cloth is not so serious as it seems. This Shroud like the others was probably painted without fraudulent intent to aid the dramatic setting of the Easter sequence: `Dic nobis Maria, quid vidisti in via Angelicos testes, sudarium et vestes'["Tell us, Mary, what did you see on the way? ... I saw ... The angelic witnesses, the shroud and His clothes"[<a href="#VPL">VPL</a>]]. As the word sudarium suggested, it was painted to represent the impression made by the sweat of Christ, i.e. probably in a yellowish tint upon unbrilliant red. This yellow stain would turn brown in the course of centuries, the darkening process being aided by the effects of fire and sun. Thus, the lights of the original picture would become the shadow of Paleotto's reproduction of the images on the shroud is printed in two colours, pale yellow and red. As for the good proportions and æsthetic effect, two things may be noted. First, that it is highly probable that the artist used a model to determine the length and position of the limbs, etc.; the representation no doubt was made exactly life size. Secondly, the impressions are only known to us in photographs so reduced, as compared with the original, that the crudenesses, aided by the softening effects of time, entirely disappear"[<a href="#TH12">TH12</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraTSS"></a></p>Thurston's colour reversion explanation had already been refuted by Vignon:<blockquote>"At one time, a certain theory was advanced to explain away the negative ... that the image was painted as a positive, but that in the course of time it became a negative ... Dr. VIGNON ... disposed of this fanciful theory, by pointing out that, in such case, a chemical change should have taken place; that chemical change was possible only in pigments which were substantial; that there is no trace either of substantial pigments or pigments of any kind; that pigments could not have been attached to the thin, fragile material of the Shroud ; and that, even if they had been attached, they would long since have flaked off, owing to the fact that the Shroud has been rolled up in a casket for hundreds of years"[<a href="#BP28">BP28</a>, 95-96].</blockquote><a name="paraTFC"></a>Thurston's final claim in his 1912 <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> article was:<blockquote>"Lastly, the difficulty must be noticed that while the witnesses of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries speak of the image as being then so vivid that the blood seemed freshly shed, it is now darkened and hardly recognizable without minute attention. On the supposition that this is an authentic relic dating from the year A.D. 30, why should it have retained its brilliance through countless journeys and changes of climate for fifteen centuries, and then in four centuries more have become almost invisible? On the other hand if it be a fabrication of the fifteenth century this is exactly what we should expect"[<a href="#TH12">TH12</a>].</blockquote>I had answered this in a previous post (<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/08/my-reply-to-dr-karl-kruszelnickis.html#paraTTS">15Aug20</a>). Thurston provided no reference backing up his assertion and in the 1.7 gigabytes of Shroud literature on my system I cannot find anything with "vivid," "fresh" "shed" and "blood" together. So I assume that Thurston made it up! Below is an early 16th century depiction of the Shroud in a prayer book, presumably owned by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_of_France">Queen Claude of France (1499–1524)</a>[<a href="#DE16">DE16</a>]. <a name="paraTMS"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQfaCkrtM06N9987vlTBjYBlCl-i_G3500LW2B7tWk0RWXWYhZQBhYCVJP4311VdDJJ3ugR5cY4IzbGx9Y8uV4pzOahT03Qpkl8Fxbpf-lf0xuHHF1RxLjlkkTfPN9fNmVqdAnRUS_9Tci/s1600/ChristiesPrayerBook160726SN.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQfaCkrtM06N9987vlTBjYBlCl-i_G3500LW2B7tWk0RWXWYhZQBhYCVJP4311VdDJJ3ugR5cY4IzbGx9Y8uV4pzOahT03Qpkl8Fxbpf-lf0xuHHF1RxLjlkkTfPN9fNmVqdAnRUS_9Tci/s800/ChristiesPrayerBook160726SN.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQfaCkrtM06N9987vlTBjYBlCl-i_G3500LW2B7tWk0RWXWYhZQBhYCVJP4311VdDJJ3ugR5cY4IzbGx9Y8uV4pzOahT03Qpkl8Fxbpf-lf0xuHHF1RxLjlkkTfPN9fNmVqdAnRUS_9Tci/s1600/ChristiesPrayerBook160726SN.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#DE16">DE16</a>]: An early 16th century depiction of the Shroud in its pre-<a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1532">1532 fire</a> state.]</p><p>As can be seen above, although the bishops' clothing is vivid and bright, the image on the Shroud is faint and the blood is dull brown,<i> as it is today</i>, 5 centuries later! So there is <i>no</i> evidence that in "the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries" "the image" was "then so vivid that the blood seemed freshly shed," as Thurston, claimed, without references. And there <i>is</i> evidence (see <a href="#paraTMS">above</a>) that in the sixteenth century the Shroud's image was faint and the blood brown, <i>as it is today</i>! Turning Thurston's conclusion on its head: `since the Shroud is the very burial sheet of Jesus and not a medieval forgery, this is exactly what we should expect'!</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AF82">AF82</a>. Adams, F.O., 1982, "Sindon: A Layman's Guide to the Shroud of Turin," Synergy Books: Tempe AZ.<br><a name="AM00">AM00</a>. Antonacci, M., 2000, "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY.<br><a name="BB91">BB91</a>. Bonnet-Eymard, B., "Study of original documents of the archives of the Diocese of Troyes in France with particular reference to the Memorandum of Pierre d'Arcis," in Berard, A., ed., 1991, "History, Science, Theology and the Shroud," Symposium Proceedings, St. Louis Missouri, June 22-23, 1991, The Man in the Shroud Committee of Amarillo, Texas: Amarillo TX, 233-260.<br><a name="BP28">BP28</a>. Beecher, P.A., 1928, "The Holy Shroud: Reply to the Rev. Herbert Thurston, S.J.," M.H. Gill & Son: Dublin.<br><a name="CU00">CU00</a>. Chevalier, 1900, "<i>Etude critique sur l'origine du Saint Suaire de Lirey-Chambery-Turin</i>," Picard: Paris.<br><a name="DE16">DE16</a>. Donandoni, E., 2016, "<a href="https://www.christies.com/features/Turin-shroud-prayerbook-7442-1.aspx">5 minutes with ... The earliest painted representation of the Turin Shroud</a>," <i>Christie's</i>, 7 June.<br><a name="FL92">FL92</a>. Fossati, L., 1992, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi02part8.pdf">A Critical Study of the Lirey Documents</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 41, December, 2-11.<br><a name="GM69">GM69</a>. Green, M., 1969, "<a href="http://www.monlib.org.uk:80/papers/aj/aj1969green.htm">Enshrouded in Silence: In search of the First Millennium of the Holy Shroud</a>," <i>Ampleforth Journal</i>, Vol. 74, No. 3, Autumn, 319-345.<br><a name="HTW">HTW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Thurston">Herbert Thurston</a>," Wikipedia, 1 May 2022.<br><a name="OG85">OG85</a>. O'Rahilly, A. & Gaughan, J.A., ed., 1985, "The Crucified," Kingdom Books: Dublin.<br><a name="PM23">PM23</a>. Potts, M., 2023, "<a href="https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/herbert-thurston">Herbert Thurston</a>," <i>Psi Encyclopedia</i>, The Society for Psychical Research: London, 2 February.<br><a name="SD89">SD89</a>. Scavone, D.C., 1989, "The Shroud of Turin: Opposing Viewpoints," Greenhaven Press: San Diego CA.<br><a name="SH88">SH88</a>. Sox, H.D., 1988, "The Shroud Unmasked: Uncovering the Greatest Forgery of All Time," Lamp Press: Basingstoke UK.<br><a name="TH03">TH03</a>. Thurston, H., 1903, "The Holy Shroud and the Verdict of History," <i>The Month</i>, CI, January, 17-29.<br><a name="TH12">TH12</a>. Thurston, H., 1912, "<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13762a.htm">The Holy Shroud (of Turin)</a>," <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, New Advent.<br><a name="VP02">VP02</a>. Vignon, P., 1902, "The Shroud of Christ," University Books: New York NY, Reprinted, 1970.<br><a name="VPL">VPL</a>. "<i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Victimae_Paschali_Laudes_%28unknown_translation%29">Victimae Paschali Laudes</i> (unknown translation)</a>," Wikisource, 25 January 2016.<br><a name="WR10">WR10</a>. Wilcox, R.K., 2010, "The Truth About the Shroud of Turin: Solving the Mystery," [1977], Regnery: Washington DC.<br><a name="WE54">WE54</a>. Wuenschel, E.A., 1954, "Self-Portrait of Christ: The Holy Shroud of Turin," Holy Shroud Guild: Esopus NY, Third printing, 1961.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br></p><p>Posted 21 February 2023. Updated 7 May 2023.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-84348839661546339762023-02-11T00:45:00.029+08:002023-03-02T15:59:47.934+08:00Prehistory of the Shroud (1001-1355). Turin Shroud Encyclopedia<p><a name="para01"></a><center><b><i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i><br>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones</b>[<a href="#1">1</a>]</p><p><h1>Prehistory of the Shroud #21</h1></center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is "Prehistory of the Shroud (1001-1355)," part #21 of my <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i>. See also <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">1st century and index</a>. For more information about this series, see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/01/index-z-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html">part #1</a> and <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/01/abgar-v-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html">part #2</a>. As explained in <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html">part #16</a>, the primary purpose of these "Prehistory" and later "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/10/history-of-shroud-1355-present-turin.html">History</a>" of the Shroud articles in my <i><a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/01/index-z-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html">Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</a></i> is to help me write Chapter 9, "Prehistory of the Shroud (AD 29 - 1355)" and Chapter 10, "History of the Shroud (1355-present)" of my book, "Shroud of Turin: Burial Sheet of Jesus!" I am using <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=in-line+referencing">in-line referencing</a> to save time in renumbering out-of-order footnotes. Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated. <font color="red">However, as I wrote below, "I have abandoned this Prehistory series, because it is a duplication of my "Chronology of the Turin Shroud: Eleventh century" and other centuries."</font></p><p>[<a href="https://goo.gl/2WAtLP">Index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/01/ulysse-chevalier-turin-shroud.html">Ulysse Chevalier</a> #20] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/02/herbert-thurston-turin-shroud.html">Herbert Thurston</a> #22]<hr><a name="paraGHC"></a><b>Eleventh century (1001-1100)</b><br><b><a name="1009">1009</a></b> The tomb of Jesus is destroyed by agents of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah">Caliph Al Hakim (996-1021)</a> [<a href="#BW57">BW57</a>, 97; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 59; <a href="#AHW">AHW</a>]. This would lead ultimately to <a name="paraEDC"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1N1WaCLCeaI6aqOZdTW7VVio2kl7t9HOAnWN5Z8WelZqkSV2oGLJn8yX6CvBiUmKxlOpq5P3DOT3xjks3dnRS-U8ZcMhYt_wCruE7V3vj1YMFpzd3GfKUMAa7CInWmS1ES_WQWKevyzmUUeg9sRPIU0jmr4cYex3WyHG6wnFYoCHGU-T95JZVZgpJaA/s1024/Edicule230211E8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1N1WaCLCeaI6aqOZdTW7VVio2kl7t9HOAnWN5Z8WelZqkSV2oGLJn8yX6CvBiUmKxlOpq5P3DOT3xjks3dnRS-U8ZcMhYt_wCruE7V3vj1YMFpzd3GfKUMAa7CInWmS1ES_WQWKevyzmUUeg9sRPIU0jmr4cYex3WyHG6wnFYoCHGU-T95JZVZgpJaA/s400/Edicule230211E8.jpg" /></a>the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Crusades">Crusades</a>[<a href="#NE85">NE85</a>, 8]. <a name="paraWWD"></a>What was destroyed, and restored in 1048[<a href="#NE85">NE85</a>, 9], was the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Edicule">Edicule</a>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1N1WaCLCeaI6aqOZdTW7VVio2kl7t9HOAnWN5Z8WelZqkSV2oGLJn8yX6CvBiUmKxlOpq5P3DOT3xjks3dnRS-U8ZcMhYt_wCruE7V3vj1YMFpzd3GfKUMAa7CInWmS1ES_WQWKevyzmUUeg9sRPIU0jmr4cYex3WyHG6wnFYoCHGU-T95JZVZgpJaA/s1024/Edicule230211E8.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#CS17">CS17</a>].] (from the Latin <i>aedicule</i>, or "little house"), a small structure within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> which encloses the remains of a cave that was the tomb of Jesus Christ[<a href="#RK17">RK17</a>]. </p><p><b><a name="1014">1014</a></b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV">Pope Sergius IV (r. 1009-12)</a> consecrates an altar in the chapel of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_VII">Pope John VII (r. 705-707)</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica">Veil of Veronica</a>, possibly to on its arrival in Rome[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 109; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 37]. <a name="paraVRN"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBNh6CfECeMK4iBWBa11XYMQnRsUpW6cbUqVAwIrMueP1MQfjpdxC0BQApLhz39-xr3ELL3kak3jXMYGzrSjDP1Xp2Ad35aTqxO3iMbkKeIQxC6KJ1eMT5ysAi4tXj6afReoF_iCji0SvBAze0oicorKd0nDVY_xirz6NFNKuzWI4DTGfUzn6JSuj91Q/s334/Veronica230211E8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBNh6CfECeMK4iBWBa11XYMQnRsUpW6cbUqVAwIrMueP1MQfjpdxC0BQApLhz39-xr3ELL3kak3jXMYGzrSjDP1Xp2Ad35aTqxO3iMbkKeIQxC6KJ1eMT5ysAi4tXj6afReoF_iCji0SvBAze0oicorKd0nDVY_xirz6NFNKuzWI4DTGfUzn6JSuj91Q/s334/Veronica230211E8.jpg" /></a>[Left (<a href="http://stpetersbasilica.info/Statues/StVeronica/StVeronica-veil-relic.jpg">original</a>): Excerpt from a poor quality distance photograph of Rome's Veronica icon[<a href="#SVS">SVS</a>], which the Vatican now won't allow to be seen or photographed up close because it has so deteriorated[<a href="#BW57">BW57</a>, 41; <a href="#WI91">WI91</a>, 183-187; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 63; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 37].]</p><p>This is Rome's early copy of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 269-270; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 6] (the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud four-doubled <i>tetradiplon</i></a>). This copy becams known as the Veronica (from <i>vera icon</i>-"true likeness")[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 256]. The story of a woman of Jerusalem named Veronica handing her veil to Jesus on his way to his crucifixion and imprinting his face image on it, is a late medieval innovation[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 109].</p><p><b><a name="c1025">c. 1025</a></b> "Threnos" or Lamentation scenes appear in art about this time, showing for the first time Christ laid out in death in the attitude on the Shroud[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 256]. In these scenes a large cloth is depicted, consistent with the full size of the Shroud-whereas up till now burials had been depicted with Christ wrapped `mummy' style[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 256]. For example, the late eleventh/early twelfth century Byzantine ivory of the <i>threnos</i>, or lamentation scene of Jesus being mourned as he is laid out in death, in the Victoria & Albert Museum, London[<a href="#WI91">WI91</a>, 151], <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhej6N8Ql_pVdb4AB_k7bCElO2f4fy71Cu0OWpbOiSB0vCb8HD-DdfAC6e2G-6K7WHeiFnhEbBrtsp0YCS5qHv5YHQzxjeDADOum6I7JhOJJrDCHJ2oobq25bNVum7KxaIksLtx6JCdzXUB/s1600/IvoryVictoria&AlbertMuseum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhej6N8Ql_pVdb4AB_k7bCElO2f4fy71Cu0OWpbOiSB0vCb8HD-DdfAC6e2G-6K7WHeiFnhEbBrtsp0YCS5qHv5YHQzxjeDADOum6I7JhOJJrDCHJ2oobq25bNVum7KxaIksLtx6JCdzXUB/s800/IvoryVictoria&AlbertMuseum.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhej6N8Ql_pVdb4AB_k7bCElO2f4fy71Cu0OWpbOiSB0vCb8HD-DdfAC6e2G-6K7WHeiFnhEbBrtsp0YCS5qHv5YHQzxjeDADOum6I7JhOJJrDCHJ2oobq25bNVum7KxaIksLtx6JCdzXUB/s1600/IvoryVictoria&AlbertMuseum.jpg">enlarge</a>): "Scenes from the Passion of Christ ...The Lamentation"[<a href="#SFP">SFP</a>]: Part of <a href="https://media.vam.ac.uk/media/thira/collection_images/2009CA/2009CA5421_jpg_l.jpg">a larger carved ivory panel</a> in the Victoria & Albert Museum, London. Note that Jesus' arms cross awkwardly at the wrists, right over left, <i>exactly as they are on the Shroud</i>, in this <i>11th/12th century Byzantine</i> icon. This alone (and it's <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">not alone</a>) is proof beyond reasonable doubt that the Shroud existed at least a century before the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">earliest 1260 radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a>.]</p><p>Jesus' hands are crossed awkwardly at the wrists, with the right arm over the left, <i>exactly as on the Shroud</i>[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 183]. Moreover, Jesus is lying on a double-length cloth[<a href="#WI91">WI91</a>, 151] which has a repeating pattern of Xs similar to those that accompany reproduction of the image of Edessa[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 195] and hinting at the Shroud's herringbone weave[<a href="#SD99">SD99</a>, 204-205]. This late eleventh century <i>threnos</i> or Lamentation artistic style of depicting Jesus laid out in death on a double-length shroud coincides with the first references to the burial sheet [<i>sindon</i>] in Constantinople's relic lists[<a href="#SD89">SD89</a>, 88].</p><p><b><a name="1032">1032</a></b> Byzantine general <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Maniakes">George Maniakes (c. 998-1043)</a>, taking advantage of quarrels between Arab chiefs on the empire's eastern borders, captures Edessa on behalf of the emperor, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros">Romanos III Argyros (r. 1028-34)</a>. Maniakes brought back with him to Constantinople the purportedly `genuine' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V">letter of Jesus to Abgar V</a>, the previous one brought from Edessa to Constantinople by general <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kourkouas">John Kourkouas (c. 900-946)</a> in 944 with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>/<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">Shroud</a> (see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/chronology-of-turin-shroud-tenth-century.html#0944a">944a</a>) having been discovered to be a fake[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 178].</p><p><b><a name="1036">1036</a></b> The Image of Edessa is carried in procession in Constantinople, during the reign of Emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian">Michael Paphlagos (1034-41) </a>, accompanied by the reputed `genuine' letter of Jesus to Abgar[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 157; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 270].</p><p><b><a name="1058">1058</a></b> Christian Arab writer Abu Nasr Yahya states that he saw the cloth of Edessa in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia">Hagia Sophia Cathedral</a>, Constantinople[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 157; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 270].</p><p><b><a name="c1063">c. 1063</a></b> The Crown of Thorns is transferred from Jerusalem to <a name="paraCFT"></a><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Couronne_d%27epines_-_Crown_of_Thorns_Notre_Dame_Paris.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Couronne_d%27epines_-_Crown_of_Thorns_Notre_Dame_Paris.jpg" /></a>Constantinople[<a href="#CJ84">CJ84</a>, 35; <a href="#CTW">CTW</a>].</p><p>[Right (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Couronne_d%27epines_-_Crown_of_Thorns_Notre_Dame_Paris.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#FCW">FCW</a>]: Crown of Thorns, received by French <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France">King Louis IX (r.1226-1270)</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Latin_Emperor">Emperor Baldwin II (1228-1273)</a> in 1239, to repay Baldwin's debt to the Venetians[<a href="#CJ84">CJ84</a>, 35]. It is now only a circlet of rushes, the thorns having been given away as relics[<a href="#CJ84">CJ84</a>, 34]. The Crown was preserved at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris 2019</a>, when after fire it was moved to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris[<a href="#CTW">CTW</a>].</p><p><b><a name="1071">1071</a></b> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire">Seljuk Turks</a> defeated the Byzantine emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes (r. 1068-71)</a> in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes#Battle_of_Manzikert_and_capture_by_Alp_Arslan">battle at Manzikert</a>, Armenia, resulting in the empire's loss of most of Asia Minor[<a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 28; <a href="#RDW">RDW</a>]. </p><p><b><a name="1075">1075</a></b> On 14 March the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_Santa">Arca Santa</a></i> [Left (<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arca_santa_de_Oviedo.JPG/800px-Arca_santa_de_Oviedo.JPG">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#FRW">FRW</a>].], the chest in which the <a name="paraRCS"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo">Sudarium</a><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arca_santa_de_Oviedo.JPG/800px-Arca_santa_de_Oviedo.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arca_santa_de_Oviedo.JPG/800px-Arca_santa_de_Oviedo.JPG" /></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo">of Oviedo</a> is kept, is officially opened in the presence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile">King Alfonso VI (1065–1109)</a>, his sister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urraca_of_Zamora">Doña Urraca (c. 1033-1103)</a>, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=Rodrigo+Diaz+de+Vivar">Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar aka el Cid (c. 1043-1099)</a> and bishops[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 17; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 186]. The King identified the Sudarium as one of the relics in the <i>Arca Santa</i>[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 79]. This official act was recorded in a document which is now kept in the Capitular Archives of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviedo_Cathedral">Oviedo Cathedral</a>[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 17]. An inventory is carried out, which includes the Sudarium[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 196; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 43; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 186]. King Alfonso ordered that the chest be silver-plated to honor the precious relics[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 196; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 43]. An inscription on the chest reads: "el Santo Sudario de NS.J.C." ("the Holy Sudarium of Our Lord Jesus Christ")[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 43]. It is certain that the Sudarium was in Oviedo in 1075, and that it had been in Spain for several centuries prior to that date[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 79]. And all of the studies carried out on the Sudarium indicate that it covered the same crucifixion victim as the Shroud of Turin[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 79]. <blockquote>"We are faced with a choice. There are two irreconcilable conclusions, one of which must be wrong. All the studies on the sudarium point to its having covered the same face as the Shroud did, and we know that the sudarium was in Oviedo in 1075. On the other hand, the carbon dating specialists have said that the Shroud dates from <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260 to 1390</a>. Either the sudarium has nothing to do with the Shroud, or the carbon dating was wrong - there is no middle way, no compromise. If the sudarium did not cover the same face as the Shroud, there are an enormous number of coincidences, too many for one small piece of cloth. If there was only one connection, maybe it could be just a coincidence, but there are too many. The only logical conclusion from all the evidence is that both the Oviedo sudarium and the Turin Shroud covered the same face"[<a href="#GM98">GM98</a>, 64].</blockquote><b><a name="1078">1078</a></b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire">Seljuk Turks</a> capture Jerusalem, taking over the holy places and thereby sparking off the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades">Crusades</a>[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 270].</p><p><b><a name="1092">1092</a></b> Letter purporting to be from the Byzantine emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081-1118)</a> to various Western princes, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I,_Count_of_Flanders">Robert I, Count of Flanders (c. 1035-93)</a>, to help Constantinople not fall into the hands of the pagans, since in that city were kept very precious relics of the Lord, including His burial clothes [<i>linteamina</i> "linen cloths"] found in the sepulchre after His resurrection[<a href="#RG81">RG81</a>, xxxv; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 177].</p><p><b><a name="1095">1095</a></b> Emperor Alexios I appeals to the West for aid[<a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 28; <a href="#AKW">AKW</a>]. On 27 November, at the conclusion of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Clermont">Council of Clermont</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_II">Pope Urban II (r. 1088-99)</a> gave a speech in which he summoned the attending nobility to wrest the Holy Land, and the eastern churches from the control of the Seljuk Turks[<a href="#PUW">PUW</a>]. This was the speech that triggered the Crusades[<a href="#PUW">PUW</a>], nine in number, spanning the years <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade">1096</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade">1271</a>, that were authorized by the popes and undertaken by European Christians, ostensibly to make safe the routes of pilgrimage to the Holy Land and the environs of Jerusalem, but they attempted conquest of much of the Near East and included looting for profit[<a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 28].</p><p><b><a name="1097">1097</a></b> First Crusade contingent of many thousands of their countrymen <a name="paraFST"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiesAikE2PnyFPMuyuJzqshOgNzX_O96Bcld4AuwAF22ihUMthng4bANQJy445bxT548ejV4F3mCeJEmpUHqPxTUt89vsm9f1i9e7pakv4xkMftS8TGTvExyqp7udmboTEoSpm8LMHbI5KaG7BJuVyktqu2Msgp7EphLs7_cvjza6dFZ2LIhXN-yQjf3w/s485/FirstCrusade.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiesAikE2PnyFPMuyuJzqshOgNzX_O96Bcld4AuwAF22ihUMthng4bANQJy445bxT548ejV4F3mCeJEmpUHqPxTUt89vsm9f1i9e7pakv4xkMftS8TGTvExyqp7udmboTEoSpm8LMHbI5KaG7BJuVyktqu2Msgp7EphLs7_cvjza6dFZ2LIhXN-yQjf3w/s485/FirstCrusade.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiesAikE2PnyFPMuyuJzqshOgNzX_O96Bcld4AuwAF22ihUMthng4bANQJy445bxT548ejV4F3mCeJEmpUHqPxTUt89vsm9f1i9e7pakv4xkMftS8TGTvExyqp7udmboTEoSpm8LMHbI5KaG7BJuVyktqu2Msgp7EphLs7_cvjza6dFZ2LIhXN-yQjf3w/s485/FirstCrusade.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#DU18">DU18</a>]: Map of the First Crusade routes.]</p><p>raised by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon">Godfrey de Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine (c. 1060- 1100)</a> and his two brothers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_III,_Count_of_Boulogne">Eustace III, Count of Boulogne (c. 1050-1125)</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem">Baldwin of Boulogne (c. 1060-1118)</a>, reaches <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople">Constantinople</a>[<a href="#ML08">ML08</a>]. <a name="paraTLN"></a>The leaders of the Crusade enjoyed the hospitality of Alexios and he presumably showed them the Shroud that was then kept in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Virgin_of_the_Pharos">Pharos Chapel</a>[<a href="#ML08">ML08</a>], because later Crusader art in and around Jerusalem showed they at knew what the Shroud looked like [see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/09/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twelfth.html#c1149">c.1149</a>"]. After some dissension and disputes the Crusade left Constantinople in the summer of 1097 and fought their way to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaea">Nicea</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch">Antioch</a>[<a href="#ML08">ML08</a>]. On the way they passed through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea">Caesarea</a>, the capital[<a href="#ML08">ML08</a>]. At Caesarea they took differing routes to Antioch[<a href="#ML08">ML08</a>]. Godfrey de Bouillon and his party took the easier route whilst <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tancred,_Prince_of_Galilee">Tancred (1075-1112)</a> and Baldwin took the shorter and more difficult through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilician_Gates">Cilician Gates</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin">Tarsus</a> where they freed the Christian population from Turkish domination[<a href="#ML08">ML08</a>]. However, before Antioch Baldwin turned East to Armenian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa">Edessa</a> that was then ruled by Thorus with whom he became co-ruler, and then to eliminate him to found the Dynasty of `The Counts of Edessa' so they remained before being forced out by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imad_al-Din_Zengi">Zengi of Aleppo (c. 1085-1146)</a> in 1144[<a href="#ML08">ML08</a>].</p><p><b><a name="1099">1099</a></b> 7 June – 15 July. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)">Siege of Jerusalem</a> was waged by European forces of the First Crusade, resulting in the capture of Jerusalem from the Muslim <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>, and laying the foundation for the Christian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, which lasted almost two centuries[<a href="#SJW">SJW</a>]. The capture of Jerusalem was the final major battle of the first of the Crusades to occupy the Holy Land begun in 1095[<a href="#SJW">SJW</a>]. Godfrey of Bouillon, prominent among the leaders of the crusades, was elected ruler, eschewing the title "king"[<a href="#SJW">SJW</a>].</p><p><a name="paraHBT"></a>I have abandoned this Prehistory series, because it is a duplication of my "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-eleventh.html">Chronology of the Turin Shroud: Eleventh century</a>" and other centuries.</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AHW">AHW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a>," Wikipedia, 1 February 2023.<br><a name="AKW">AKW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos#Byzantine%E2%80%93Seljuq%20Wars%20and%20the%20First%20Crusade">Alexios I Komnenos</a>," Wikipedia, 14 February 2023.<br><a name="BJ01">BJ01</a>. Bennett, J., 2001, "Sacred Blood, Sacred Image: The Sudarium of Oviedo: New Evidence for the Authenticity of the Shroud of Turin," Ignatius Press: San Francisco CA.<br><a name="BW57">BW57</a>. Bulst, W., 1957, "The Shroud of Turin," McKenna, S. & Galvin, J.J., transl., Bruce Publishing Co: Milwaukee WI.<br><a name="CS17">CS17</a>. Cascone, S., "<a href="https://news.artnet.com/art-world/jesus-burial-site-older-than-we-thought-1163408">A New Study Suggests That Jesus’s Tomb Is 700 Years Older Than Previously Thought</a>," <i>Artnet News</i>, 29 November.<br><a name="CTW">CTW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_thorns">Crown of thorns</a>," Wikipedia, 5 February 2023.<br><a name="CJ84">CJ84</a>. Cruz, J.C., 1984, "Relics: The Shroud of Turin, the True Cross, the Blood of Januarius. ..: History, Mysticism, and the Catholic Church," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.<br><a name="DT12">DT12</a>. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London.<br><a name="FCW">FCW</a>. "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_thorns">File:Couronne d'epines - Crown of Thorns Notre Dame Paris.jpg</a>," Wikimedia Commons, 5 March 2021.<br><a name="DU18">DU18</a>. Divinity, University of Edinburgh School of. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/image/9023/map-of-the-first-crusade-routes/">Map of the First Crusade Routes</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. 9 Jul 2018.<br><a name="FRW">FRW</a>. "<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arca_santa_de_Oviedo.JPG">File:Arca santa de Oviedo.JPG</a>," Wikimedia Commons, 3 April 2021.<br><a name="GV01">GV01</a>. Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL.<br><a name="GM98">GM98</a>. Guscin, M., 1998, "The Oviedo Cloth," Lutterworth Press: Cambridge UK.<br><a name="IJ98">IJ98</a>. Iannone, J.C., 1998, "The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin: New Scientific Evidence," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.<br><a name="ML08">ML08</a>. Manton, L., 2008, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n68part4.pdf">Vignon Mark 15 in the Cappadocian & Other Images of Christ (Part 1)</a>," <i>BSTS Newsletter</i>, No. 68, December.<br><a name="NE85">NE85</a>. Nitowski, E., 1985, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi17part3.pdf">The Tomb of Christ from Archaeological Sources</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 17, December, 3-22.<br><a name="OM10">OM10</a>. Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.<br><a name="PM96">PM96</a>. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.<br><a name="PUW">PUW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_II">Pope Urban II</a>," Wikipedia, 3 February 2023,<br><a name="RDW">RDW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes#Battle_of_Manzikert_and_capture_by_Alp_Arslan">Romanos IV Diogenes</a>," Wikipedia, 15 February 2023.<br><a name="RG81">RG81</a>. Ricci, G., 1981, "The Holy Shroud," Center for the Study of the Passion of Christ and the Holy Shroud: Milwaukee WI.<br><a name="RK17">RK17</a>. Romey, K., 2017, "<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/jesus-christ-tomb-jerusalem-restored-collapse-tunnels">Exclusive: Tomb of Christ at Risk of 'Catastrophic' Collapse</a>," <i>National Geographic</i>, 22 March.<br><a name="SD89">SD89</a>. Scavone, D.C., 1989, "The Shroud of Turin: Opposing Viewpoints," Greenhaven Press: San Diego CA.<br><a name="SD99">SD99</a>. Scavone, D.C., 1999, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/scavone.pdf">Greek Epitaphoi and Other Evidence for the Shroud in Constantinople up to 1204</a>," in Walsh, B., ed., 2000, "Proceedings of the 1999 Shroud of Turin International Research Conference, Richmond, Virginia," Magisterium Press: Glen Allen VA, 196-211.<br><a name="SFP">SFP</a>. "<a href="http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O88414/scenes-from-the-passion-of-panel-unknown/">Scenes from the Passion of Christ; The Crucifixion, the Deposition from the Cross, The Entombment and the Lamentation</a>," Victoria & Albert Museum, London.<br><a name="SJW">SJW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)">Siege of Jerusalem (1099)</a>," Wikipedia, 19 February 2023.<br><a name="SVS">SVS</a>. "<a href="http://stpetersbasilica.info/Statues/StVeronica/StVeronica.htm">St. Peter's Basilica: St Veronica Statue</a>," February 6, 2010.<br><a name="TF06">TF06</a>. Tribbe, F.C., 2006, "Portrait of Jesus: The Illustrated Story of the Shroud of Turin," Paragon House Publishers: St. Paul MN, Second edition.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI91">WI91</a>. Wilson, I., 1991, "Holy Faces, Secret Places: The Quest for Jesus' True Likeness," Doubleday: London.<br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.<br><a name="WS00">WS00</a>. Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B.M., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books: London.<br></p><p>Posted 11 February 2023. Updated 2 March 2023.</p>
Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-78140059461053341172023-01-23T23:19:00.027+08:002023-05-31T23:16:42.480+08:00The Shroudman and Jesus died on a cross #40: The evidence is overwhelming that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet! <p><a name="para01"></a><center><b>THE SHROUDMAN AND JESUS DIED ON A CROSS #40<br></b>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones[<a href="#1">1</a>]</center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is part #40, "The Shroudman and Jesus died on a cross," of my series, "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">The evidence is <i>overwhelming</i> that the Turin Shroud is Jesus'burial sheet!</a>." For more information about this series, see the "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index #1</a>" and "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/01/other-marks-and-images-26-evidence-is.html">Other marks and images</a> #26." I will use <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=in-line+referencing">in-line referencing</a> to save time in renumbering out-of-order footnotes. Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated.</p><p><a name="para03"></a>[<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-evidence-is-overwhelming-that-turin.html">Main index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/06/the-shroudman-and-jesus-were-crucified.html">The Shroud man and Jesus were crucified</a> #39] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/05/the-shroudman-and-jesus-were-wrapped-in.html">The Shroud man and Jesus were wrapped in a linen shroud</a> #41]</p><hr><p><a name="para04"></a><ol start="5"><li><a href="https://tinyurl.com/y4l6x944">The Bible and the Shroud</a> #33</li><ol type="A" start="7"><li>The Shroudman and Jesus died on a cross #40</li></ol></ol></p><p><a name="paraTSN"></a><b>The Shroudman and Jesus died on a cross.</b> Both the man on the <a name="paraMBS"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihhjjHCiI1b57ierYKuAyb4w-Njzm0j8lge8QUtGM85Y-WwbNPIYFSdpz_2Srkb_y-n4HB5xSiRJcEKXzugYr6jUJk7ayPHrpCzSuNsdQwGzyzi2qDfLYXp74x8h4mDDe3MzvsnF-5Z-OH/s1600/BloodstainsShroudScope400.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihhjjHCiI1b57ierYKuAyb4w-Njzm0j8lge8QUtGM85Y-WwbNPIYFSdpz_2Srkb_y-n4HB5xSiRJcEKXzugYr6jUJk7ayPHrpCzSuNsdQwGzyzi2qDfLYXp74x8h4mDDe3MzvsnF-5Z-OH/s800/BloodstainsShroudScope400.png" /></a>Shroud and Jesus died on a cross[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 45].</p><p></p><p>[Right (<a href="http://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=1&image=4&lon=741.0&lat=360.0&blood=t">enlarge</a>): Major bloodstains on the Shroud[<a href="#LM10a">LM10a</a>]. As we shall see in more detail, the man has been nailed through his wrists and feet, and the bloodstains on his forearms show he was hanging from the nails in his wrist with both arms above and to the sides of his head, as on a cross. The large bloodstain in his right side (apparently left because of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=mirror+reversal">mirror-reversal</a>[<a href="#BR70">BR70</a>; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 30]), which pooled across the small of his back, was, as we shall see (<a href="#paraNJW">below</a>), from a Roman lance thrust upward into his heart, which if he hadn't been already dead (otherwise that blood would have spurted over his body), would have killed him[<a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 112].]</p><p><a name="paraJDN"></a><b>Jesus died on a cross.</b> The Gospels record that Jesus died on a cross[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 45]: <blockquote><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A50&version=ESV">Mt 27:50</a>. "And Jesus cried out again with a loud voice and yielded up his spirit."</blockquote><blockquote><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+15%3A37&version=ESV">Mk 15:37</a>. "And Jesus uttered a loud cry and breathed his last."</blockquote><blockquote><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+23%3A46&version=ESV">Lk 23:46</a>. "Then Jesus, calling out with a loud voice, said, “Father, into your hands I commit my spirit!” And having said this he breathed his last."</blockquote><blockquote><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A30&version=ESV">Jn 19:30</a>. "When Jesus had received the sour wine, he said, `It is finished,' and he bowed his head and gave up his spirit."</blockquote><a name="paraJWN"></a>• Jesus was nailed to a cross (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Col+2%3A14&version=ESV">Col 2:14</a>)[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 120], through his hands (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+24%3A39-40%3B+Jn+20%3A25%2C27&version=ESV">Lk 24:39-40; Jn 20:25,27</a>)[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 22] and feet (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+24%3A39-40&version=ESV">Lk 24:39-40</a>). </p><p><a name="paraJLW"></a>• Jesus legs were not broken because he had died on the cross (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A31-33&version=ESV">Jn 19:31-33</a>)[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 52; <a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 45; <a href="#WM86">WM86</a>, 44; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 87; <a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 26; <a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 62; <a href="#V01">GV01</a>, 86].</p><p><a name="paraNJW"></a>• Instead, Jesus was speared in his side to make sure he was dead and "at once there came out blood and water" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+19%3A33-34&version=ESV">Jn 19:33-34</a>)[<a href="#MR80">MR80</a>, 92; <a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 45; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 87; <a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 26; <a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 44; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 120]. The Greek word translated "spear" is <i>logche</i>, "lance"[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 62].</p><p><a name="paraTSD"></a><b>The Shroudman died on a cross.</b><br><a name="paraNTC"></a>• The Shroudman was nailed to a cross[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 33; <a href="#WE54">WE54</a>, 43], through<a name="paraLRF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv_ljbqSU6SmtIvZxfTYy014IUYjlCCQUeK78p_xRg8PcEDnVtrQYFgXMVPf2ZtLZdeWBUne6NF0gYq2YL2DRe5FvBB94Ak6_EK3S6wfu9Ow_8-rmqiMPmuZr06O5fwCygyB1XtWNIFr0m/s1600/ArmsShroudScopeFlipped&Rotated90.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv_ljbqSU6SmtIvZxfTYy014IUYjlCCQUeK78p_xRg8PcEDnVtrQYFgXMVPf2ZtLZdeWBUne6NF0gYq2YL2DRe5FvBB94Ak6_EK3S6wfu9Ow_8-rmqiMPmuZr06O5fwCygyB1XtWNIFr0m/s800/ArmsShroudScopeFlipped&Rotated90.png" /></a> </p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv_ljbqSU6SmtIvZxfTYy014IUYjlCCQUeK78p_xRg8PcEDnVtrQYFgXMVPf2ZtLZdeWBUne6NF0gYq2YL2DRe5FvBB94Ak6_EK3S6wfu9Ow_8-rmqiMPmuZr06O5fwCygyB1XtWNIFr0m/s1600/ArmsShroudScopeFlipped&Rotated90.png">enlarge</a>[<a href="#LM10b">LM10b</a>]): The left arm of the Shroudman, flipped horizontally and rotated 90 degrees, showing how the blood from a nail through his wrist in a crucifixion position dripped off his arm vertically under gravity.]</p><p> his hands and feet[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 120; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 86]. <a name="paraHWN"></a>He was nailed through each <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgd5C58ObeSwBMIIzA5ZnsJH884tAiHkUyT9v8hqj8YC-mtJmIBy8DMwJk-J5CiXnFXNmZxOLpvcRwPHYlaeSOAANqMMKBKCAMYXhFAqTa65xkLqH65DvlAXoCnRaY706X7XpOBBRm9wt5/s1600/ArmsAnglesWilson1978P50L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgd5C58ObeSwBMIIzA5ZnsJH884tAiHkUyT9v8hqj8YC-mtJmIBy8DMwJk-J5CiXnFXNmZxOLpvcRwPHYlaeSOAANqMMKBKCAMYXhFAqTa65xkLqH65DvlAXoCnRaY706X7XpOBBRm9wt5/s800/ArmsAnglesWilson1978P50L.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgd5C58ObeSwBMIIzA5ZnsJH884tAiHkUyT9v8hqj8YC-mtJmIBy8DMwJk-J5CiXnFXNmZxOLpvcRwPHYlaeSOAANqMMKBKCAMYXhFAqTa65xkLqH65DvlAXoCnRaY706X7XpOBBRm9wt5/s1600/ArmsAnglesWilson1978P50L.jpg">enlarge</a>[<a href="#WI78">WI78</a>, 50L]): The bloodstains on the man's left wrist and forearms show that he was nailed by his outstretched wrists to a cross. The bloodflows down each foream dripped off at 65 and 55 degrees to the vertical, as the man alternately raised himself to exhale and slumped down to inhale[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 40; <a href="#CJ84">CJ84</a>, 51; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 31].]</p><p>wrist with his hands stretched out[<a href="#BP53">BP53</a>, 107; <a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 25; <a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 30; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 122]. <a name="paraTMN"></a>The man on the Shroud was nailed to a cross by a single <a name="paraPFD"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtM3keKl1axFpl4ITAq_8jynRPhHMH6T4WwJwkyUmyI7tsUBIFjlNkR_AGO6MTe7i7aR0un6v6jbSBOmkMx_3dMwKq3xw6rQkgJCFShBloFyoVwesxt7TFL5Q7sEzEb0OjbjpjZj74h54X2TExNRO-1nVWH6lzRSsJyU2B0F9SgPXXJz1WCPS6LFn7Bw/s738/FeetDorsa&Frontal230123T0.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtM3keKl1axFpl4ITAq_8jynRPhHMH6T4WwJwkyUmyI7tsUBIFjlNkR_AGO6MTe7i7aR0un6v6jbSBOmkMx_3dMwKq3xw6rQkgJCFShBloFyoVwesxt7TFL5Q7sEzEb0OjbjpjZj74h54X2TExNRO-1nVWH6lzRSsJyU2B0F9SgPXXJz1WCPS6LFn7Bw/s800/FeetDorsa&Frontal230123T0.png" /></a></p><p>[Above: Upper: Feet dorsal (<a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=3&image=3&lon=739.5&lat=396.5">original</a>[<a href="#LM10c">LM10c</a>]). <a name="paraLFF"></a>Lower: Feet frontal (<a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=3&image=3&lon=815.5&lat=4417.5">original</a>[<a href="#LM10d">LM10d</a>]):<blockquote>"When viewing the back of the man's legs and feet, we see that the left foot and leg images are less defined than the right ones. In addition, the left heel is elevated above the right. These facts indicate that the left knee was flexed to some degree. While this is most apparent on the dorsal view, the left leg visible on the frontal image also appears slightly raised. In light of these findings, most pathologists contend that the right foot was placed directly against a flat surface, while the left leg was bent at the knee and the left foot rotated to rest on top of the right foot. With a body in this position, a single nail driven between the metatarsal bones could affix both feet in a stationary position"[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 22].]</blockquote></p><p>nail through his left foot over his right[<a href="#BA34">BA34</a>, 64; <a href="#BP53">BP53</a>, 114; <a href="#BR78">BR78</a>, 46; <a href="#MR80">MR80</a>, 103; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 22]. <a name="paraFSP"></a>French surgeon <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/01/barbet-p-turin-shroud-encyclopedia.html">Pierre Barbet (1884–1961)</a> actually discovered the mark of the large, square in cross-section, Roman nail in the man's right foot[<a href="#BP52">BP52</a>, 35; <a href="#BP53">BP53</a>, 125; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 84]! <a name="paraSRN"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM6BdvwF68aZeGpXLi-KoHVNn2PC7zn8eO-zf1pKXw3r2awLGGBUCWxPaESKshSOtIFixODsOUlwkyq6D6IIT7Tw3uzk1CCsTHYAUmJ2z-NT7sLWDdm6Z2fhEx3FUOJqjddNEsYQGcmX9yhUCkoEhkB1Lo4ZVc1NyVpVpHXHBE6gTd2QluYMYrKz-dQA/s609/SquareNailRightFootEnrieNegativeVerticalRed230123T0.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM6BdvwF68aZeGpXLi-KoHVNn2PC7zn8eO-zf1pKXw3r2awLGGBUCWxPaESKshSOtIFixODsOUlwkyq6D6IIT7Tw3uzk1CCsTHYAUmJ2z-NT7sLWDdm6Z2fhEx3FUOJqjddNEsYQGcmX9yhUCkoEhkB1Lo4ZVc1NyVpVpHXHBE6gTd2QluYMYrKz-dQA/s320/SquareNailRightFootEnrieNegativeVerticalRed230123T0.pn" /></a> </p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM6BdvwF68aZeGpXLi-KoHVNn2PC7zn8eO-zf1pKXw3r2awLGGBUCWxPaESKshSOtIFixODsOUlwkyq6D6IIT7Tw3uzk1CCsTHYAUmJ2z-NT7sLWDdm6Z2fhEx3FUOJqjddNEsYQGcmX9yhUCkoEhkB1Lo4ZVc1NyVpVpHXHBE6gTd2QluYMYrKz-dQA/s609/SquareNailRightFootEnrieNegativeVerticalRed230123T0.png">enlarge</a>[<a href="#LM10e">LM10e</a>]): <blockquote>"Half-way along there is a rectangular stain, rather nearer to the inner than to the outer edge of the impression, and this is where the flows seem to have their centre ... This four-sided image is certainly the mark of the nail ..."[<a href="#BP53">BP53</a>, 125].</blockquote></p><p><a name="paraTSL"></a>• The Shroudman's legs were not broken[<a href="#BW57">BW57</a>, 106; <a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 45; <a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 26]. As can be seen <a href="#paraMBS">above</a> his legs are straight. It was the Roman practice of <i><a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Crurifragium+crucifixion">crurifragium</a></i> to break the lower legs of crucifixion victims, to hasten their death on the cross[<a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 26]. A crucifixion victim had to push himself up on the cross to breathe and the inability to do that would lead to death by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxia">asphyxia</a> within minutes[<a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 26].</p><p><a name="paraMNS"></a>• The man on the Shroud was speared in his side[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 33]. That he </p><p><a name="paraWRS"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQC0V17zwDXretYmgh7G7Xe_JBGek_0fv7oUAhVtcToUJlbokQVy_e7gxZKpaFdmxjnEMWWSQVOsGC3N68AD11re-oFH1PjoQulWa9gT3DjSNvqpcSZaYepnL7I2RdIMOzyDMLRhurfpQ4/s1600/SpearInSideShroudScope.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQC0V17zwDXretYmgh7G7Xe_JBGek_0fv7oUAhVtcToUJlbokQVy_e7gxZKpaFdmxjnEMWWSQVOsGC3N68AD11re-oFH1PjoQulWa9gT3DjSNvqpcSZaYepnL7I2RdIMOzyDMLRhurfpQ4/s800/SpearInSideShroudScope.png" /></a><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQC0V17zwDXretYmgh7G7Xe_JBGek_0fv7oUAhVtcToUJlbokQVy_e7gxZKpaFdmxjnEMWWSQVOsGC3N68AD11re-oFH1PjoQulWa9gT3DjSNvqpcSZaYepnL7I2RdIMOzyDMLRhurfpQ4/s1600/SpearInSideShroudScope.png">enlarge</a>): The wound on the right side of the man on the Shroud[<a href="#LM10f">LM10f</a>] (on our left because the Shroud is, like a plaster cast, a mirror image[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 33</a>]). Note the wound (circled in red) which corresponds to the incision of a Roman <i><a href="https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/perfect-roman-infantry-lancea-spear-head-296">lancea</a></i>[<a href="#WM86">WM86</a>, 34; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 120]. The Greek equivalent of the Latin <i>lancea</i> is <i>logche</i>, the very word which is used in <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2019%3A34&version=ESV">Jn 19:34</a> for the spear that was thrust into Jesus' side to ensure that he was dead (see <a href="#paraNJW">above </a>)[<a href="#WM86">WM86</a>, 34]! The light and dark stains correspond to blood and lung cavity fluid (i.e. "blood and water" - <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2019%3A34&version=ESV">Jn 19:34</a>). The dark border to the right is the remains of a burn from a fire in <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/09/chronology-of-turin-shroud-sixteenth.html#1532">1532</a>[<a href="#CJ78">CJ78</a>, 59]. <a name="paraGRH"></a>Agnostic art historian <a href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/exhibit-a-in-a-2-000-year-old-mystery-1.488998">Thomas de Wesselow</a> noted of this:<blockquote>"There is nothing at all `artistic' about this bloodstain, which differs markedly from medieval depictions of Christ's side wound"[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 144P].]</blockquote></p></p>was already dead is evident from the lack of swelling, which occurs only in a live body[<a href="#MR80">MR80</a>, 92; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 113]. <a name="paraLTB"></a>Also, the bloodflow from the side wound is post-mortem, because if he man's heart had been still beating the blood would have spurted out onto the cloth, but instead it had oozed out[<a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 113]. But if he hadn't been dead the spear thrust upward would have pierced his heart[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 174], killing himm[<a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 112].</p><p><a name="paraMNS"></a>• The man on the Shroud is in a state of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigor_mortis">rigor </a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTYLr4hBpJF7cODNsLWGsUEsH9Hz8E4nRwi7zaUmlNp8id9bDPeayIEjPpJ-XHUZtPQctd_ltrhuaVJxLD7GrhjCG0ah7-3GQwAVPa09oxiqbHtIclwRZiOoFOCCfQXrm3LOCAOStJ1xaj/s1600/CrucifixionRicciWayofCrossP61X400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTYLr4hBpJF7cODNsLWGsUEsH9Hz8E4nRwi7zaUmlNp8id9bDPeayIEjPpJ-XHUZtPQctd_ltrhuaVJxLD7GrhjCG0ah7-3GQwAVPa09oxiqbHtIclwRZiOoFOCCfQXrm3LOCAOStJ1xaj/s800/CrucifixionRicciWayofCrossP61X400.jpg" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigor_mortis">mortis</a>[<a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 112] (from Latin <i>rigor</i> "stiffness" and <i>mortis</i> "of death")[<a href="#RMW">RMW</a>]. His whole body is extremely rigid[<a href="#HR51">HR51</a>, 31]. The rigor of the arms had been forcibly broken </p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTYLr4hBpJF7cODNsLWGsUEsH9Hz8E4nRwi7zaUmlNp8id9bDPeayIEjPpJ-XHUZtPQctd_ltrhuaVJxLD7GrhjCG0ah7-3GQwAVPa09oxiqbHtIclwRZiOoFOCCfQXrm3LOCAOStJ1xaj/s1600/CrucifixionRicciWayofCrossP61X400.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#RG78">RG78</a>, 61]: Depiction of the man on the Shroud's body, fixed by rigor mortis, in his final position, hanging dead on his cross.]</p><p>to cross them over his body[<a href="#BR70">BR70</a>]. His legs are fixed in the position they were when nailed to the cross, with his left foot (apparently right but actually left because the Shroud image is laterally inverted) crossed over the right , causing a bend in his left knee, which remained bent upward when his body was covered by the Shroud[<a href="#WE54">WE54</a>, 47].</p><p><a name="paraPFT"></a><b>Problems for the forgery theory</b><br><a name="paraWWF"></a>• Why would a medieval forger depict Jesus head-to-head on a double length Shroud (see <a href="#paraMBS">above</a>)? The Gospels only say that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> wrapped the body of Jesus in a "linen shroud" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A59%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53&version=ESV">Mt 27:59; Mk 15:46; Lk 23:53</a>). A single length shroud covering the front of Jesus' body and tucked under it at the sides, and therefore only depicting Jesus' frontal image, would have sufficed. Oxford radiocarbon dating laboratory's <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-edward-hall-9260740.html">Prof. Edward Hall (1924-2001)</a> was right when he said, a forger would have "just got a bit of linen" to fake Jesus' shroud on[<a href="#PH01">PH01</a>].</p><p><a name="paraWWF"></a>• Why would a medieval forger depict Jesus' nailed hands and feet incomplete? <a name="paraHNF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4FxBJA5V5HzKTkhN71Rq3atroU5dWb9jwioiY2kr4ZG9HtaqM4IGIT8MzJTZsSfveI6ucheP2NTnGn9C1Vyeotjt4tSfCANLR4ylz6GPFy90An3BII0kUVkRWOIBW4iUOScirs7MQGJP0C8FHLbhxUXTi4vKIk-JMdVmKMleOosdG22VvMpNHJUdm8Q/s525/Hands&Feet230123T0.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4FxBJA5V5HzKTkhN71Rq3atroU5dWb9jwioiY2kr4ZG9HtaqM4IGIT8MzJTZsSfveI6ucheP2NTnGn9C1Vyeotjt4tSfCANLR4ylz6GPFy90An3BII0kUVkRWOIBW4iUOScirs7MQGJP0C8FHLbhxUXTi4vKIk-JMdVmKMleOosdG22VvMpNHJUdm8Q/s400/Hands&Feet230123T0.png" /></a> </p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4FxBJA5V5HzKTkhN71Rq3atroU5dWb9jwioiY2kr4ZG9HtaqM4IGIT8MzJTZsSfveI6ucheP2NTnGn9C1Vyeotjt4tSfCANLR4ylz6GPFy90An3BII0kUVkRWOIBW4iUOScirs7MQGJP0C8FHLbhxUXTi4vKIk-JMdVmKMleOosdG22VvMpNHJUdm8Q/s525/Hands&Feet230123T0.png">enlarge</a>[<a href="#LM10g">LM10g</a>]): Upper-the nail wounds in the hands are incomplete, as the left hand covers the nail wound in the right hand. Lower- The feet (frontal) are very incomplete.]</p><p>When "Christ's wounds were ... considered profoundly meaningful and were a focus of devotion":<blockquote>"The lack of clarity regarding the stigmata in the feet is itself significant. If the Shroud were a medieval forgery, the wounds in the feet (along with every other wound) would surely have been clearly marked ... Christ's wounds were not just incidental traces of torture in the Middle Ages. As the source of the blood that bought salvation, they were considered profoundly meaningful and were a focus of devotion. Accordingly, when medieval artists depicted Christ's wounded feet, they were always careful to indicate the marks of the nails. Paul Vignon had it right over a century ago: <blockquote>'Had a forger at that date desired to simulate the wounds made by the nails, he would, we think, have drawn them carefully, showing them in circular form; the essential thing in his eyes would have been that the wounds should have been easily recognized in the traditional positions[<a href="#VP02">VP02</a>, 33]'[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 121-122]"</blockquote></blockquote><a name="paraFDM"></a>• Why would a medieval forger depict the mark of a square in cross-section Roman nail in Jesus' right foot (<a href="#paraFSP">above</a>)? When it can only be seen clearly in negative and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photography">photographic negativity was only discovered in the early 1800s</a>? </p><p><a name="paraFDM"></a>• How did a medieval forger know that the Greek word <i>logche</i> in <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2019%3A34&version=ESV">Jn 19:34</a> was the equivalent of the Latin <i>lancea</i>, to depict it accurately in profile (<a href="#paraWRS">above</a>)? When the first Greek New Testament, the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne">Novum Instrumentum omne</a></i> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536)</a>, was published in 1516[<a href="#NNW">NNW</a>]?</p><p><a name="paraWWH"></a>• Why would, and how could, a medieval forger depict the spear in the side bloodstain, such that there is "nothing at all `artistic' about" it and it "differs markedly from medieval depictions of Christ's side wound" (see <a href="#paraGRH">above</a>)?</p><p><a name="paraCNC"></a><b>Conclusion</b><br>Vignon was right when he concluded his examination of the nail wounds on the Shroud:<blockquote>"Here again we are forced to abandon the hypothesis of fraud, and to attribute the appearances on the Shroud to accidental and natural causes, in which the intention or imagination of an artist is nowhere discernible"[<a href="#VP02">VP02</a>, 34]</blockquote></p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AM00">AM00</a>. Antonacci, M., 2000, "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY.<br><a name="BA34">BA34</a>. Barnes, A.S., 1934, "The Holy Shroud of Turin," Burns Oates & Washbourne: London.<br><a name="BM95">BM95</a>. Borkan, M., 1995, "Ecce Homo?: Science and the Authenticity of the Turin Shroud," <i>Vertices</i>, Duke University, Vol. X, No. 2, Winter, 18-51.<br><a name="BP52">BP52</a>. Barbet, P., 1952, "The Five Wounds of Christ," Apraxine, M., transl., Clonmore & Reynolds: Dublin.<br><a name="BP53">BP53</a>. Barbet, P., 1953, "A Doctor at Calvary," [1950], Earl of Wicklow, transl., Image Books: Garden City NY, Reprinted, 1963.<br><a name="BW57">BW57</a>. Bulst, W., 1957, "The Shroud of Turin," McKenna, S. & Galvin, J.J., transl., Bruce Publishing Co: Milwaukee WI.<br><a name="BR70">BR70</a>. Bucklin, R., 1970, "<a href="http://www.shroud.com/bucklin2.htm">The Legal and Medical Aspects of the Trial and Death of Christ</a>," <i>Medicine, Science and the Law</i>, January.<br><a name="BR78">BR78</a>. Brent, P. & Rolfe, D., 1978, "The Silent Witness: The Mysteries of the Turin Shroud Revealed," Futura Publications: London.<br><a name="CJ78">CJ78</a>. Cameron, J. M., 1978, "The Pathologist and the Shroud," in Jennings, P., ed., 1978, "Face to Face with the Turin Shroud ," Mayhew-McCrimmon: Great Wakering UK.<br><a name="CJ84">CJ84</a>. Cruz, J.C., 1984, "Relics: The Shroud of Turin, the True Cross, the Blood of Januarius. ..: History, Mysticism, and the Catholic Church," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN<br><a name="DT12">DT12</a>. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London.<br><a name="GV01">GV01</a>. Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL.<br><a name="HR51">HR51</a>. Hynek, R.W., 1951, "The True Likeness," Sheed & Ward: London. <br><a name="IJ98">IJ98</a>. Iannone, J.C., 1998, "The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin: New Scientific Evidence," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.<br><a name="LM10a">LM10a</a>. Latendresse, M., 2010, "<a href="http://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=1&image=4&lon=741.0&lat=360.0&blood=t">Shroud Scope: Durante 2002: Horizontal: Major bloodstains overlay.</a>," Sindonology.org.<br><a name="LM10b">LM10b</a>. Latendresse, M., 2010, "<a href="http://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=3&image=3&lon=693.0&lat=3392.0">Shroud Scope: Durante 2002 Vertical</a>," Sindonology.org.<br><a name="LM10c">LM10c</a>. Latendresse, M., 2010, "<a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=3&image=3&lon=739.5&lat=396.5">Shroud Scope: Durante 2002 Vertical</a>," Sindonology.org.<br><a name="LM10d">LM10d</a>. Latendresse, M., 2010, "<a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=3&image=3&lon=815.5&lat=4417.5">Shroud Scope: Durante 2002 Vertical</a>," Sindonology.org.<br><a name="LM10e">LM10e</a>. Latendresse, M., 2010, <a href="https://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=11&image=2&lon=1546.0&lat=546.0">Shroud Scope: Enrie Negative Vertical</a>, Sindonology.org.<br><a name="LM10f">LM10f</a>. <a href="http://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=9&image=3&lon=3355.5&lat=12823">Shroud Scope: Durante 2002 Vertical</a>.<br><a name="LM10g">LM10g</a>. <a href="http://www.sindonology.org/shroudScope/shroudScope.shtml?zl=9&image=3&lon=3355.5&lat=12823">Shroud Scope: Durante 2002 Vertical</a>.<br><a name="MR80">MR80</a>. Morgan, R.H., 1980, "Perpetual Miracle: Secrets of the Holy Shroud of Turin by an Eye Witness," Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.<br><a name="NNW">NNW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne">Novum Instrumentum omne</a>," Wikipedia, 7 December 2022.<br><a name="OM10">OM10</a>. Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.<br><a name="PH01">PH01</a>. "<a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-edward-hall-9260740.html">Obituaries: Professor Edward Hall</a>," <i>Independent</i>, 16 August 2001<br><a name="RC99">RC99</a>. Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.<br><a name="RG78">RG78</a>. Ricci, G., 1978, "The Way of the Cross in the Light of the Holy Shroud," Center for the Study of the Passion of Christ and the Holy Shroud: Milwaukee WI, Second edition, Reprinted, 1982.<br><a name="RMW">RMW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigor_mortis">Rigor mortis</a>," Wikipedia, 5 January 2023.<br><a name="SH81">SH81</a>. Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1981, "Verdict on the Shroud: Evidence for the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ," Servant Books: Ann Arbor MI.<br><a name="SH90">SH90</a>. Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1990, "The Shroud and the Controversy," Thomas Nelson: Nashville TN.<br><a name="VP02">VP02</a>. Vignon, P., 1902, "The Shroud of Christ," University Books: New York NY, Reprinted, 1970.<br><a name="WE54">WE54</a>. Wuenschel, E.A., 1954, "Self-Portrait of Christ: The Holy Shroud of Turin," Holy Shroud Guild: Esopus NY, Third printing, 1961.<br><a name="WI78">WI78</a>. Wilson, I., 1978, "The Turin Shroud," Victor Gollancz: London.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WM86">WM86</a>. Wilson, I. & Miller, V., 1986, "The Evidence of the Shroud," Guild Publishing: London.<br></p><p>Posted 23 January 2023. Updated 31 May 2023.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-78974827463843042022023-01-11T23:51:00.023+08:002023-05-08T08:22:49.829+08:00Ulysse Chevalier, Turin Shroud Encyclopedia<p><a name="para01"></a><center><b><i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i><br>Copyright © Stephen E. Jones</b>[<a href="#1">1</a>]</p><p><h1>Ulysse Chevalier #20</h1></center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is "Ulysse Chevalier," part #20 of my <i>Turin Shroud Encyclopedia</i>. As mentioned in my previous <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">Pierre d'Arcis</a> #19, this series will help me write chapter "18. Sceptics and the Shroud" of my book, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Sheet of Jesus!" See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/07/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#mybk">06Jul17</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/06/editorial-and-contents-shroud-of-turin.html#paraMBK">03Jun18</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/shroud-of-turin-news-july-december-2021.html#paraMNW">04Apr22</a>, <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/07/prehistory-of-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraPTS">13Jul22</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">8 Nov 22</a>.</p><p>[<a href="https://goo.gl/2WAtLP">Index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html">Pierre d'Arcis</a> #19] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/02/prehistory-of-shroud-1001-1355-turin.html">Prehistory (1001-1355)</a> #21]<hr><p><a name="paraCUC"></a><b>Ulysse Chevalier</b> (1841-1923) was a French bibliographer <a name="paraBLC"></a><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Cyr_Ulysse_Chevalier.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Cyr_Ulysse_Chevalier.png" /></a>and historian[<a href="#MP78">MP78</a>, 28; <a href="#UCW">UCW</a>].</p><p>[Right (<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Cyr_Ulysse_Chevalier.png">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#CWC">CWC</a>]: Portrait of Chevalier in 1909.]</p><p>Chevalier's principal work was the <i>Répertoire des sources historiques du moyen âge</i>, which arranged and annotated almost the entire source material for the history of the Middle Ages[<a href="#WJ63">WJ63</a>, 50; <a href="#UCW">UCW</a>].</p><p><a name="paraTCP"></a>Though a Catholic priest and Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the Catholic Institute of Lyon[<a href="#VC92">VC92</a>, 19], the Abbé (afterwards Canon) Chevalier maintained an independent critical attitude even on religious questions[<a href="#UCW">UCW</a>]. In the controversy on the authenticity of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin">Shroud of Turin</a> (<i>sudario</i>), he worked by tracing back the history of the cloth, which was undoubtedly used as a shroud, but he argued was not produced before the 14th century and was probably no older (<i>Le Saint Suaire de Lirey-Chambéry, Turin et les défenseurs de son authenticité</i>)[<a href="#PE06">PE06</a>]. <a name="paraNTF"></a>In 2006 French historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Poulle">Emmanuel Poulle [1928–2011]</a> wrote in a peer-reviewed journal[<a href="#PE06">PE06</a>] that Ulysse Chevalier showed in this case intellectual dishonesty[<a href="#UCW">UCW</a>]. According to Poulle, Chevalier deliberately did not correctly mention the Papal bulls of antipope <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII">Clement VII [1378-94]</a> issued in 1390[<a href="#UCW">UCW</a>]. In fact Clement VII never opted for the forgery thesis[<a href="#UCW">UCW</a>].</p><p><a name="paraCWL"></a>Chevalier, was a leader of a progressive faction of the Roman Catholic Church which sought to do away with what was seen as "superstition"[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 57]. His position was close to that of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollandist">Bollandists</a>, learned Belgian Jesuits, who concerned themselves with the lives of saints and the authenticity of relics[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 185]. Both Chevalier and the Bollandists wanted to free the Church from outdated customs and beliefs, in favour of a more modern foundation of the Faith[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 185].</p><p><a name="paraSWN"></a>So when news of the discovery in 1898 of Turin photographer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondo_Pia">Secondo</a> </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSkx3f_SVNAouxQGEorJNlyzp_nb8Prjd1ZYVO3tXz7DgrvwZyGnIS2cTVuoRfJzvU9pZdB6sWb5qN27EVaiFenffpSTYIn3-rHcFaDa2xAS_FKerhqAjkgF91Biczzt2loQ0moA_VRWfp/s2048/Pia1898_150708.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSkx3f_SVNAouxQGEorJNlyzp_nb8Prjd1ZYVO3tXz7DgrvwZyGnIS2cTVuoRfJzvU9pZdB6sWb5qN27EVaiFenffpSTYIn3-rHcFaDa2xAS_FKerhqAjkgF91Biczzt2loQ0moA_VRWfp/s800/Pia1898_150708.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSkx3f_SVNAouxQGEorJNlyzp_nb8Prjd1ZYVO3tXz7DgrvwZyGnIS2cTVuoRfJzvU9pZdB6sWb5qN27EVaiFenffpSTYIn3-rHcFaDa2xAS_FKerhqAjkgF91Biczzt2loQ0moA_VRWfp/s2048/Pia1898_150708.jpg">enlarge</a>): <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondo_Pia">Secondo Pia</a>'s 1898 negative photograph of the Shroud face[<a href="#HFW">HFW</a>], which because it is a photographic positive, proved that the Turin Shroud image is a photographic negative[<a href="#MP78">MP78</a>, 26-27; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 34-35; <a href="#OG85">OG85</a>, 46-47].]</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondo_Pia">Pia (1855–1941)</a>, that the Shroudman's image is a photographic negative, Chevalier set about discrediting the Shroud[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 19].</p><p><a name="paraCHL"></a>Chevalier had already discovered documents which seemingly discredited the Shroud[<a href="#KG94">KG94</a>, 10]. So in 1900 he published his <i>Etude Critique sur l'origine de Saint Suaire de Lirey-Chambéry-Turin</i> [<a href="#KG94">KG94</a>, 10; <a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 319] ("Critical Study on the Origins of the Holy Shroud of Lirey-Chambery-Turin") and it had the impact of a death-blow[<a href="#WJ63">WJ63</a>, 50]. <a name="paraNNN"></a>In 1901 Chevalier's article was reprinted as a monograph, with fifty documents in a sixty-four page appendix[<a href="#KG94">KG94</a>, 10; <a href="#WJ63">WJ63</a>, 50; <a href="#AF82">AF82</a>, 54]. </p><p><a name="paraNNT"></a>Included in the documents was the so-called D'Arcis Memorandum [see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-fourteenth.html#1389d">1389d</a> & <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraDCT">08Nov22</a>], which is merely hearsay evidence[<a href="#AF82">AF82</a>, 54]. It purported to be the draft of a letter from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes#1300_to_1500">Bishop Pierre d'Arcis (r. 1377-95)</a> which claimed that the Shroud was only a painting, based on the supposed verbal statements of one of his predecessors, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes#1300_to_1500">Henri de Poitiers (r. 1354-70)</a>[<a href="#AF82">AF82</a>, 54]. Also included was the 1 January 1390 papal bull from Clement VII to <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n66part5.pdf">Geoffroy II de Charny (1352-98)</a>, that the Shroud could continue to be exhibited but only as a "figure or representation" of Christ's burial cloth[<a href="#WJ63">WJ63</a>, 56; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 19]. Chevalier claimed on the basic of these documents that the Shroud it could not be a genuine relic and that it must have been "cunningly painted", as Bishop Henry de Poitiers had supposedly discovered[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 19].</p><p><a name="paraTWN"></a>It was enough to close the discussion, and the president of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, at a solemn sitting held on 15 November 1901, while awarding a gold medal of 1,000 francs to M. Chevalier, severely censured any future attempt to impose upon the credulity of the faithful with what could henceforth be described only as a fraudulent misrepresentation[<a href="#AF82">AF82</a>, 54-55; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 19]!</p><p><a name="paraHSS"></a>However, Shroud scholar <a href="http://www.shroud.it/FOSSATI2.HTM">Luigi Fossati (1920-2007)</a>, in a detailed analysis of the documents in Chevalier's appendix, found that most were irrelevant to the question of the Shroud's authenticity and some were actually favourable to it[<a href="#FL92">FL92</a>, 3]! Fossati concluded:<blockquote>"All things considered, the documents contrary to authenticity, those that support a manual origin of the imprints, are reduced to one only: the so-called <i>Memorandum</i> of Pierre d'Arcis"[<a href="#FL92">FL92</a>, 4]!</blockquote><a name="paraSCD"></a>So Chevalier dishonestly `padded' his Appendix with fifty documents, when only one, the so-called d'Arcis Memorandum, was against the authenticity of the Shroud! Moreover, as referred to <a href="#paraNTF">above</a>, Chevalier was dishonest in only including Pope Clement's 6 January 1390 bull to Geoffroy II de Charny, when Clement sent three bulls on the same day, one of which was to Bishop d'Arcis, "reimposing perpetual silence, this time under pain of excommunication":<blockquote>"Clement conducted no investigation ... On January 6, 1390, he put his signature to three documents that ended the acrimony, although not in the way that d'Arcis had wanted. To Geoffrey he sent a letter reinforcing his previous decision to let the expositions continue, provided that it was always stated that the cloth was a `figure or representation.' To Bishop d'Arcis he sent a letter reimposing perpetual silence, this time under pain of excommunication. To certain other ecclesiastics in the surrounding area he sent letters requiring them to oversee his decision in the matter"[<a href="#WJ63">WJ63</a>, 56; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 83].</blockquote></p><p><a name="paraHCW"></a>However, Chevalier's worst act of dishonesty, indeed <i>literary fraud</i>, was in <i>creating</i> the d'Arcis Memorandum out of two rough drafts:<blockquote>"There are two handwritten copies of the memorandum attributed to d'Arcis, `Folio 137' and `Folio 138' Folio 138 is a first draft with some parts crossed out, underlinings, and some very violent expressions expressions canceled; it is unsigned and undated and the addressee is not even shown. Chevalier made an orderly and careful transcription of this and published it in his very influential book. But Chevalier affixed the heading from Folio 137, `The Truth about the Cloth of Lirey, which was and now is being exhibited and about which I intend to write to our Lord the Pope in the following manner and as briefly as possible,' onto Folio 138. Thus, <i>the document seen in Chevalier's book does not even exist</i>, for it is actually a combination of two documents! Folio 137, the second draft, is neater than the first, and with its proper heading removed and affixed to the earlier messy draft, Chevalier gives the impression that Folio 137 was sent to Clement VII" (my emphasis)[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 151-152; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 57].</blockquote><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs5YjzUFjSh4WWdKYBTWuqogLzzheYUGg8XyKGcW5nUdbRbrUwowFIYY_t0CftM7IgcnuyCjtNjTGhO_Rtu4J4k8e4_PVR9-OLHvQOBLVX1unTrdaG92__FmRePWAFSJiMEgHx-oE2WJs-/s1600/Memorandum1389.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs5YjzUFjSh4WWdKYBTWuqogLzzheYUGg8XyKGcW5nUdbRbrUwowFIYY_t0CftM7IgcnuyCjtNjTGhO_Rtu4J4k8e4_PVR9-OLHvQOBLVX1unTrdaG92__FmRePWAFSJiMEgHx-oE2WJs-/s800/Memorandum1389.jpg"/></a>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs5YjzUFjSh4WWdKYBTWuqogLzzheYUGg8XyKGcW5nUdbRbrUwowFIYY_t0CftM7IgcnuyCjtNjTGhO_Rtu4J4k8e4_PVR9-OLHvQOBLVX1unTrdaG92__FmRePWAFSJiMEgHx-oE2WJs-/s1600/Memorandum1389.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#LSD">LSD</a>]: Folio 137, the second of the two drafts, the first being folio 138[<a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 56], of the so-called d'Arcis Memorandum]</p><p><a name="paraTTF"></a>At the foot of Folio 137, not part of the Latin document itself, a scribe had written in French "Fin 1389", i.e. "end of 1389"[<a href="#BB91">BB91</a>, 236; <a href="#KG94">KG94</a>, 11]. Chevalier forged the "Fin 1389" at the head of the d'Arcis Memorandum in his Appendix[<a href="#BB91">BB91</a>, 236, <a href="#KG94">KG94</a>, 11], without informing his readers that the date, though probably correct, is not on the document itself[<a href="#BB91">BB91</a>, 236, 238].</p><p><a name="paraTCC"></a>The central claim of the d'Arcis Memorandum is:<blockquote>"Some time since in this diocese of Troyes the Dean of a certain collegiate church, to wit, that of Lirey ... procured for his church a certain cloth cunningly painted, upon which ... was depicted the twofold image of one man, that is to say, the back and front ... declaring ... that this was the actual shroud in which our Saviour Jesus Christ was enfolded in the tomb, and upon which the whole likeness of the Saviour had remained thus impressed together with the wounds which He bore ... The Lord Henry of Poitiers ... then Bishop of Troyes, becoming aware of this, and ... set himself earnestly to work to fathom the truth of this matter ... Eventually, after diligent inquiry and examination, he discovered the fraud and how the said cloth had been cunningly painted, the truth being attested by the artist who had painted it, to wit, that it was a work of human skill and not miraculously wrought or bestowed"[<a href="#WI79">WI79</a>, 266-267].</blockquote><a name="paraTFC"></a>The first component of the d'Arcis Memorandum, as <a href="#paraNNT">previously mentioned</a>, that "The Lord Henry of Poitiers ... then Bishop of Troyes, becoming aware of this..." is <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=hearsay+dictionary">hearsay</a>[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 152-153; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 182]. The first layer of hearsay is the claimed confession of the unnamed artist that he painted the image[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 153]. The second layer is the source from which d'Arcis received this information[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 153]. D'Arcis does not reveal either, so he may be relating mere gossip or rumor, or he may be making it up[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 153]. Already in 1902 <a href="http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi06part7.pdf">Paul Vignon</a> (1865-1943) pointed this out: <blockquote>"We know nothing of the enquiry made by the bishop, Henri de Poitiers, in 1355, but simply what his third successor [d'Arcis] was pleased to tell us about this enquiry. Many of Chevalier's readers have been misled by this ... "[<a href="#BB91">BB91</a>, 236].</blockquote><a name="paraDWF"></a>D'Arcis was a former lawyer[<a href="#CD92">CD92</a>, 26; <a href="#WI86">WI86</a>, 11; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 121; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 231] so if there was any evidence to support his central claim above, he would have cited it[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 152].</p><p><a name="paraTSC"></a>The second component of the d'Arcis Memorandum's central claim, as we saw in <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraDSR">my previous post</a>, is that, "Henry of Poitiers ... then Bishop of Troyes... after diligent inquiry and examination, he discovered the fraud," is <i>false</i>!: • Henri de Poitiers wasn't in Troyes in 1355[<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraDSR">08Nov22a</a>]; • On 28 May 1356 when de Poitiers was still in his previous diocese at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Othe">Aix-en-Othe</a> he wrote instituting the collegiate church of Lirey: "... we praise, ratify and approve ..." its "divine cult" which can only be veneration of the Shroud[<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraMNT">08Nov22b</a>]; • There is no evidence that de Poitiers made any "diligent inquiry and examination" and "discovered the fraud"[<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraVFD">08Nov22c</a>]; • In 1357 twelve bishops at the Papal Court in Avignon granted indulgences to all who visited the church of St Mary at Lirey <i>and its relics</i>[<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraNTF">08Nov22d</a>]; • de Poitiers didn't have a problem with Shroud, e.g. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n66part5.pdf">Geoffroy II de Charny</a> married Henri de Poitiers' niece, Marguerite de Poitiers (c. 1362-1418)[<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraBDP">08Nov22e</a>].</p><p><a name="paraTSW"></a>The third component of the d'Arcis Memorandum, "... and how the said cloth had been cunningly painted, the truth being attested by the artist who had painted it", as we saw, is not only false but <i>d'Arcis must have been lying</i>, because the Shroudman's image is not painted, and there can't have been another shroud that de Poitiers investigated in c.1355[<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/11/sceptics-and-shroud-turin-shroud.html#paraNHT">08Nov22f</a>].</p><p><a name="paraSST"></a>So, since the d'Arcis Memorandum was the only document in Chevalier's fifty-document Appendix that was against the authenticity of the Shroud (see <a href="#paraSCD">above</a>) and that is <i>doubly</i> a fraud (by both d'Arcis and Chevalier), Chevalier's entire literary argument against the Shroud <i>fails</i>!</p><p><a name="paraTSW"></a>Yet, it is the <i>false</i> d'Arcis Memorandum, <i>forged</i> by Chevalier, which, as we will see, is the basis of sceptic's argments against the Shroud down to this day[<a href="#DR84">DR84</a>, 24; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 19]!</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AF82">AF82</a>. Adams, F.O., 1982, "Sindon: A Layman's Guide to the Shroud of Turin," Synergy Books: Tempe AZ.<br><a name="AM00">AM00</a>. Antonacci, M., 2000, "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY.<br><a name="BB91">BB91</a>. Bonnet-Eymard, B., "Study of original documents of the archives of the Diocese of Troyes in France with particular reference to the Memorandum of Pierre d'Arcis," in Berard, A., ed., 1991, "History, Science, Theology and the Shroud," Symposium Proceedings, St. Louis Missouri, June 22-23, 1991, The Man in the Shroud Committee of Amarillo, Texas: Amarillo TX, 233-260, 236-237.<br><a name="CD92">CD92</a>. Crispino, D.C., 1992, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi41part5.pdf">A New Look at Two Incompatible Views</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 41, December, 22-28.<br><a name="CWC">CWC</a>. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyr_Ulysse_Chevalier.png">File:Cyr Ulysse Chevalier.png</a>, Wikimedia Commons, 20 November 2022.<br><a name="DR84">DR84</a>. Drews, R., 1984, "In Search of the Shroud of Turin: New Light on Its History and Origins," Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham MD.<br><a name="DT12">DT12</a>. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London.<br><a name="FL92">FL92</a>. Fossati, L., 1992, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi02part8.pdf">A Critical Study of the Lirey Documents</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 41, December, 2-11.<br><a name="KG94">KG94</a>. Kersten, H. & Gruber, E.R., 1994, "The Jesus Conspiracy: The Turin Shroud and the Truth About the Resurrection," Element Books: Shaftesbury UK, Reprinted, 1995.<br><a name="HFW">HFW</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Jesus">Holy Face of Jesus</a>," Wikipedia, 29 October 2022.<br><a name="LSD">LSD</a>. "<a href="http://sindone.weebly.com/darcis.html">La Sindone di Torino: Il memoriale del vescovo Pierre d'Arcis del 1389</a>," n.d. <br><a name="MP78">MP78</a>. McNair, P., 1978, "The Shroud and History: Fantasy, Fake or Fact?," in Jennings, P., ed., "Face to Face with the Turin Shroud," Mayhew-McCrimmon: Great Wakering UK.<br><a name="OG85">OG85</a>. O'Rahilly, A. & Gaughan, J.A., ed., 1985, "The Crucified," Kingdom Books: Dublin.<br><a name="OM10">OM10</a>. Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.<br><a name="PE06">PE06</a>. Poulle, E., 2006, "<a href="http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=11336895X&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E121ee2b6-13,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R106.68.178.211,FN">Le linceul de Turin victime d'Ulysse Chevalier</a>," <i>Revue d'histoire de l'Eglise de France</i>, Vol. 92, No. 229, 343-358.<br><a name="PM96">PM96</a>. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.<br><a name="UCW">UCW</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysse_Chevalier">Ulysse Chevalier</a>, Wikipedia, 24 January 2022.<br><a name="VC92">VC92</a>. van Cauwenberghe, A., 1992, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi41part4.pdf">The 1902 Concealment</a>," <i>Shroud Spectrum International</i>, No. 41, December, 13-19.<br><a name="WI79">WI79</a>. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.<br><a name="WI86">WI86</a>. Wilson, I., 1986, "The Evidence of the Shroud," Guild Publishing: London.<br><a name="WI98">WI98</a>. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.<br><a name="WI10">WI10</a>. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.<br><a name="WJ63">WJ63</a>. Walsh, J.E., 1963, "The Shroud," Random House: New York NY.<br></p><p>Posted 11 January 2023. Updated 8 May 2023.</p> Stephen E. Joneshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16183223752386599799noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8955388713581848615.post-69930986576314555382022-12-08T00:00:00.056+08:002023-03-22T00:28:38.008+08:00Chronology of the Turin Shroud: Twentieth century (5) <p><a name="para01"></a><center><b>Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 to the present<br>TWENTIETH CENTURY (5)<br>© Stephen E. Jones</b>[<a href="#1">1</a>]<br></center></p><p><a name="para02"></a>This is part #29, "Twentieth century" (5) of my "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 - present</a>" series. For more information about this series see the <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/07/chronology-of-turin-shroud-ad-30.html">Index #1</a>. I will use <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=in-line+referencing">in-line referencing</a> to save time in renumbering out-of-order footnotes, but in the final installment I will convert these to numbered footnotes. Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated. This page was initially based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wilson_(author)">Ian Wilson</a>'s 1996, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/history.htm#1900">Highlights of the Undisputed History: 1900</a>." </p><p>[<a href="http://goo.gl/YLLNmB">Index</a> #1] [Previous: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/06/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html">20th century (4)</a> #28] [Next: <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2023/03/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html">20th century (6)</a> #30] </p><p><hr><a name="20thC5"></a><b>20th century (5)</b> (1980-1988). </p><p><a name="1980a"></a><b>1980a</b> 13 April. On his first visit as Pope to Turin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II">John Paul II (r. 1978-2005)</a> has a private showing of the Shroud and kisses the cloth's hem[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 279]. In his homily the Pope says:<blockquote>"The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_mystery">Paschal mystery</a> has found here some splendid witnesses ... It could not be otherwise in this city which guards an unusual and mysterious relic as the Holy Shroud, a singular witness - if we accept the arguments of many scientists - of Easter: of the Passion, death and Resurrection. It is a silent witness, but at the same time surprisingly eloquent!"[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 29; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 279]</blockquote><a name="1980b"></a><b>1980b</b> 29 April. London University Professor of Ancient History, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averil_Cameron">Averil Cameron (1940-)</a>, delivers her Inaugural Lecture, "The Sceptic and the Shroud," at King's College, London[<a href="#WI86">WI86</a>, 118, 146; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 3]. In it she claimed, "It is beyond belief that so staggering a discovery (of the 14-foot Shroud folded behind the Edessa face) would have been passed over by all our literary sources"[<a href="#SD89">SD89</a>, 101; <a href="#WI86">WI86</a>, 119]. But Cameron chose to look only at texts, rather than texts and images in parallel[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 3].</p><p><a name="1980c"></a><b>1980c</b> June. A 24-page article with photographs: "<a href="https://nationalgeographicbackissues.com/product/national-geographic-june-1980/">Science Seeks to Solve</a> <a name="paraNFT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlMj4rHYTmXGLiULqO9OJY3B4eghYtDYwItbrWB9cg6S3V5qCxr5PT08Zk5ncMvST03X781MpyTRmlPNzGWttqE86IjvaeWvcAZKnxYNh6kzrmEBhzRCA0mg74KgrEc3AQrMo5KrKBYYCNhvqkPKK3Z8OpS40a-MfcpeH_bpygY6bJcaj3Ua9KeMYuFQ/s800/AnatomyShroudNatGeogJun80p737-738_221208C9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlMj4rHYTmXGLiULqO9OJY3B4eghYtDYwItbrWB9cg6S3V5qCxr5PT08Zk5ncMvST03X781MpyTRmlPNzGWttqE86IjvaeWvcAZKnxYNh6kzrmEBhzRCA0mg74KgrEc3AQrMo5KrKBYYCNhvqkPKK3Z8OpS40a-MfcpeH_bpygY6bJcaj3Ua9KeMYuFQ/s800/AnatomyShroudNatGeogJun80p737-738_221208C9.jpg" /></a><a href="https://nationalgeographicbackissues.com/product/national-geographic-june-1980/">The Mystery of the Shroud</a>," is published in <i>National Geographic</i>[<a href="#WK80">WK80</a>, 730-53]. It covers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin_Research_Project">STURP</a>'s 1978 </p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlMj4rHYTmXGLiULqO9OJY3B4eghYtDYwItbrWB9cg6S3V5qCxr5PT08Zk5ncMvST03X781MpyTRmlPNzGWttqE86IjvaeWvcAZKnxYNh6kzrmEBhzRCA0mg74KgrEc3AQrMo5KrKBYYCNhvqkPKK3Z8OpS40a-MfcpeH_bpygY6bJcaj3Ua9KeMYuFQ/s800/AnatomyShroudNatGeogJun80p737-738_221208C9.jpg">enlarge</a>): "Anatomy of the Shroud"[<a href="#WK80">WK80</a>, 736-7], showing that the wounds and bloodstains on the Shroud match those in the Gospels' accounts of Jesus' sufferings and death. But no forger would or <i>could</i> forge even the over 100 scourge marks which <i>perfectly</i> match a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scourge">Roman <i>flagrum</i></a>.]</p><p>examination of the Shroud as well as its history back to Edessa!</p><p><a name="1980d"></a><b>1980d</b> July. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n10part3.pdf">Fr. Francis L. Filas (1915-85)</a>, a professor of theology at Chicago's Loyola University, publishes a monograph, "The Dating of the Shroud of Turin from Coins of Pontius Pilate"[<a href="#FF80">FF80</a>; <a href="#FF81">FF81</a>; <a href="#AF82">AF82</a>, 89-90]. In it Filas announces his discovery over the right eye, in an enlargement of an <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giuseppe_Enrie?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc">Enrie 1931 negative photograph</a> of the Shroudman's face, the letters "UCAI" in the correct position around a Roman <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituus">astrologer's staff called a <i>lituus</i></a>[<a href="#FF80">FF80</a>, 3-4]. Filas found in Madden's "History of Jewish Coinage, and of Money in the Old and New Testament" (1864) a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> lepton <a name="paraMHM"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZPs-DRv14CVXfBl6WKE8mm27SpSlZalZnEZNMq3ONz1Y3NLaFaO8-K4H_ylhVE2Sm-58L1Ny4mGUbWXCe7x3-VaQcp6WcPdwkklYQQJL5K16tEUTR9EwYj_PQlLhOhzSfMlPppnymD8fZiIYiuHq43p2GacOb5awQjZvCxMWi6jcFWywZoMPkPlpJw/s460/LituusLeptonPilateAD29Madden149Cropped." imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZPs-DRv14CVXfBl6WKE8mm27SpSlZalZnEZNMq3ONz1Y3NLaFaO8-K4H_ylhVE2Sm-58L1Ny4mGUbWXCe7x3-VaQcp6WcPdwkklYQQJL5K16tEUTR9EwYj_PQlLhOhzSfMlPppnymD8fZiIYiuHq43p2GacOb5awQjZvCxMWi6jcFWywZoMPkPlpJw/s320/LituusLeptonPilateAD29Madden149Cropped.jpg" /></a>coin minted in AD29 [Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNZPs-DRv14CVXfBl6WKE8mm27SpSlZalZnEZNMq3ONz1Y3NLaFaO8-K4H_ylhVE2Sm-58L1Ny4mGUbWXCe7x3-VaQcp6WcPdwkklYQQJL5K16tEUTR9EwYj_PQlLhOhzSfMlPppnymD8fZiIYiuHq43p2GacOb5awQjZvCxMWi6jcFWywZoMPkPlpJw/s460/LituusLeptonPilateAD29Madden149Cropped">enlarge</a>)<a name="MF67">MF67</a>, 149] with the inscription "TIBEPIO-<b>UKAI</b>CAPOC" ("Of Tiberius Caesar"), and assumed the "C" was a rare mispelling of "K"[<a href="#FF80">FF80</a>, 3-5; <a href="#ZF05">ZF05</a>, 236] [see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/04/coins-over-eyes-32-evidence-is.html#paraNSN">18Apr20a</a>]. However, while Filas <i>did</i> discover part of the <i>lituus</i> and inscription of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_lepton">lepton coin</a> minted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate">Pontius Pilate (r. c. AD 26–36)</a>, the Roman governor of Judea who sentenced Jesus to death by crucifixion (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A2%2C+24-26%3B+Mk+15%3A1%2C15%3B+Lk+3%3A1%3B+23%3A1%2C+24-25%3B+Jn+18%3A28%3B+19%3A15-16&version=ESV">Mt 27:2,24-26; Mk 15:1,15; Lk 3:1; 23:1, 24-25; Jn 18:28; 19:15-16</a>) (thus <i>proving beyond reasonable doubt that the man on the Shroud is Jesus</i>!); Filas identified the wrong Pontius Pilate lepton coin[see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/04/coins-over-eyes-32-evidence-is.html#paraMMN">18Apr20b</a>]!</p><p><a name="1980e"></a><b>1980e</b> 11 September. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_McCrone">Walter McCrone (1916-2002)</a> lectures to the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/bsts.htm">British Society for the Turin Shroud</a> in London, again claiming the Shroud to be the work of a mediaeval artist who painted in iron oxide, using a very dilute tempera binding medium[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305]. However, McCrone concluded by admitting:<blockquote>"I am not saying the Shroud is not authentic. I am saying that the image area has a lot of iron oxide and a lot of artist's pigment associated with it but I do not know whether the amount of iron oxide present is sufficient to explain the entire image"[<a href="#MW80">MW80</a>, 6]</blockquote>In the question-and-answer session which followed, a British journalist <a href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/archbishops-mourn-veteran-english-catholic-journalist/">Peter Jennings (1948-2013)</a>, kept asking McCrone if he thought the Shroud was a fake, and after McCrone evaded answering the question several times, finally he said:. <blockquote>"I think it was a fake but I cannot prove it as a scientist"[<a href="#MW80">MW80</a>, 9]</blockquote>Jennings, without authorization[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305], publishes the news, repeated world-wide, that McCrone said the Shroud was a "fake"[<a href="#MR80">MR80</a>, 1,3]!</p><p><a name="1980f"></a><b>1980f</b> 17-19 October. A group of key <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin_Research_Project">STURP</a> scientists meets in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1ola,_New_Mexico">Espanola</a>, New Mexico, to review a rough draft of the group's summary paper, scheduled for release before the expiration of STURP's formal agreement with its team members, in October 1981[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305].</p><p><a name="1981a"></a><b>1981a</b> 9 March. Death from pancreatic cancer of West Indian <a name="paraJMM"></a><a href="https://tinyurl.com/y57yv4lb" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="220" src="https://tinyurl.com/y57yv4lb" /></a>patient Les at <a href="https://www.stjhospice.org.uk//about-us/">Jospice International Hospice at Thornton,</a> near Liverpool[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 288D]. An imprint with some resemblance to the Shroud [Right (<a href="https://tinyurl.com/y57yv4lb">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#JM81">JM81</a>].] is left on the nylon cover of the mattress of the bed in which Les died[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305]. The imprints of his hand, buttocks, arm, shoulders and jaw[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 209] were presumably caused by the man's abnormal urine reacting with the nylon material of the mattress cover[<a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 288D]. Medical examiner <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Zugibe">Dr Frederick Zugibe (1928–2013)</a> found "many dissimilarities" between the Jospice mattress cover image and that of the Shroud[<a href="#ZF81">ZF81</a>]. Unlike the Shroud, the Jospice imprints are simple outlines and blocks of shadows[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 209]. And there is nothing special about its photographic negative[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 209] . See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2020/07/central-dilemma-of-shroud-shroud-of.html#paraTSP">18Jul20</a>.</p><p><a name="1981b"></a><b>1981b</b> 27 March, at Geneva ex-king <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy">Umberto II (r. 1946)</a> signed a formal decree that 'after my death the entire property of the Holy Shroud shall be donated to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See">Holy See</a>'[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 276]. [see <a href="#1983b">1983b</a>].</p><p><a name="1981c"></a><b>1981c</b> 1 April. <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/frei-sulzer-max">Max Frei (1913-83)</a> reports that had found 56 varieties of pollen on the Shroud (by 1982 it was 58 - see <a href="#1982c">1982c</a>), including 14 found only in the eastern Mediterranean, and two-thirds of these varieties come exclusively from plants growing in semi-desert areas from Palestine to Turkey[<a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 111]. Frei states that it is his opinion that the cloth of the Shroud is indeed about 2,000 years old and came from Palestine[<a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 111]! Frei's conclusions were supported by palynologists <a href="https://english.tau.ac.il/profile/haharon">Prof. Aharon Horowitz</a> and <a href="https://academictree.org/systematics/peopleinfo.php?pid=762492">Prof. A. Orville Dahl (1910-2003)</a>[<a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 77].</p><p><a name="1981d"></a><b>1981d</b> 6 May. <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2021/05/turin-shroud-encyclopedia-copyright.html">Prof. Pierluigi Baima-Bollone (1937-)</a> informed the Medical Academy of Turin that forensic haematological analyses conducted on the threads that he himself had removed in 1978 [see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/06/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#paraBBB">1978t</a>"] showed the presence of human blood preserved unaltered[<a href="#BZ98">BZ98</a>, 20; <a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 210; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305; <a href="#BB00">BB00</a>, 212].</p><p><a name="1981e"></a><b>1981e</b> 13 May. STURP team members <a href="https://www.shroudofturin.com/founders.html">John Jackson</a> and Larry Schwalbe, along with <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n48part6.pdf">Fr Adam Otterbein (1916-98)</a> and <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/27347880/peter-m.-rinaldi">Fr. Peter Rinaldi (1910-93)</a>, are in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square">St. Peter's Square</a>, Rome, awaiting an audience with Pope John Paul II to report to him on the 1978 testing when the Pope is shot by Turkish gunman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_A%C4%9Fca">Mehmet Ali Agca</a>, and the audience never takes place[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305].</p><p><a name="1981f"></a><b>1981f</b> 15 May.</a> John Jackson and Larry Schwalbe of STURP, together with Frs. Adam Otterbein and Peter Rinaldi, visit ex-king Umberto II of Savoy in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascais">Cascais,</a> Portugal, to report on the 1978 testing[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305].</p><p><a name="1981g"></a><b>1981g</b> August. STURP chemist <a href="https://www.ancientfaces.com/person/alan-d-adler-birth-1931-death-2000/10249163">Alan D. Adler (1931-2000)</a> reported to a meeting of the Canadian Society of Medico-Forensic Sciences that he had obtained analogous results from strips applied to the Shroud surface in 1978, thus confirming Baima Bollone's positive identification[<a href="#BZ98">BZ98</a>, 20; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305].</p><p><a name="1981h"></a><b>1981h</b> 10-11 October. The STURP team meets at Connecticut College in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut">New London, Connecticut</a>, for an invitation-only symposium closed to the public[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305]. During his presentation, Adler was asked to comment on McCrone's claim that there was no blood on the Shroud and he referred to a chart of the blood tests that he and <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n42part3.pdf">John Heller (1921-95)</a> had performed and remarked:<blockquote>"That means that the red stuff on the Shroud is emphatically, and without any reservation, nothing else but B-L-O-O-D!"[<a href="#HJ83">HJ83</a>, 216; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 69]</blockquote>STURP concluded:<blockquote>"No pigments, paints, dyes or stains have been found on the fibrils. X-ray, fluorescence and microchemistry on the fibrils preclude the possibility of paint being used as a method for creating the image. Ultraviolet and infrared evaluation confirm these studies. Computer image enhancement and analysis by a device known as a <a href="https://www.shroud.com/78strp10.htm">VP-8 Image Analyzer</a> show that the image has unique, three-dimensional information encoded in it. ... We can conclude for now that the Shroud image is that of a real human form of a scourged, crucified man. It is not the product of an artist"[<a href="#SC81">SC81</a>; <a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 178; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 218-219]</blockquote>The meeting marked the official expiration of the group's original written agreement with its team members and brings to a close the most productive period of its history[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305].</p><p><a name="1981i"></a><b>1981i</b> November. Another 24-page article, "<a href="https://harpers.org/archive/1981/11/shreds-of-evidence/">Shreds of evidence: Science confronts the miraculous-the Shroud of Turin</a>," by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen_Murphy">Cullen Murphy</a> is published in <i>Harper's Magazine</i>[<a href="#MC81">MC81</a>]. STURP chemist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Rogers">Ray Rogers (1927–2005)</a>, before he examined the Shroud in 1978, had said, "Give me twenty minutes, and I'll have this thing shot full of holes"[<a href="#MC81">MC81</a>, 44; <a href="#AF82">AF82</a>, 94]</p><p><a name="1981j"></a><b>1981j</b> December. STURP informs the Turin authorities that the Arizona, Brookhaven, Oxford and Rochester laboratories have all agreed to participate in a radiocarbon-dating of the Shroud[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305].</p><p><a name="1981k"></a><b>1981k</b> December. <a href="https://www.cremnc.com/memsol.cgi?user_id=2028162">Alan Whanger (1930-2017)</a> invented his Polarized Image Overlay technique - a procedure for comparing various images[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 41; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 177]. For my critique of Whanger's "Points of Congruence" claims, see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/01/obituary-2-dr-alan-duane-whanger-17.html">02Jan18</a>.</p><p><a name="1981l"></a><b>1981l</b> December. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/late16.htm#memorial3">Dr Sebastiano Rodante (1924-2016)</a>'s paper, "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi40part4.pdf">The </a><a name="paraDRV"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCxuwGmvRSWnm2YpLzj1xZLs6zk74Hg3S7zK0Jn6-zte3vkP6xM-PuQoSc3kp9Z_Hv0hZwNMlb1QOUqyOhV2xL8pZeQFV-I-ivyqr0CI97YwktRi06Pxau-RT3UYwN1gv6wwwZpi2bMM7W/s1600/Venous%2526ArterialBloodRodanteSSI%252301P19.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCxuwGmvRSWnm2YpLzj1xZLs6zk74Hg3S7zK0Jn6-zte3vkP6xM-PuQoSc3kp9Z_Hv0hZwNMlb1QOUqyOhV2xL8pZeQFV-I-ivyqr0CI97YwktRi06Pxau-RT3UYwN1gv6wwwZpi2bMM7W/s800/Venous%2526ArterialBloodRodanteSSI%252301P19.png" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCxuwGmvRSWnm2YpLzj1xZLs6zk74Hg3S7zK0Jn6-zte3vkP6xM-PuQoSc3kp9Z_Hv0hZwNMlb1QOUqyOhV2xL8pZeQFV-I-ivyqr0CI97YwktRi06Pxau-RT3UYwN1gv6wwwZpi2bMM7W/s1600/Venous%2526ArterialBloodRodanteSSI%252301P19.png">enlarge</a>): Distinction between venous blood in the reversed `3' or epsilon bloodstain, which is correctly over the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_vein">frontal vein</a> "V", and arterial blood which is over the frontal branch of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_temporal_artery">superficial temple artery</a> "Al" on the forehead of the Shroudman[<a href="#RS81">RS81</a>, 17]. See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/06/real-human-blood-23-man-on-shroud.html#paraDRV">03Jun17</a>].]</p><p><a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi40part4.pdf">Coronation of Thorns in the Light of the Shroud</a>" is published[<a href="#RS81">RS81</a>]. Dr. Rodante identified the origins of many of the head wounds on the Shroud based on the size or coagulation pattern of blood flows on the skin[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 67; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 26; <a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 99]. For example, he discovered that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon">epsilon</a>-shaped forehead clot on the Shroud lies exactly over the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_vein">frontal vein</a>, while the arterial wound numbered A1 above precisely corresponds with the frontal branch of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_temporal_artery">superficial temple artery</a>[<a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 26; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 26]. But the distincion between arterial and venous blood flows was only discovered in 1593 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino#Medical_and_physiological_works">Andrea Cesalpino (1524-1603)</a>[<a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 26; <a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 67; <a href="#TF06">TF06</a>, 99]. A medieval forger would not know this distinction to depict it on the Shroud[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 67]. Yet more evidence that the <a href="https://www.shroud.com/nature.htm">1260-1390" radiocarbon date of the Shroud</a>" is wrong![<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 67]. </p><p><a name="1982a"></a><b>1982a</b> STURP sets up a commission to study the possibility of using the radiocarbon technique to date the Shroud[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 116]. The commission is headed by <a href="http://obits.abqjournal.com/obits/show/153422">Robert Dinegar (1921-2005)</a>, a chemist at Los Alamos[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 116]. He and <a href="https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/pt.4.1844/full/">Harry Gove (1922-2009)</a> contacted six laboratories capable of working with small samples[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 116]. Four of the labs, Rochester, Arizona, Oxford and Zurich made use of the accelerator method[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 116]. The other two labs at Brookhaven and Harwell made use of the gas counter method[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 116].</p><p><a name="1982b"></a><b>1982b</b> A secret radiocarbon dating of the Shroud is conducted at the University of California nuclear accelerator facility[<a href="#CT96">CT96</a>, 75; <a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 285; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 136; <a href="#MW88">MW88</a>, 25; <a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 149; <a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 58]. Adler gave a single thread from the Raes sample (see "<a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2022/04/chronology-of-turin-shroud-twentieth.html#1973d">1973d</a>") to Heller, who delivered it to the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) for radiocarbon dating by Professor of Mineralogy <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._Rossman">George R. Rossman (1944-)</a>[<a href="#CT96">CT96</a>, 33; <a href="#BM02">BM02</a>, 11]. Adler had informed Rossman that one end of the thread contained a "starch contaminate," so Rossman cut the thread in half and, using a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier-transform_ion_cyclotron_resonance">Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer</a> (FTMS), dated each end of the thread separately[<a href="#BM02">BM02</a>, 11]. Rossman found that the non-contaminated end of the thread dated to AD 200 while the starched end dated to AD 1200[<a href="#CT96">CT96</a>, 33; <a href="#BM02">BM02</a>, 12; <a href="#MW88">MW88</a>, 25]! Adler stated that Rossman is the "world's expert in it [FTMS] and there's no arguing with him ... if he says these are the dates he got"[<a href="#BM02">BM02</a>, 12]. Although this was an unauthorised, radiocarbon date of a single sample[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 136; <a href="#MW88">MW88</a>, 25], because <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin_23.html">the 1260-1390 radiocarbon date of the Shroud was the result of a computer hacking</a>, <font color="red">this is the <i>only</i> actual radiocarbon date of the Shroud</font>! Its AD 200 date is consistent with the Shroud having been Jesus' burial sheet[<a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 58], since it is impossible to remove all carbon contamination from linen[<a href="#MW86">MW86</a>, 10].</p><p><a name="1982c"></a><b>1982c</b> June. Frei publishes his "<a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/ssi03part3.pdf">Nine Years of Palinological Studies on the Shroud</a>"[<a href="#FM82">FM828</a>]. See <a href="#1981c">1981c</a>. Frei reported he had identifed pollens from 58 varieties of plants[<a href="#WI86">WI86</a>, 38]. In particular, Frei found on the Shroud pollens of:<blockquote>"Desert plants, most notably <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=halophytes">halophytes</a>, specially adapted to grow in the exceptionally salty soil around the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea">Dead Sea</a>, also feature prominently in the list, along with no fewer than seven plants characteristic of Near Eastern rocky hills and other high places. It is obvious that the Shroud has been in a region typical of, if not identical with, the terrain in which the historical Jesus moved. But by far the greatest significance of the table is the preponderance of plants typical of, and in some cases effectively exclusive to, the environs of Jerusalem. The ... only reasonable inference being that it was somewhere in the Jerusalem region that the Shroud received its most prolonged exposure to the open air .. As Frei argued, the Shroud therefore must have once been in the very region it has to have been if it wrapped the body of Jesus: the land we today call Israel"[<a href="#WI86">WI86</a>, 43]</blockquote>Frei concluded:<blockquote>"The pollen-spectrum as described leaves no room for the hypothesis of a medieval fake painted in France. On the contrary, the pollen-deposits are a most valuable confirmation of the theory that the Shroud traveled from Palestine through Anatolia to Constantinople, France and Italy"[<a href="#FM82">FM828</a>, 7]!</blockquote></p><p><a name="1982d"></a><b>1982d</b> July. The British Museum Trustees agree that their Keeper of Scientific Services, <a href="https://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-mike-tite">Michael Tite</a>, should act as supervisor of any project to demonstrate satisfactory carbon dating of textiles, prior to any dating of the Shroud[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305]. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Research_Establishment">AERE Harwell</a> and the <a href="https://ams.ethz.ch/LIPServices/c14.html">Zurich AMS</a> facility are added to the list of laboratories willing to participate in any radiocarbon dating of the Shroud[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305].</p><p><a name="1982e"></a><b>1982e</b>. September. <a href="http://goo.gl/JX39h4">Giles F. Carter (1930-2010)</a>, a Professor of <p><a name="paraXPP"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaKX09zdOUUDP6sRhhg0bPxTimBjdojcfCNoYbe8gancZMX_r-MlP2jYtteOD8ZKKOabzsqUzY-uVYVmgzYsG9BtWEQafr43UXExk9urXCW9FkYO4hmMfgd0HD0oE0-GwYMVIvn_dDIrQg/s1600/XrayHandsShroudScopeDurante2002VerticalCropped611.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaKX09zdOUUDP6sRhhg0bPxTimBjdojcfCNoYbe8gancZMX_r-MlP2jYtteOD8ZKKOabzsqUzY-uVYVmgzYsG9BtWEQafr43UXExk9urXCW9FkYO4hmMfgd0HD0oE0-GwYMVIvn_dDIrQg/s800/XrayHandsShroudScopeDurante2002VerticalCropped611.png" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaKX09zdOUUDP6sRhhg0bPxTimBjdojcfCNoYbe8gancZMX_r-MlP2jYtteOD8ZKKOabzsqUzY-uVYVmgzYsG9BtWEQafr43UXExk9urXCW9FkYO4hmMfgd0HD0oE0-GwYMVIvn_dDIrQg/s1600/XrayHandsShroudScopeDurante2002VerticalCropped611.png">enlarge</a>): Extract of a <a href="http://goo.gl/bKwPAU">positive photograph of the Shroud</a> showing the finger (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_bone">phalanges</a>) and the hand (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacarpal_bones">meta-carpals</a>) bones beneath the skin[<a href="#LM10a">LM10a</a>]. See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/04/x-rays-22-man-on-shroud-evidence-is.html#paraFHB">20Apr17a</a>]</p><p><a name="paraCSM"></a>Chemistry at Eastern Michigan University, who for 15 years had specialised in x-ray fluorescence analysis[<a href="#SH90">SH90</a>, 131; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 213], proposed[<a href="#CG82">CG82</a>, 446] that parts of the Shroud man's image were the result of:<blockquote>"... x-rays emanating from the bones of the man in the Shroud ... absorbed by elements (e.g., sodium, silicon, phosphorus, potassium, calcium) at the surface of the body, which would then fluoresce and emit secondary x-rays of relatively long wavelength"[<a href="#CG82">CG82</a>, 433; <a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 42; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 241].</blockquote><a name="paraCNF"></a>Carter noted that the fingers in the Shroud image "are extremely long for a man of 1.73-1.78 m (5'8" - 5'10") height" and "the probability is very small that a man of this height would have such long fingers"[<a href="#CG82">CG82</a>, 430]. After considering other explanations of the Shroud man's too-long fingers, Carter proposed that, "the finger images may be due at least in part to x-rays emanating from the bones in the body":<blockquote>"...the finger images may be due at least in part to x-rays emanating from the bones in the body. Finger bones continue throughout much of the hand, and they could cause the fingers to look too long. In normal bodies, the ratio of the distance from the middle fingertip to the base of the finger divided by the distance from the middle fingertip to the wrist (wound area) is about 0.5. This compares with a ratio of about 0.6 for the image on the Shroud, meaning that the fingers are unusually long and the rest of the hand is grotesquely small. The probability for this to have occurred must be small"[<a href="#CG82">CG82</a>, 430; <a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 42; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 213; <a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 37].</blockquote><a name="paraSCN"></a>Secondly, Carter noted that some of the Shroudman's teeth are visible under his lips:<blockquote>"A second curious part of the Shroud image is the mouth area. Close inspection, particularly of slides from a distance, shows the presence of what appear to be eight or more objects, two rows of four or six ... Perhaps these could be teeth images ... because the lips probably covered the teeth of the body of the Shroud, any images of teeth may indicate that x-rays have been involved in the formation of the Shroud image ..."[<a href="#CG82">CG82</a>, 433; <a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 42; <a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 37-38; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 241].</blockquote><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqiiu8iLkJV-O5wxJa5OurqcSjvvRI_V8xJd0-msgVzz0viciy2Ss5vPkdJ7keRJzigWMebOj4np7zRQ3mvlYdPvbwdlQe3Teb9GuGd1WwIhxHz9K7nofhx4No0AFQcbt_sEN0gSqCr95qZSdpxPsroHndp8VOCvs5K2bPwFR_40_WDl-vGsWsavfSjg/s510/Durante2002FaceOnlyVertical210221SN.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqiiu8iLkJV-O5wxJa5OurqcSjvvRI_V8xJd0-msgVzz0viciy2Ss5vPkdJ7keRJzigWMebOj4np7zRQ3mvlYdPvbwdlQe3Teb9GuGd1WwIhxHz9K7nofhx4No0AFQcbt_sEN0gSqCr95qZSdpxPsroHndp8VOCvs5K2bPwFR_40_WDl-vGsWsavfSjg/s320/Durante2002FaceOnlyVertical210221SN.png" /></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqiiu8iLkJV-O5wxJa5OurqcSjvvRI_V8xJd0-msgVzz0viciy2Ss5vPkdJ7keRJzigWMebOj4np7zRQ3mvlYdPvbwdlQe3Teb9GuGd1WwIhxHz9K7nofhx4No0AFQcbt_sEN0gSqCr95qZSdpxPsroHndp8VOCvs5K2bPwFR_40_WDl-vGsWsavfSjg/s510/Durante2002FaceOnlyVertical210221SN.png">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#LM10c">LM10c</a>]: Extract from <a href="http://goo.gl/G2q7aZ">Shroud Scope</a> of a close-up positive photograph of the Shroud man's mouth area. As can be seen, under the skin of the man's upper and lower lips are at least 4 pairs of upper and lower teeth, in a curving <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=dental+arcade">dental arcade</a>, with a bite line between them. See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/04/x-rays-22-man-on-shroud-evidence-is.html#paraTRX">20Apr17b</a>]</p><p><a name="paraTCN"></a>Thirdly, Carter also noted that some skull bones and parts of the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWaSdsCXOz1LIDpkNIK0gpHfmYxoeH9grw7ok-ndQaJHvYmKNONDPpXAS3PIJvCZggIJsys0R725__2LhpvnRgRuemDRHb0-_4lNAfBzc911Tm0BvhH-ZNR1el6OsNOBp0KXw4B-6tOmi/s1600/SkullXrayShroudScopeEnrieNegativeVertical.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWaSdsCXOz1LIDpkNIK0gpHfmYxoeH9grw7ok-ndQaJHvYmKNONDPpXAS3PIJvCZggIJsys0R725__2LhpvnRgRuemDRHb0-_4lNAfBzc911Tm0BvhH-ZNR1el6OsNOBp0KXw4B-6tOmi/s800/SkullXrayShroudScopeEnrieNegativeVertical.png" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWaSdsCXOz1LIDpkNIK0gpHfmYxoeH9grw7ok-ndQaJHvYmKNONDPpXAS3PIJvCZggIJsys0R725__2LhpvnRgRuemDRHb0-_4lNAfBzc911Tm0BvhH-ZNR1el6OsNOBp0KXw4B-6tOmi/s1600/SkullXrayShroudScopeEnrieNegativeVertical.png">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#LM10d">LM10d</a>]: Enrie 1931 negative photograph of the man in the Shroud's head showing parts of his skull are visible under the skin, including his forehead, eye socket (<a href="https://goo.gl/JYc0rH">supraorbital ridge or brow ridge</a>), cheekbones and teeth. See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/04/x-rays-22-man-on-shroud-evidence-is.html#paraSKL">20Apr17c</a>]</p><p>backbone (spine [<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/04/x-rays-22-man-on-shroud-evidence-is.html#paraSPN">20Apr17d</a>]) can be seen under the man's skin:<blockquote>"A third observation indicating possible image formation by x-rays is the high, pronounced cheekbones. The face is somewhat skull-like, especially in the appearance of the high cheekbones. Part of the backbone may be visible on the dorsal image ..."[<a href="#CG82">CG82</a>, 433; <a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 42; <a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 37-38; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 242].</blockquote>That the Shroudman's dead body emitted x-rays is consistent with him being Jesus and emitting corona discharges (see <a href="#1983c">below</a>) at his resurrection. And <i>corona discharges emit x-rays</i>!:<blockquote>"X-rays from a corona discharge were detected for the first time by Bosamykin et al (1980), who reported on the generation of microsecond x-ray pulses in this type of discharge"[<a href="#TS11">TS11</a>].</blockquote>In fact Carter theorised that the x-rays were emitted by a corona discharge[<a href="#CG82">CG82</a>, 430], but he evidently was unaware of this 1980 report which was in a Russian journal.</p><p><a name="1982f"></a><b>1982f</b> October. Adler views Whanger's coin overlay photographs and </p><p><a name="paraCDC"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2nl5Yf7IoANX-eThFDxf8Ui_t8rgzf73Xg_Y83nrbIiuFPmeQQGfx3bkvfKpPtHPMaPTfWSwpVGVvIUN4m2Sk5PBlL9UXd_lEjHND8Xd7uVGcJsLPe6J8g5ttA8EgBbZBwfbSC3bic5azCNRx8ciJ0WHn9RS1FEi0VOrI7NCPC8cYVkeLW3FBcCJO6g/s320/LeptonPilateScheurmannCorona221208C9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2nl5Yf7IoANX-eThFDxf8Ui_t8rgzf73Xg_Y83nrbIiuFPmeQQGfx3bkvfKpPtHPMaPTfWSwpVGVvIUN4m2Sk5PBlL9UXd_lEjHND8Xd7uVGcJsLPe6J8g5ttA8EgBbZBwfbSC3bic5azCNRx8ciJ0WHn9RS1FEi0VOrI7NCPC8cYVkeLW3FBcCJO6g/s320/LeptonPilateScheurmannCorona221208C9.jpg" /></a>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2nl5Yf7IoANX-eThFDxf8Ui_t8rgzf73Xg_Y83nrbIiuFPmeQQGfx3bkvfKpPtHPMaPTfWSwpVGVvIUN4m2Sk5PBlL9UXd_lEjHND8Xd7uVGcJsLPe6J8g5ttA8EgBbZBwfbSC3bic5azCNRx8ciJ0WHn9RS1FEi0VOrI7NCPC8cYVkeLW3FBcCJO6g/s320/LeptonPilateScheurmannCorona221208C9.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#WA98">WA98</a>]: Image of Pontius Pilate lepton coin imprinted on linen by German physics teacher <a href="https://trauer-nordbayern-de.translate.goog/traueranzeige/oswald-scheuermann?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en">Oswald Scheuermann (1933-2019)</a>[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 149; <a href="#WA08b">WA08b</a>, 140; <a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 28; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 258] by corona discharge using a <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Van+de+Graaf">Van de Graaf generator</a>[<a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 38].]</p><p>observes that the image had emerged from the raised points of the coin, not the smooth surface, which is indicative of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge">corona discharge</a>[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 99; <a href="#WA08a">WA08a</a>, 136]. In a corona discharge, ionizing electrical energy first spreads over the surface of an object in the electrical field, including flesh, hair, cloth, leather and metal, and the ions are discharged as sparks into the air[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 99-100].</p><p><a name="1983a"></a><b>1983a</b> 14 January. Death of Max Frei, leaving unfinished the book he was writing on his pollen findings[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305]. Frei had made seven trips to the Middle East to gather plant specimens to help him in his work of identifying pollens from the Shroud[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 91]. Frei's estate, with all his Shroud materials, passes to his widow Gertrud[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305]. She in turn, in mid-1988, gives Frei's entire collection of Shroud sticky tapes enclosing his pollen grains, along with his unpublished manuscript, to the US- based pro-Shroud group ASSIST (Association of Scientists and Scholars International for the Shroud of Turin)[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 101; <a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 82], led by archaeologist <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/09/obituary-paul-c-maloney-april-9-1936.html">Paul Maloney (1936-2018)</a>[<a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 128]. Maloney, due to ill-health, passed them to the Whangers who were members of ASSIST[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 64; <a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 128].</p><p><a name="1983b"></a><b>1983b</b> 18 March. Death of ex-king <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=-b-d&q=umberto+ii+of+italy">Umberto II (1904-83)</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascais">Cascais,</a> Portugal[<a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 18; <a href="#WI86">WI86</a>, 125; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 305]. In his will he bequeathed the Shroud to the Pope and his successors, with the proviso that the cloth stays in Turin[<a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 18; <a href="#WI86">WI86</a>, 125; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 306; <a href="#WB06">WB06</a>].</p><p><a name="1983c"></a><b>1983c</b>. Scheuermann writes to Whanger that he thinks he can see flower-like patterns around the face of the Shroudman but Whanger couldn't see them[<a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 71]. Scheuermann, who had been <a name="paraCDF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmKx-NQxhRA4a-Jvaw3iZVmJPjq9bKiCUQbzqYnufLuFhHhZBVfM5OvEUrPfGVpSPh9WgLjZY01qoiPXlSeEUjnJQzsSGTcNO_wJsBCaxj6iNGXDSuDBPebuFOnpicWmQK8lU0QF1frScGgrMrvdQtJFn1mD6UZSw3-MMyO9fOVc2VpVBpYz9a4jZuMg/s1837/ScheurmannCoronaDischargeChrysanthemum221208C9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmKx-NQxhRA4a-Jvaw3iZVmJPjq9bKiCUQbzqYnufLuFhHhZBVfM5OvEUrPfGVpSPh9WgLjZY01qoiPXlSeEUjnJQzsSGTcNO_wJsBCaxj6iNGXDSuDBPebuFOnpicWmQK8lU0QF1frScGgrMrvdQtJFn1mD6UZSw3-MMyO9fOVc2VpVBpYz9a4jZuMg/s320/ScheurmannCoronaDischargeChrysanthemum221208C9.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmKx-NQxhRA4a-Jvaw3iZVmJPjq9bKiCUQbzqYnufLuFhHhZBVfM5OvEUrPfGVpSPh9WgLjZY01qoiPXlSeEUjnJQzsSGTcNO_wJsBCaxj6iNGXDSuDBPebuFOnpicWmQK8lU0QF1frScGgrMrvdQtJFn1mD6UZSw3-MMyO9fOVc2VpVBpYz9a4jZuMg/s1837/ScheurmannCoronaDischargeChrysanthemum221208C9.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, Fig. 5]: <i>Chrysanthemum coronarium</i> image on the Shroud (right); Corona discharge image of a chrysanthemum flower by Scheuermann (top lef); drawing of a chrysanthemum flower (bottom left)]</p><p>experimenting with corona discharge images of coins on linen (see <a href="#1982f">above</a>) then sent Whanger a photograph of corona discharge image of a chysanthemum flower similar to the one he could see near the Shroudman's head[<a href="#WA08b">WA08b</a>, 141] (later identified as <i>Chrysanthemum coronarium</i> - see <a href="#1985b">1985b</a>). A medieval forger would not know about, let alone use, a <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Van+de+Graaf">Van de Graaf generator</a> to create high-voltage corona discharges on linen, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator#Initial_development">it was only invented in 1929</a>[<a href="#VDW">VDW</a>]. <a name="paraBCD"></a>But a corona discharge could have been a by-product of Jesus' resurrection as His body changed state from "flesh and blood" to "his glorious [resurrection] body" [see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2008/10/shroud-of-turin-news-august-2008.html#paraHTS">10Oct08</a>, <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2013/10/shroud-of-turin-news-october-2013.html#paraSMF">06Oct13</a>, <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/02/three-dimensional-20-man-on-shroud.html#paraRSR">05Feb17</a>, ]:<blockquote>"... the Lord Jesus Christ, who, by the power that enables him to bring everything under his control, will <i>transform our lowly bodies so that they will be like his glorious body</i>." (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Php+3:20-21;&version=NIV">Php 3:20-21</a>). <br> <br>"...`How are the dead raised? With what kind of body will they come?' ... ... The body that is sown is perishable, <i>it is raised imperishable</i>; it is sown in dishonor, <i>it is raised in glory</i>." (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Cor+15:35,41-42;&version=NIV">1Cor 15:35,41-42</a>). <br> <br>"... <i>flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God</i>, nor does the perishable inherit <i>the imperishable</i>. ... <i>the dead will be raised imperishable</i>, and <i>we will be changed</i>." (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Cor+15:50-52;&version=NIV">1Cor 15:50-52</a>).</blockquote><a name="paraTNC"></a>STURP chemist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Rogers">Ray Rogers (1927–2005)</a> concluded that, "the image [on the Shroud] was <i>formed by a burst of radiant energy... at the moment of Jesus' resurrection</i>":<blockquote>"I am forced to conclude that the image [on the Shroud] was formed by a burst of radiant energy — light, if you will. I think there is no question about that. What better way, if you were a deity, of regenerating faith in a skeptical age, than to leave evidence 2,000 years ago that could be defined only by the technology available in that skeptical age. The one possible alternative is that the images were created by a burst of radiant light, such as Christ might have produced at the moment of resurrection"[<a href="#RR78">RR78</a>].</blockquote><a name="paraLJL"></a> Jesus' pre-resurrection body emitted "radiant energy" namely light, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus">Transfiguration</a> (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+17:1-13;+Mk+9:2-13;+Lk+9:28-36&version=ESV">Mt 17:1-13; Mk 9:2-13; Lk 9:28-36</a>), where His "face <i>shone like the sun</i>, and his clothes became <i>white as light</i>" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+17:2&version=ESV">Mt 17:2</a>); "his clothes became <i>radiant</i>, intensely white, as no one on earth could bleach them" (<a href="http://goo.gl/Jk5Nlo">Mk 9:3</a>); "the appearance of his face was altered, and his clothing became <i>dazzling</i> white" (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+9:29&version=ESV">Lk 9:29</a>). And the Transfiguration was "a preview of the <i>glorified body of Christ following his Resurrection</i>"[<a href="#TJW">TJW</a>]! This is consistent with other evidence that the Shroudman's dead body emitted x-rays, which are generated by corona discharges (see <a href="#1982e">above</a>)!</p><p><a name="1984a"></a><b>1984a</b>. June. <a href="https://www.shroudofturin.com/founders.html">John Jackson</a>, an Air Force physicist who was one of the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguc7ccsDkHrC54PoLdf5-VCXVrKC_VIHrvH7NE9Ee6n9VimzB_DQDI7rVTPs9xJl5dDfOuJzR2doyos7bDtyH-ld85EdYaql4ymcnarrEa07TZhWe6l7TQRpO9yVJ0auHSFYSw9A3_n_42/s1600/RakingLightFolds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguc7ccsDkHrC54PoLdf5-VCXVrKC_VIHrvH7NE9Ee6n9VimzB_DQDI7rVTPs9xJl5dDfOuJzR2doyos7bDtyH-ld85EdYaql4ymcnarrEa07TZhWe6l7TQRpO9yVJ0auHSFYSw9A3_n_42/s800/RakingLightFolds.jpg" /></a>organizers of the Shroud of Turin Research Project (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin_Research_Project">STURP</a>), reconstructed the pattern of the folds in the Shroud[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 24]. Using Shroud photographs and a life-size mock-up of the cloth, he found that doubling the cloth in four did indeed expose the face area[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 24; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 3]. Furthermore, Jackson found an eight-fold pattern of folds, visible in STURP's raking light photographs of the Shroud[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 24, <a href="#JJ84">JJ84</a>; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 154-156; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 3], which is exactly consistent with Wilson's doubling in four (see <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">15Sep12</a>)[<a href="#SH81">SH81</a>, 24; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 156; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 133].</p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguc7ccsDkHrC54PoLdf5-VCXVrKC_VIHrvH7NE9Ee6n9VimzB_DQDI7rVTPs9xJl5dDfOuJzR2doyos7bDtyH-ld85EdYaql4ymcnarrEa07TZhWe6l7TQRpO9yVJ0auHSFYSw9A3_n_42/s1600/RakingLightFolds.jpg">enlarge</a>): Diagram of raking light photograph of the Shroud, taken in 1978 by STURP, showing major foldlines consistent with the Shroud having been folded at one-eighth intervals[<a href="#WI86">WI86</a>, 123].</p><p><a name="1984b"></a><b>1984b</b> 16 October. <a href="https://radaris.com/p/Thomas/D%27muhala/">Tom d'Muhala (1940-)</a> and John Jackson, as President and Vice-President of STURP, together with their Italian scientific counterparts <a href="https://tinyurl.com/y5vt7ow8">Prof. Giovanni Riggi (1935-2008)</a> and <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n67part8.pdf">Prof. Luigi Gonella (1930–2007)</a>, met with the Archbishop of Turin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasio_Ballestrero">Cardinal Ballestrero (r. 1977-89)</a>[<a href="#WI86">WI86</a>, 127]. They presented him with STURP's 177-page proposal entitled "Phase II"[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 116-117] of the next round of scientific testing of the Shroud, including radiocarbon dating[<a href="#WI86">WI86</a>, 127; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 306]. STURP proposed that six samples be taken from different parts of the Shroud which would then be distributed by STURP, who would act as the "submitter" to the six laboratories[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 117]. But Gove, who had a concealed anti-Christian animosity toward STURP[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 193], ensured that STURP's proposal would come to nothing (see "<a href="#1985d">1985d</a>").</p><p><a name="1985a"></a><b>1985a</b> January. Publication of <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Dubarle?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc">Fr. Andre Dubarle (1910-2002)</a>'s survey, <i>Histoire</i> <a name="paraPCX"></a><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Hungarianpraymanuscript1192-1195.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Hungarianpraymanuscript1192-1195.jpg" /></a></p><p>[Left (<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Hungarianpraymanuscript1192-1195.jpg">enlarge</a>)[<a href="#FHP">FHP</a>]: "The Entombment of Christ (upper) and Three Marys [sic] at the tomb (lower). The images are claimed as one of the evidences against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating_of_the_Shroud_of_Turin">radiocarbon 14 dating of the Shroud of Turin</a>"[<a href="#PCW">PCW</a>].]</p><p> <i>Ancienne du Linceul de Turin</i> ("Ancient History of the Shroud of Turin"), in France[<a href="#SD06">SD06</a>, xxvi]. Dubarle covers the early history of the Shroud up to 1204[<a href="#SD06">SD06</a>, xxvi]. One of his contributions was to point up the importance of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray_Codex">1192 Budapest Pray manuscript</a>[<a href="#SD06">SD06</a>, xxvi]. It depicts a nude Jesus, hands in the same attitude as on the Turin Shroud, lying upon a cloth whose design resembles the herringbone twill of the Shroud[<a href="#SD06">SD06</a>, xxvi; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 147; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 179]. The cloth bears four marks in the same pattern as the burn-holes (`poker holes') of unknown date still seen on the Shroud[<a href="#SD06">SD06</a>, xxvi; <a href="#WI91">WI91</a>, 160-161; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 147; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 192]. This argues that it was modeled on the Shroud in or before 1192[<a href="#SD06">SD06</a>, xxvi]. </p><p><a name="1985b"></a><b>1985b</b> Whanger notices a flower image, just above the head and to one side[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 27-28; <a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 71; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 112]. He later identifies it as <i><a href="http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Chrysanthemumcoronarium_page.htm">Chrysanthemum</a></i> <a name="paraCCF"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8pCNP5kSAtEBrdjydoJA4435ddaSVFp5-f0N_kP3RJzMe5nJScQ3YDo4yj4X__0wJuLhTHgF2zvrBRXy-ptIEJ3SYUADpRS3MeUKiXid-9S0oMes208JIQe8qhacwqTfgs5q83O2ilNau/s1600/ChrysanthemumShroudScopeCircled.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:right;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8pCNP5kSAtEBrdjydoJA4435ddaSVFp5-f0N_kP3RJzMe5nJScQ3YDo4yj4X__0wJuLhTHgF2zvrBRXy-ptIEJ3SYUADpRS3MeUKiXid-9S0oMes208JIQe8qhacwqTfgs5q83O2ilNau/s800/ChrysanthemumShroudScopeCircled.png" /></a></p><p>[Right (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8pCNP5kSAtEBrdjydoJA4435ddaSVFp5-f0N_kP3RJzMe5nJScQ3YDo4yj4X__0wJuLhTHgF2zvrBRXy-ptIEJ3SYUADpRS3MeUKiXid-9S0oMes208JIQe8qhacwqTfgs5q83O2ilNau/s1600/ChrysanthemumShroudScopeCircled.png">enlarge</a>): Image of a <i><a href="https://tinyurl.com/tjywg7e">Chrysanthemum coronarium</a></i> flower (circled in red) on the Shroud[<a href="#LM10b">LM10b</a>]. This is one of the clearer flower image on the Shroud[<a href="#DW99">DW99</a>, 16]. See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2019/12/flower-plant-images-31-other-marks-and.html#paraNTR">17Dec19</a>]</p><p><i><a href="http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Chrysanthemumcoronarium_page.htm">coronarium</i></a> (since renamed <i>Glebionis coronaria</i>), which is is native to the Mediterranean region[<a href="#GCW">GCW</a>], including <a href="http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Chrysanthemumcoronarium_page.htm">Israel</a>. Whanger subsequently identified the images of 28 different plants on the Shroud, using <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Zohary+Flora+Palestina">Zohary's <i>Flora Palestina</i></a>[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 28; <a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 78; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 112; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 149]. <a name="paraFTT"></a>Of the 28 plants, 27 grow within the close vicinity of Jerusalem and the 28th grows around the Dead Sea[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 28;<a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 78; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 112]. The blooming season for all these plants is March - April[<a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 112; <a href="#WA08b">WA08b</a>, 142] and Jesus was crucified in April[<a href="#FJ64">FJ64</a>, 296, 300; <a href="#DK15">DK15</a>]! All 28 would have been available in Jerusalem markets in a fresh state, and most would have been growing along the roadside or in nearby fields[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 28; <a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 78; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 112]. In 1997 Prof. <a href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/42/3/16">Avinoam Danin (1939–2015)</a>, author of <a href="https://flora.org.il/en/avinoam-danin-2/">Flora of Israel Online</a>, confirmed almost all of Whanger's identifications, and also discovered additional flower images that were not found by Whanger[<a href="#WW98">WW98</a>, 78; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 112; <a href="#DA10">DA10</a>, 12]. There is also a strong positive correlation between the flower images on the Shroud found by Whanger and the pollen grains found on the Shroud by Max Frei[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 28-29; <a href="#AM00">AM00</a>, 112]. Of the 28 plants images on the Shroud identified by Whanger, Frei had previously identified the pollens of 25 of the same or similar plants on the Shroud[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating#Beta_counting">AM00</a>, 112; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 149-150]!</p><p><a name="1985c"></a><b>1985c</b> May. Another proposal for a C-14 test was submitted to the Cardinal by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Meacham">William Meacham</a>, an American archaeologist living in Hong Kong, that the following five samples be taken from the Shroud: 1) a single thread from the middle of the cloth between the dorsal and ventral images, 2) a small piece cut just in from the edge next to the site of Raes' piece I, 3) a piece of the charred cloth, 4) a piece cut from the side strip next to the site of Raes' II, 5) a piece of the backing, cloth sewn on in 1534[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 117]. That would produce two or three radiocarbon ages that would agree with one another, thereby giving a reliable date for the calendar age of the linen Shroud[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 117]. </p><p><a name="1985d"></a><b>1985d</b> 1 June. At the 12th International Radiocarbon Conference in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim">Trondheim</a>, Norway, Tite and <a href="https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thetimes-uk/obituary.aspx?n=richard-john-firman-burleigh&pid=184355290">Richard Burleigh (c. 1932-2017)</a> of the British Museum, London, release the results of an inter-comparison experiment conducted between six radiocarbon dating laboratories, four using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating#Accelerator_mass_spectrometry">AMS</a> and two using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating#Beta_counting">small gas proportional counters</a>[<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 9; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 181, 306]. This showed how unreliable radiocarbon dating of cloth really is[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 137]. The British Museum had arranged for each of the laboratories to receive two samples for testing: flax from Egypt dated 3000 BC and Peruvian cotton from AD 1200[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 24; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 137]. The laboratories were told their provenance, but not their ages[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 24]. The results from the labs were revealing: Zurich lab was off 1,000 years because the samples were improperly cleaned of contamination[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 24; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 306]; and the other labs dated the Peruvian sample later than it actually was, between AD 1400 and 1668[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 24; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 137]. Despite these errors, the experiment is seen as opening the way for a radiocarbon dating of the Shroud[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 306]. Gove proposed to the representatives of the other five laboratories that they separate from STURP (see "<a href="#1984b">1984b</a>") and continue on their own and the laboratories agreed[<a href="#PM96">PM96</a>, 27; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 117-118]. They proposed instead the following Trondheim Protocol: 1) The British Museum would be the co-ordinating body and the "guarantor" of the investigations. 2) The "good services" of STURP would be requested to organize the cutting operation. 3) The British Museum would supply two additional samples of known dates with a difference of at least ± 150 years. The three samples, including that of the Shroud, would be unravelled and the threads cut up to render them as indistinguishable as possible. 4) The British Museum would obtain a written declaration from the laboratories not to divulge the results to anybody, except those authorized and designated by the Museum. 5) The six laboratories could use any method of their choice to prepare the specimens for dating, but detailed descriptions should be carefully recorded of the procedure and the manner in which their average values and their uncertainties were assessed. 6) The results would be sent to the Holy See and the Archbishop of Turin before publication[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 118]. STURP's representative at the Conference, Dinegar, insisted that the radiocarbon dating was only one of the tests which was part of the STURP project and that it should not have priority over the others[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 118]. But Gove threatened that the laboratories would not participate if STURP were allowed to do anything other than cut the samples[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 118]. It is suggested that the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Pontifical+Academy+of+Sciences+">Pontifical Academy of Sciences be contacted</a>[<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 9; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 306].</p><p><a name="1985f"></a><b>1985e</b> October.</a></b> Through <a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/vcanuto.html">Vittorio Canuto</a>, a NASA astrophysicist and a scientific aide to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Chagas_Filho">Prof. Carlos Chagas (1910-2000)</a>, President of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Gove meets with Chagas in New York to discuss the holding of a workshop of all parties interested to radiocarbon date the Shroud[<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 9; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 306].</p><p><a name="1986a"></a><b>1986a</b> January. <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/09/obituary-paul-c-maloney-april-9-1936.html">Paul Maloney (1936-2018)</a> of the U.S. Shroud group ASSIST receives from Max Frei's widow two copies of Frei's unpublished manuscript, together with five of the sticky-tape samples he took in 1978[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 306].</p><p><a name="1986b"></a><b>1986b</b> February. Gove meets with the Archbishop of Turin's scientific adviser, <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/n67part8.pdf">Prof. Luigi Gonella [1930–2007]</a> in New York, who insists that the proposed radiocarbon-dating workshop be held in Turin[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 306].</p><p><a name="1986c"></a><b>1986c</b> 16 February. Shroud Conference at Elizabethtown College, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Pennsylvania">Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania</a>, at which some of Max Frei's pollen samples are examined by the attendees, who include Walter McCrone, who almost immediately confirms observing pollen[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 306].</p><p><a name="1986d"></a><b>1986d</b> April. Chagas sends out invitations for the workshop meeting to take place in Turin on 9-11 June, but reveals it to the British journalist Peter Jennings, who publishes the story, precipitating heated feelings[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 306].</p><p><a name="1986e"></a><b>1986e</b> May. A. Orville Dahl, professor emeritus of palynology at the University of Pennsylvania examined Dr. Frei's unpublished manuscript held by ASSIST's Paul Maloney and noted the rather high number of floral pollen types on the Shroud[<a href="#MP90">MP90</a>, 5], That is, these are insect pollinated plants[<a href="#MP90">MP90</a>, 5]. He proposed the hypothesis that human activity must be involved and that perhaps flowers had been laid down on the Shroud in a liturgical context[<a href="#MP90">MP90</a>, 5].</p><p><a name="1986f"></a><b>1986f</b> 16 May. The Pontifical Academy of Sciences sends a cable, postponing meeting to discuss the carbon dating of the Shroud[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 306].</p><p><a name="1986g"></a><b>1986g</b> 27 May. Gove, with <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-edward-hall-9260740.html">Prof. Edward Hall (1924-2001)</a> of Oxford and British Museum Director Sir David Wilson as co-signatories, cables <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Cardinals+Casaroli">Vatican Secretary of State, Agostino Casaroli (1914-1998)</a> and Ballestrero, angrily protesting the postponement and warning that several institutions may withdraw[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 306-307].</p><p><a name="1986h"></a><b>1986h</b> May-June. <a href="https://www.shroud.com/late16.htm#memorial4">Gino Zaninotto (c. 1936-2016)</a>, an Italian scholar, reported his rediscovery in the Vatican Archive of a Greek manuscript, Codex Vatican Graecus 511 (tenth century), of a sermon given by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Gregory+referendarius">Gregory, archdeacon and referendarius</a> of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Hagia+Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> Church in Constantinople[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 192; <a href="#CD93">CD93</a>, 26; <a href="#SD98">SD98</a>, 62; <a href="#FM15">FM15</a>, 56; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 5]. It was delivered on August 16, 944[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 192] the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/944#Byzantine_Empire">day after the arrival of the Image of Edessa in Constantinople</a>[see "<a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/05/chronology-of-turin-shroud-tenth-century.html#0944b">944b</a>"][<a href="#SD98">SD98</a>, 62; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 4]. As an eyewitness of the events, Gregory names those who participated in the celebration[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 192]. He mentions crowning the Mandylion with the emperor's crown and placing it on the imperial throne, acknowledgment of the overlordship of Christ[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 192; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 5]. He notices, curiously, that the image was formed by "the perspiration of death on his face"[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 192]. Then comes the most surprising part: he speaks of the side wound and the blood seen there[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 192; <a href="#SD98">SD98</a>, 62; <a href="#FM15">FM15</a>, 57; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 5]. How to explain a face-icon of Christ with a wound in its side -- unless folded back behind the face the upper body was visible[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 192]. It is a strong hint that folded <i>tetradiplon</i>[see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2012/09/tetradiplon-and-shroud-of-turin.html">15Sep12</a>]- Mandylion and Shroud were one and the same object[<a href="#SD91">SD91</a>, 192]! Wilson's circumstantial evidence that the Edessa cloth held a full-body image was now very possibly eyewitness-proved[<a href="#SD98">SD98</a>, 62]!</p><p><a name="1986i"></a></p><p><b>1986i</b> June. Two years before the Shroud was radiocarbon-dated, pro-Shroud archaeologist Meacham cautioned:<blockquote>"Several C14 dating proposals are now under consideration by the Archbishop of Turin. In contrast to these positive developments, however, there appears to be an unhealthy consensus approaching the level of dogma among both scientific and lay commentators, that C14 dating will `settle the issue once and for all time.' This attitude sharply contradicts the general perspective of field archaeologists and geologists, who view possible contamination as a very serious problem in interpreting the results of radiocarbon measurement"[<a href="#MW86">MW86</a>, 15; <a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 37].</blockquote>And he concluded:<blockquote>"Listening to the tapes of the recent symposium at Elizabethtown, I was struck again by nearly all the speakers' repeated references to the eventual C14 date as `scientific proof of the Shroud's age' or `proof of the disauthenticity of the Shroud if it is not First Century', etc. These statements are seriously in error. We must bear in mind that C14 will not prove or disprove the Shroud's authenticity or its true age, because radiocarbon dating rests upon a number of assumptions which cannot be subjected to laboratory proof-the most important assumption in this instance being that the carbon now present in the sample is indeed the carbon present at the time the sample died (i.e., the harvest of the flax used in making the linen)"[<a href="#MW86">MW86</a>, 24].</blockquote></p><p><a name="1986j"></a><b>1986j</b> July-August. Optical crystallographer <a href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/saltlaketribune/name/joseph-kohlbeck-obituary?id=38213601">Joseph Kohlbeck (1927-2022)</a> and archaeologist <a href="https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/nitowski.pdf">Eugenia Nitowski (1949-2007)</a> report that limestone dust on the feet of the man on the Shroud (from a Ray Roger's STURP sticky tape sample[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 104; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 114] is the same comparatively rare <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=travertine+aragonite">travertine aragonite</a> found in Jerusalem cave tombs[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 105; <a href="#RC99">RC99</a>, 77; <a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 93], in one of which Jesus was buried (<a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+27%3A60%3B+Mk+15%3A46%3B+Lk+23%3A53%3B+Jn+19%3A41-42&version=ESV">Mt 27:60; Mk 15:46; Lk 23:53; Jn 19:41-42)</a>[<a href="#IJ98">IJ98</a>, 74]. Moreover, their chemical signature revealed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Levi-Setti">Prof. Riccardo Levi-Setti (1927-2018)</a>, using the University of Chicago's </p><p><a name="paraDRL"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq5nVTZNPShp8ORQr_TsuuPz6iIOt-nnrD1oKSjW-_nQblQ6M17aN_9RQjajaXaDifNEiyEaXkMjPpOqogBF33sWZmKbGW7g_Z-G-XRnYEMYc-wxhGb-8PCKOHaU9Wvi1UEScZ8SdcEbXK/s1600/Limestone1BARJul1986x400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq5nVTZNPShp8ORQr_TsuuPz6iIOt-nnrD1oKSjW-_nQblQ6M17aN_9RQjajaXaDifNEiyEaXkMjPpOqogBF33sWZmKbGW7g_Z-G-XRnYEMYc-wxhGb-8PCKOHaU9Wvi1UEScZ8SdcEbXK/s800/Limestone1BARJul1986x400.jpg" /></a> <br><a href="https://goo.gl/EgLauJ" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="1" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtIokOz3tT3_ne0BrsEy8sMnk1_aUL99BLPv-HKMaW3CvG5TOvMhR6qX62drcb5GUdzfjJgqcmp8M5Vhu5Gf1hdvY-tUYQ0cXVSr9aICDnXWsjrUXbZTsnAUpATasM5kRrz_xRtxUQOvDx/s800/Limestone2BARJul1986x400.jpg" /></a> <p>[Above: Prof. Ricardo Levi-Setti's scanning ion microprobe comparisons of Jerusalem limestone (black) and limestone on Shroud (red)[<a href="#KN86">KN86</a>]. As can be seen above, from their spectral patterns, the Shroud foot and Jerusalem tomb limestone samples were a very close match[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 106]</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitive_high-resolution_ion_microprobe">ion microprobe</a>, were almost identical[; <a href="#WS00">WS00</a>, 93; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 114]! [See above and <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-shroud-of-turin-26-other-marks-3_22.html#para3">22Mar13</a> & <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/12/dirt-30-other-marks-and-images-evidence.html#paraNNG">27 Dec 18</a>].</p><p><a name="1986k"></a><b>1986k</b> 29 September - 1 October. Representatives of the radiocarbon dating laboratories, among 26 participants meet in Turin, under Chagas' chairmanship, in a `workshop', to discuss the best protocol for radiocarbon dating the Shroud[<a href="#BM95">BM95</a>, 38; <a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 9; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307; <a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 119; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 164]. A protocol is drawn up for seven laboratories (five AMS, two small gas counter) to take part, the AMS facility at <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Gif-sur-Yvette">Gif-sur-Yvette</a>, having been added to the list[<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 9; <a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 223]. They ignored Gonella's "great concern" that seven laboratories to carbon-date one object was "political", not scientific<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 151) and he represented the actual custodian of the Shroud, the Archbishop of Turin, who would have the final say! The test would be blind: each laboratory would receive three samples: one from the Shroud and two control samples supplied by the British Museum, with the laboratories not knowing which sample was from the Shroud[<a href="#GV01">GV01</a>, 119; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 223; <a href="#DT12">DT12</a>, 165]. Swiss textile expert <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mechthild_Flury-Lemberg?_x_tr_sl=de&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en">Mechthild Flury-Lemberg (1929-)</a> would cut the samples from the Shroud[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307; <a href="#OM10">OM10</a>, 223]. This Turin Protocol is then submitted to both the Pope and the Archbishop of Turin[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307].</p><p><a name="1986l"></a><b> 1986l</b> 6 October. News of the meeting is released to the world's press[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307].</p><p><a name="1987a"></a><b>1987a</b> 27 April. The Turin newspaper <i>La Stampa</i> publicly quotes Gonella as saying that only two or three laboratories would be involved in the dating[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307].</p><p><a name="1987b"></a><b>1987b</b> 1 July. Representatives of the seven laboratories write a letter to Cardinal Ballestrero advising: 'As participants in the workshop who devoted considerable effort to achieve our goal we would be irresponsible if we were not to advise you that this fundamental modification in the proposed procedures may lead to failure'[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307].</p><p><a name="1987c"></a><b>1987c</b> 10 October. Cardinal Ballestrero writes to the seven radiocarbon laboratories informing them that on the advice of his scientific advisor Gonella, it is only three of their number, the Oxford, Arizona and Zurich laboratories, who have been chosen to perform the testing[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307]. Ballestrero's letter states that ' experience in the field of archaeological radiocarbon dating' was a criterion and that certain other details of the 1986 protocol have been scrapped, including any further involvement of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in the exercise[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307]. Also eliminated is the participation of Flury-Lemberg[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307]. Tite is named as the appointed supervisor for certification of the samples[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307]. <a name="paraCTM"></a>According to my hacker theory [see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin_23.html">23Jul15</a>] after Ballestrero's reduction of the seven laboratories using two methods of radiocarbon dating (AMS and small gas proportional counters) to three laboratories, Arizona, Oxford and Zurich, using the one AMS method, the hacker (allegedly Arizona laboratory physicist <a href="https://goo.gl/iwFLqv">Timothy W. Linick (1946-89)</a> would have realised that it was feasible for him to write a program to be installed on the AMS computers at the three laboratories (which were effectively clones[<a href="#WI91">WI91</a>, 178]), to replace the Shroud's carbon 14 dates coming from their AMS systems, with computer-generated dates which would ensure that the Shroud appeared to date from a plausible time, 1325, before the Shroud's debut in undisputed history at Lirey, France, about 1355[<a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 222]. See <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2016/02/the-1260-1390-radiocarbon-date-of-turin.html#para13">22Feb16</a> and <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/10/10-october-1987-on-this-day-30-years.html#paraNST">22Oct17</a>.</p><p><a name="1987d"></a><b>1987d</b> November. The directors of the three chosen laboratories warn Cardinal Ballestrero: 'As you are aware, there are many critics in the world who will scrutinize these measurements in great detail[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307]. The abandonment of the original protocol and the decision to proceed with only three laboratories will certainly enhance the skepticism of these critics'[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307]. The chosen three declare themselves 'hesitant to proceed', and request the matter be given 'further consideration'[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307].</p><p><a name="1987e"></a><b>1987e</b> 18 December. The Spanish Center of Sindonology (<a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Centro+Espa%C3%B1ol+de+Sindonolog%C3%ADa">CES</a>) officially opens[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 18]. While they were taking the first steps to initiate a scientific multidisciplinary study on the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?-b-d&q=Sudarium+of+Oviedo">Sudarium of Oviedo</a>, the news was made public that, according to the carbon 14 dating of the Shroud, it had been fabricated in the Middle Ages, between the years 1260 and 1390[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 18]. For the investigative team, the following question immediately arose: if the Shroud and the Sudarium have bloodstains from the same person, how is it possible that the Shroud is from the cited era if the Sudarium has been in Oviedo since the eighth century and in Spain since the seventh century?[<a href="#BJ01">BJ01</a>, 18]. </p><p><a name="1988a"></a><b>1988a</b> January 13. <i>La Stampa</i> discloses that Gove and <a href="https://goo.gl/oKrTPi">Prof. Garman Harbottle (1923-2016)</a> of <a href="https://goo.gl/5k3ecK">Brookhaven laboratory</a> have written an open letter to the Pope, also to <i>Nature</i> and the director of the British Museum, deploring the rejection of the seven-laboratory protocol[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307]. They claim that the Pope has been 'badly advised' and 'that he is making a mistake if he approves a limited or reduced version of the research whose outcome will be, to say the least, questionable'[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 307-308].</p><p><a name="1988b"></a><b>1988b</b> 15 January. In a press release Gove and Harbottle conclude, 'The Archbishop's plan, disregarding the protocol, does not seem capable of producing a result that will meet the test of credibility and scientific rigor' and that 'it is probably better to do nothing than to proceed with a scaled-down experiment'[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 184, 308].</p><p><a name="1988c"></a><b>1988c</b> 22 January. Gonella and leading representatives of the Oxford, Arizona and Zurich laboratories meet in the Board Room of the British Museum, London, to discuss the best procedures to be adopted. News of this meeting is released the same evening[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 308].</p><p><a name="1988d"></a><b>1988d</b> February. Tite tries unsuccessfully to find control samples of weave identical to the Shroud[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 308].</p><p><a name="1988e"></a><b>1988e</b> 25 March. Gove writes to the Pope outlining all that has transpired and appealing to him to persuade Cardinal Ballestrero to revert to the original protocol but is letter is ignored[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 308].</p><p><a name="1988f"></a><b>1988f</b> 21 April. At 5 a.m. the Shroud is secretly taken out of its casket. At 6.30 a.m. Tite and the representatives of the three laboratories assemble at the cathedral. In the cathedral sacristy the Shroud is unrolled and shown to assembled representatives of the three chosen radiocarbon dating laboratories. Professor Testore of Turin Polytechnic, Gonella's choice as textile expert in place of Mme. Flury-Lemberg, reportedly asks 'What's that brown patch?' of the wound in the side. Professor Riggi and Professor Gonella reportedly spend two hours arguing about the exact location on the Shroud from which the sample should be taken. During the event, it is Riggi who seems in charge of the operation[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 309]. At 9.45 a.m., with a video-camera recording his every move (he will later sell copies to international media and others), he cuts a sliver from one edge and divides this into two, then divides one of these halves into three. In a separate room (the Sala Capitolare), and now unrecorded by any camera, the Cardinal and Tite place these three latter samples in sealed canisters, for the respective laboratories to take away with them[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 309]. At 1 p.m. the sample taking for carbon-dating purposes is formally completed, and the laboratory representatives depart[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 309]. During the afternoon, and in the presence of some twenty witnesses, Riggi takes blood samples from the lower part of the crown-of-thorns bloodstains on the Shroud's dorsal image. According to Riggi's own subsequent account, he received the cardinal's permission to take for himself both these 'blood' samples and the portion of the Shroud he cut away but which was superfluous to the needs of the carbon-dating laboratories. These samples he will deposit in a bank vault[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 309]. At 8.30 p.m. the Shroud is returned to its casket[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 309].</p><p><a name="1988g"></a><b>1988g</b> 22 April. (Friday) The news of the taking of the samples is released to the world's press.</p><p><a name="1988h"></a><b>1988h</b> 24 April. (Sunday) Safely arrived back in Tucson, Damon and Donahue of the Arizona laboratory informally open the samples, immediately recognizing the characteristic weave of the Shroud on opening sample A1. A photograph taken on this occasion shows this sample to have been in two parts[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 309].</p><p><a name="1988i"></a><b>1988i</b> 25 April. (Monday) Formal opening of the Arizona samples, with Damon and Donahue now joined by Toolin and Jull[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 309].</p><p><a name="1988j"></a><b>1988j</b> 6 May. 9.50 am. In the presence of Harry Gove, who has been invited to be present, the Shroud sample is run through the Arizona system. With the calibration applied, the date arrived at is 1350 AD[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 310].</p><p><a name="1988k"></a><b>1988k</b> 8 June. The Arizona laboratory completes its work on the Shroud[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 310].</p><p><a name="1988l"></a><b>1988l</b> 4 July. The Oxford laboratory, having delayed because of technical adjustments to their radiocarbon dating unit, begins its pre-treatment of its Shroud sample and controls[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 310].</p><p><a name="1988m"></a><b>1988m</b> 15 July. At the Hotel Thalwiler Hof, Thalwil, Switzerland, Max Frei's entire collection of twenty-eight sticky-tape Shroud samples is formally handed over to the American Shroud group ASSIST[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 310].</p><p><a name="1988n"></a><b>1988n</b> 22 July. (Friday) Michael Tite of the British Museum receives the Zurich laboratory's radiocarbon dating findings[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 310].</p><p><a name="1988o"></a><b>1988o</b> 23 July. Shroud Meeting at the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, in which Max Frei's sticky tape samples, just brought over from Europe, are formally and collectively studied by Walter McCrone, Alan Adler and others, under the auspices of the U.S. Shroud group ASSIST, reveals that, in addition to pollens and fabric particles, the tapes bear a surprising proportion of plant parts and floral debris, suggesting that actual flowers were laid on the Shroud at some time during its history[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 310].</p><p><a name="1988p"></a><b>1988p</b> 8 August. The Oxford laboratory completes its Shroud work[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 310].</p><p><a name="1988q"></a><b>1988q</b> 26 August. The <i>London Evening Standard</i> carries banner headlines declaring the Shroud to be a fake made in 1350. The source, Cambridge librarian <a href="https://www.magd.cam.ac.uk/dr-richard-luckett-1978-1945-2020">Stephen Luckett (1945-2020)</a>, has no known previous connection with the Shroud, or with the carbon dating work [See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2017/08/obituary-rev-h-david-sox-24-april-1936.html#paraHBT">15Aug17</a> for my explanation], but in this article declares scientific laboratories 'leaky institutions'[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 310; <a href="#WI10">WI10</a>, 89]. The story is picked up around the world[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 310]. Gove realises that the leaker was "someone who was present at Arizona during the first measurement":<blockquote>"I must say I wondered about Luckett's date of 1350 because it was the date Donahue announced to me when I was present at the first radiocarbon measurement on the shroud in 6 May 1988. Of course, it also corresponds very closely to the shroud's known historic date. However, I still assumed Luckett had said he got the number from Oxford. When I read that he claimed he got it from one of the other two labs I worried that it might have come from someone who was present at Arizona during the first measurement"[<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 279].</blockquote>Further, Gove must have realised that the "someone" was the alleged hacker, Arizona laboratory physicist <a href="https://goo.gl/iwFLqv">Timothy W. Linick (1946-89)</a> [see <a href="http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2014/06/my-theory-that-radiocarbon-dating_24.html">24Jun14</a>], because the below group photograph of those present at Arizona's first dating on 6 May 1988, in Gove's 1996 book, shows Linick standing in front of everyone, indicating that he was in charge of Arizona's computerised AMS process, but Gove barely mentions Linick in his book:<blockquote>"My signature was followed by T W Linick and P J Sercel, also from the Arizona facility"[<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 262].</blockquote><a name="paraTPT"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3RlYstiHZqsVFgLhhAF7aHC-kmuq-ogjwp-MRwpCjvTFXrQxweM_LE9MVbGeDST9N8zjmbftpa6MFcOD8Ofqio7XIBOjxaxcHaTQ2jcylXibElv2NtfIpz8wT3PK6ilL5tJ5uYzbBQV5O/s1600/ArizonaLab6May88GoveP176H.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3RlYstiHZqsVFgLhhAF7aHC-kmuq-ogjwp-MRwpCjvTFXrQxweM_LE9MVbGeDST9N8zjmbftpa6MFcOD8Ofqio7XIBOjxaxcHaTQ2jcylXibElv2NtfIpz8wT3PK6ilL5tJ5uYzbBQV5O/s800/ArizonaLab6May88GoveP176H.jpg"></a></p><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3RlYstiHZqsVFgLhhAF7aHC-kmuq-ogjwp-MRwpCjvTFXrQxweM_LE9MVbGeDST9N8zjmbftpa6MFcOD8Ofqio7XIBOjxaxcHaTQ2jcylXibElv2NtfIpz8wT3PK6ilL5tJ5uYzbBQV5O/s1600/ArizonaLab6May88GoveP176H.jpg">enlarge</a>): "Those present at the Arizona AMS carbon dating facility at 9:50 am on 6 May 1988 when the age of the shroud [sic] was determined"[<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 176H]. The alleged hacker, <a href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/download/16617/16293">Timothy W. Linick</a>, is the one in a black shirt standing <i>significantly</i> most prominently in the foreground[<a href="#JS89">JS89</a>]. The <a href="https://goo.gl/IlnBir">1989 <i>Nature</i> article</a> in footnote 9 acknowledged that Linick wrote the 1986 paper which described in detail the AMS radiocarbon system at Arizona[<a href="#LT86">LT86</a>]. So it is <i>significant</i> that Linick is <i>standing in front of his Arizona laboratory leaders</i> and colleagues in this <i>historic</i> group photograph of the very first "1350 AD" dating of the Shroud[<a href="#GH96">GH96</a>, 264], because this is evidence that Linick was <i>in charge</i> of the actual AMS computerised dating process at Arizona laboratory and those present were acknowledging that. See also my <a href="https://goo.gl/DCpNVB">22Nov16</a> where Gove must have realised by September 1988 that Linick was the leaker of Arizona's first "1350 AD" date to <a href="https://goo.gl/tt59bo">David Sox (1936-2016)</a>, the further evidence of which is that Gove had `airbrushed' Linick out of his book but he couldn't take him out of this photograph! See <a href="https://theshroudofturin.blogspot.com/2018/03/25-march-1988-on-this-day-30-years-ago.html#paraTWL">25Mar18</a>]</p><p><a name="1988r"></a><b>1988r</b> 18 September. Without quoting its source, <i>The Sunday Times</i> publishes a front-page story headlined: 'Official: The Turin Shroud is a Fake'. Hall and Tite firmly deny any responsibility for this story[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 310].</p><p><a name="1988s"></a><b>1988s</b> 13 October (Thursday). At a press conference held in Turin, Cardinal Ballestrero, Archbishop of Turin, makes an official announcement that the results of the three laboratories performing the Carbon dating of the Shroud have determined an approximate 1325 date for the cloth. At a similar press conference held at the British </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyfMGXpObpoWn1V2R_bZtqoT-yGiAwrXll9QzgMjLI3tY7jH-hZM-GKjZxbqbjmzIaJQ5-CAJwWUDPnYYOyTMsKHIM2qGE1H22FyUSrRytII7OJMy2ZCm4gdOYTsn2aydrPpy5e7efLJx-/s1600/1260-1390%2521Wilson1998pl3bAuto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear:left; float:left;margin-right:1em; margin-bottom:1em"><img border="0" width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyfMGXpObpoWn1V2R_bZtqoT-yGiAwrXll9QzgMjLI3tY7jH-hZM-GKjZxbqbjmzIaJQ5-CAJwWUDPnYYOyTMsKHIM2qGE1H22FyUSrRytII7OJMy2ZCm4gdOYTsn2aydrPpy5e7efLJx-/s800/1260-1390%2521Wilson1998pl3bAuto.jpg" /></a><p>[Above (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyfMGXpObpoWn1V2R_bZtqoT-yGiAwrXll9QzgMjLI3tY7jH-hZM-GKjZxbqbjmzIaJQ5-CAJwWUDPnYYOyTMsKHIM2qGE1H22FyUSrRytII7OJMy2ZCm4gdOYTsn2aydrPpy5e7efLJx-/s1600/1260-1390%2521Wilson1998pl3bAuto.jpg">enlarge</a>): From left to right, <a href="https://tinyurl.com/y7bqtwbc">Prof. E. Hall</a> (Oxford), <a href="https://tinyurl.com/yarvrmrg">Dr M. Tite</a> (British Museum) and <a href="https://tinyurl.com/yc6pl64m">Dr R. Hedges</a> (Oxford) on 13 October 1988 in the British Museum, London, announcing with an exlamation mark, that the Shroud had been radiocarbon dated to "1260-1390!"[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, plate 3b].]</p>Museum, London, it is announced that the Shroud dates between 1260 and 1390 AD (1325 ± 65). Newspaper headlines immediately brand the Shroud a fake and declare that the Catholic Church has accepted the results[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 310-311].</p><p><a name="1988t"></a><b>1988t</b> 17 November.(Thursday) Michael Tite gives lecture to the British Society for the Turin Shroud on his radiocarbon-dating work[<a href="#WI98">WI98</a>, 311].</p><p><b>Notes:</b><br><a name="1">1</a>. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [<a href="#para01">return</a>]<br></p><p><b>Bibliography</b><br><a name="AF82">AF82</a>. Adams, F.O., 1982, "Sindon: A Layman's Guide to the Shroud of Turin," Synergy Books: Tempe AZ.<br><a name="AM00">AM00</a>. Antonacci, M., 2000, "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY.<br><a name="BA34">BA34</a>. Barnes, A.S., 1934, "The Holy Shroud of Turin," Burns Oates & Washbourne: London.<br><a name="BA91">BA91</a>. Berard, A., ed., 1991, "History, Science, Theology and the Shroud," Symposium Proceedings, St. Louis Missouri, June 22-23, 1991, The Man in the Shroud Committee of Amarillo, Texas: Amarillo TX.<br><a name="BB91">BB91</a>. Bonnet-Eymard, B., 1991, "Study of original documents of the archives of the Diocese of Troyes in France with particular reference to the Memorandum of Pierre d'Arcis," in <a href="#BA91">BA91</a>, 233-260, 245.<br><a name="BE98">BE98</a>. Brucker, E., 1998, "Thy Holy Face: My 39 Years of Lecturing on the Shroud of Turin," Brucker: Tucson AZ.<br><a name="BB00">BB00</a>. Baima Bollone, P., 2000, "The Forensic Characteristics of the Blood Marks," in Scannerini, S. & Savarino, P., eds, 2000, "The Turin Shroud: Past, Present and Future," International scientific symposium, Turin, 2-5 March 2000," Effatà: Cantalupa, 209-218.<br><a name="BJ01">BJ01</a>. Bennett, J., 2001, "Sacred Blood, Sacred Image: The Sudarium of Oviedo: New Evidence for the Authenticity of the Shroud of Turin," Ignatius Press: San Francisco CA.<br><a name="BM02">BM02</a>. 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