My Shroud of Turin books and articles

This is my list of my Shroud of Turin-related books and printed articles, in alphabetical order of authors' surnames. Books that are not primarily about the Shroud are marked with an asterisk "*", those that are anti- or non-authenticist are marked "(A)," and those that are fiction are marked "(F)". For a more comprehensive list of

[Right: Stevenson & Habermas' "Verdict on the Shroud" (1981), my first Shroud book, which began the process of persuading me that the Shroud is authentic.]

Shroud-related books see Shroud.com's "Shroud of Turin Booklist." I have included a link to Amazon.com's (or other booksellers') listing of each book, where available. I am happy to answer questions in comments below about items in this list. I will add Shroud-related books and printed articles to this list as I acquire them. I have not kept this list up-to-date. Maybe I will bring it up-to-date if I get time?

[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]

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A [top]
Achtemeier, P.J., et al., eds, "Harper's Bible Dictionary," Harper & Row: San Francisco CA, p.948 * (A).
Adams, F.O., 1982, "Sindon: A Layman's Guide to the Shroud of Turin," Synergy Books: Tempe AZ.
Adler, A.D. & Crispino, D., ed., 2002, "The Orphaned Manuscript: A Gathering of Publications on the Shroud of Turin," Effatà Editrice: Cantalupa, Italy.
Allday, J., 2005, "The Turin Shroud," Physics Education, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp.67-73.
Allen, N.P.L., 1998, "The Turin Shroud and the Crystal Lens: Testament to a Lost Technology," Empowerment Technologies: Port Elizabeth, South Africa. (A)
Allen-Griffiths, D., 1964, "Whose Image and Likeness?," The J & M Publishing Co: West Bridgford UK.
Angier, N., 1982, "Unraveling the Shroud of Turin," Discover, Vol. 3, No. 10, October, pp.54-60.
Anonymous, 1983, "Le linceul de Turin," Fêtes et saisons, No. 372, February.
Antonacci, M., 2016, "Test The Shroud: At the Atomic and Molecular Levels," Forefront Publishing Company: Brentwood TN.
Antonacci, M., 2000, "The Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY.

B [top]
Badde, P., 2012, "The True Icon: From the Shroud of Turin to the Veil of Manoppello," [2010], Miller, M.J., transl., Ignatius Press: San Francisco CA.
Baima-Bollone, P. & Zaca, S., 1998, "The Shroud Under the Microscope: Forensic Examination," Neame, A., transl., St Pauls: London.
Balossino, N., "The image on the Shroud: Results of Photography and Information Technology," Neame, A., transl., St Pauls: Ireland, 1998.
Barberis, B., 2010, "The Holy Shroud," Editrice VELAR: Gorle, Belgium.
Barberis, B. & Savarino, P., 1998, "Shroud, Carbon-Dating and Calculus of Probabilities," Neame, A., transl., St Pauls: London.
Barbet, P., 1953, "A Doctor at Calvary," [1950], Earl of Wicklow, transl., Image Books: Garden City NY, Reprinted, 1963.
Barbet, P., 1952, "The Five Wounds of Christ," Apraxine, M., transl., Clonmore & Reynolds: Dublin
Barnes, A.S., 1934, "The Holy Shroud of Turin," Burns Oates & Washbourne: London.
Beecher, P.A., 1928, "The Holy Shroud: Reply to the Rev. Herbert Thurston, S.J.," M.H. Gill & Son: Dublin.
Bennett, J., 2001, "Sacred Blood, Sacred Image: The Sudarium of Oviedo: New Evidence for the Authenticity of the Shroud of Turin," Ignatius Press: San Francisco CA.*
Berard, A., ed., 1991, "History, Science, Theology and the Shroud," Symposium Proceedings, St. Louis Missouri, June 22-23, 1991, The Man in the Shroud Committee of Amarillo, Texas: Amarillo TX.
Berkovits, I., 1969, "Illuminated Manuscripts in Hungary, XI-XVI Centuries," Horn, Z., transl., West, A., rev., Irish University Press: Shannon, Ireland.*
Brent, P. & Rolfe, D., 1978, "The Silent Witness: The Mysteries of the Turin Shroud Revealed," Futura Publications: London.
Borkan, M., "Ecce Homo?: Science and the Authenticity of the Turin Shroud," Vertices, Duke University, Vol. X, No. 2, Winter 1995, pp.18-51.
Bowman, S., 1990, "Radiocarbon Dating," Interpreting the Past, British Museum Publications: London.*
Brooks, E.H., II., Miller, V.D. & Schwortz, B.M., 1981, "The Turin Shroud: Contemporary Insights to an Ancient Paradox," ["The Silver Book"], Worldwide Exhibition: Chicago IL.
Brown, S. & McCloud, C., 2013, "The Shroud of Turin Speaks for Itself," LAMP: Mt. Aukum, CA.
Bruce, R. & Wilson, I., 1983, "Jesus and the Shroud. A Resource Book for Religious Studies," Cassell Publications: London, Reprinted, 1988.
Brucker, E., 1998, "Thy Holy Face: My 39 Years of Lecturing on the Shroud of Turin," Brucker: Tucson AZ.
Bulst, W., 1957, "The Shroud of Turin," McKenna, S. & Galvin, J.J., transl., Bruce Publishing Co: Milwaukee WI.
Bulst, W., 1990, "Betrug am Turiner Grabtuch: Der manipulierte Carbontest," Verlag J. Knecht: Frankfurt, Germany.

C [top]
Cahill, T., 1999, "Desire of the Everlasting Hills: The World before and after Jesus," Nan A. Talese/Doubleday: New York NY, pp.289-293, 296, 331*
Calvin, J., Nickell, J., "Introduction," 2008, "Treatise on Relics," 1543, Prometheus Books: Amherst NY *(A).
Carreño, J.L., 1980, "A Mini-Guide to the Shroud of Christ," Salesian Publishers: New Rochelle NY.
Case, T.W., 1996, "The Shroud of Turin and the C-14 Dating Fiasco," White Horse Press: Cincinnati OH.
Cassanelli, A., 2002, "The Holy Shroud," Williams, B., transl., Gracewing: Leominster UK.
Cherf, W.J., ed., 1993, "Alpha to Omega: Studies in Honor of George John Szemler," Ares Publishers: Chicago IL.*
Cheshire, G.L., 1956, "Pilgrimage to the Shroud," McGraw-Hill: New York NY.
Cheshire, G.L., 1961, "The Face of Victory," Hutchinson: London.*
Click, P.C., 1988, "High Technology Meets the Spiritual: Objectivity, Popular Opinion, and The Shroud of Turin," The Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 21, No. 4, Spring, pp.13-23.
Crispino, D.C., ed., 1982, Shroud Spectrum International, Vol. 1, No. 3, June.
Crispino, D.C., ed., 1984, Shroud Spectrum International, Vol. 3, No. 10, March.
Cruz, J.C., 1984, "Relics: The Shroud of Turin, the True Cross, the Blood of Januarius ...: History, Mysticism, and the Catholic Church," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.*
Culliton, B.J., 1978, "The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin Challenges 20th-Century Science," Science, Vol. 201, 21 July, pp.235-239.
Currer-Briggs, N., 1995, "Shroud Mafia: The Creation of a Relic?," Book Guild: Sussex UK.
Currer-Briggs, N., 1984, "The Holy Grail and the Shroud of Christ: The Quest Renewed," ARA Publications: Maulden UK.
Currer-Briggs, N., 1988, "The Shroud and the Grail: A Modern Quest for the True Grail," St. Martin's Press: New York NY.

D [top]
Damon, P.E., et al., 1989, "Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin," Nature, Vol. 337, 16th February, pp.611-615.
Danin, A., 2010, "Botany of the Shroud: The Story of Floral Images on the Shroud of Turin," Danin Publishing: Jerusalem, Israel.
Danin, A., Whanger, A.D., Baruch, U. & Whanger, M., 1999, "Flora of the Shroud of Turin," Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis MO.
Dayvault, P.E., 2016, "The Keramion Lost and Found: A Journey to the Face of God," Morgan James Publishing: New York NY.*
de Charny, G., Kaeuper, R.W., 2005, "Introduction," , "A Knight's Own Book of Chivalry," [c. 1350], Kennedy, E., transl., The Middle Ages Series, University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia PA.
de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London.
Dobson, C.C., 1933, "The Face of Christ: Earliest Likenesses from the Catacombs," Centenary Press: London.*
Dourson, M.L., 2016, "The Linen Cloths: ... Jesus Left Behind," Two Books Press: Lucas OH.
Drews, R., 1984, "In Search of the Shroud of Turin: New Light on Its History and Origins," Rowman & Allanheld: Totowa NJ (A).

E [top]
Elwell, W.A., ed., 1984, "Evangelical Dictionary of Theology," Baker Book House: Grand Rapids MI., 1990, Seventh printing, pp.1115-1116.*

F [top]
Falls, K.J., 2019, "Finding The Face Of Jesus," Christian Faith Publishing: Meadville PA. *
Fanti, G., ed., 2009, "The Shroud of Turin: Perspectives on a Multifaceted Enigma," Proceedings of the 2008 Columbus Ohio International Conference, August 14-17, 2008, Progetto Libreria: Padua, Italy.
Fanti, G. & Basso, R., 2008, "Turin Shroud: Optical Research in the Past Present and Future," Nova Science Publishers: Hauppauge, NY.
Fanti, G. & Malfi, P., 2015, "The Shroud of Turin: First Century after Christ!," Pan Stanford: Singapore.
Fattorini, F., 1966, "The Holy Shroud and What it Means," Rose Education Publishers: Newark NJ.
Filas, F.L., 1980, "The Dating of the Shroud of Turin from Coins of Pontius Pilate," Cogan Productions: Youngtown AZ.
Fox, L.D., 1956, "The Holy Shroud," Catholic Truth Society: London.
Frazier, K., ed., The Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. VI, No. 3, Spring 1982, pp.15-56 (A).
Frean, W., 1961, "The Winding Sheet of Christ: Vivid Witness of the Love and Sufferings of Our Saviour," Majellan Press: Wendouree VIC, Australia.

G [top]
Garza-Valdes, L.A., 1998, "The DNA of God?," Hodder & Stoughton: London.
Geisler, N.L., 1999, "Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics," Baker Books: Grand Rapids MI, pp.705-706.*
Gove, H.E., 1999, "From Hiroshima to the Iceman: The Development and Applications of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry," Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol UK *(A).
Gove, H.E., 1996, "Relic, Icon or Hoax?: Carbon Dating the Turin Shroud," Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol UK (A).
Green, M., 1969, "Enshrouded in Silence: In search of the First Millennium of the Holy Shroud," Ampleforth Journal, Vol. 74, No. 3, Autumn, pp.319-345.
Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL.
Guscin, M., ed., 2007, British Society for the Turin Shroud Newsletter, No. 66, December.
Guscin, M., 2004, "The History of the Sudarium of Oviedo: How It Came from Jerusalem to Northern Spain in the Seventh Century A.D., Edwin Mellen Press: Lewiston NY.*
Guscin, M., 2009, "The Image of Edessa," Brill: Leiden, Netherlands & Boston MA.*
Guscin, M., 1998, "The Oviedo Cloth," Lutterworth Press: Cambridge UK.*

H [top]
Habermas, G.R., 1984, "Ancient Evidence for the Life of Jesus," Thomas Nelson: Nashville TN, pp.156-159.*
Habermas, G.R. & Miethe T.L., ed., 1987, "Did Jesus Rise From The Dead?: The Resurrection Debate," Harper & Row: San Francisco CA, pp.27-28, 118-121, 149-150, 178-179.*
Heller, J.H., 1983, "Report on the Shroud of Turin," Houghton Mifflin Co: Boston MA.
Heller, J.H., 1984, "Shroud of Mystery," Reader's Digest, British edition, Vol. 124, No. 744, April, pp.156-191.
Hoare, R., 1984, "A Piece of Cloth: The Turin Shroud Investigated," The Aquarian Press: Wellingborough, Northamptonshire UK.
Hoare, R., 1978, "Testimony of the Shroud," St. Martin's Press: New York NY.
Hoare, R., 1999, "The Turin Shroud Is Genuine: The Irrefutable Evidence Updated," [1984], Souvenir Press: London.
Hulse, T.G., 1997, "The Holy Shroud," Mysteries of the Ancient World, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London.
Humber, T., 1974, "The Fifth Gospel: The Miracle of the Holy Shroud," Pocket Books: New York NY.
Humber, T., 1978, "The Sacred Shroud," [1974], Pocket Books: New York NY.
Hynek, R.W., 1951, "The True Likeness," [1946], Sheed & Ward: London.

I [top]
Iannone, J.C., 1998, "The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin: New Scientific Evidence," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.
Iannone, J.C., 2010, "The Three Cloths of Christ: The Emerging Treasures of Christianity," NorthStar Production Studios & Lulu Press: Kissimmee FL.*

J [top]
Jeffrey, G.R., 1999, "Jesus: The Great Debate," Frontier Research Publications: Toronto ON, Canada, pp.113-158.*
Jennings, P., ed., 1978, "Face to Face with the Turin Shroud," Mayhew-McCrimmon: Great Wakering UK.
Jones, M., Craddock, P. & Barker, N., eds, 1990, "Fake?: The Art of Deception," British Museum Publications: London, pp.284-285 *(A).
Jumper, E., Stevenson, K. & Jackson, J., "Images of Coins on a Burial Cloth?," The Numismatist, July 1978, Vol. 91, No. 7, pp.1349-1357.*

K [top
Kaye, B.H., 1995, "Science and the Detective: Selected Reading in Forensic Science," VCH Publishers: New York NY, pp.303-30 *(A).
Keller, W., 1982, "The Bible as History: Archaeology Confirms the Book of Books," [1965], Neil, W., transl., Bantam: New York, Second revised edition, pp.396-397.*
Kersten, H. & Gruber, E.R., 1994, "The Jesus Conspiracy: The Turin Shroud and the Truth About the Resurrection," Element Books: Shaftesbury UK, Reprinted, 1995 (A).
Klotz, J.C, 2014, "The Coming of the Quantum Christ: The Shroud of Turin and the Apocalypse of Selfishness," John C. Klotz: New York NY.
Kohlbeck, J. & Nitowski, E., 1986, "New Evidence May Explain Image on Shroud of Turin," Biblical Archaeology Review, Vol. XII, No. 4, July/August, pp.18-29.
Konikiewicz, L.W., 1999, "Turin Shroud and the Science: Digital Enhancement Provides New Evidence," Panorama Publishing: Chicago IL.
Kupelian, D., ed. , 2010, "Stunning Science of the Shroud," Whistleblower, May.

L [top]
Laidler, K., 2000, "The Divine Deception: The Church, the Shroud and the Creation of a Holy Fraud," Headline: London.*
Lambert, J.B., ed., 1984, "Archaeological Chemistry III: ACS Advances in Chemistry, No. 205," American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp.425-476.*
Lavoie, G.R., 1998, "Unlocking the Secrets of the Shroud," Thomas More: Allen TX.
Lavoie, G.R., 2000, "Resurrected: Tangible Evidence That Jesus Rose from the Dead," [1998], Thomas More: Allen TX.
Loken, J., 2006, "The Shroud Was the Resurrection: The Body Theft, the Shroud in the Tomb, and the Image that Inspired a Myth," Falcon Books: Ann Arbor MI (A).

M [top]
Maher, R.W., 1986, "Science, History, and the Shroud of Turin," Vantage Press: New York NY.
Marinelli, E., 1996, "La Sindone: Un'immagine impossibile," ["The Shroud: An `Impossible' Image"], Edizioni: San Paolo, Italy.
Marino, J.G., 2011, "Wrapped up in the Shroud: Chronicle of a Passion," Cradle Press: St. Louis MO.
Marino, J.G., 2020, "The 1988 C-14 Dating of the Shroud of Turin: A Stunning Exposé," Joseph Gerald Marino.
McCrone, W.C., 1999, "Judgment Day for the Shroud of Turin," Prometheus Books: Amherst NY (A).
McDowell, J. & Stewart, D., 1980, "Answers to Tough Questions: Skeptics Ask About the Christian Faith," Here's Life Publishers: San Bernardino CA, pp.154-155 *(A).
McEvoy W.V., c. 1940, "The Death-Image of Christ: Reprinted, Revised and Enlarged from the Holy Name Monthly," Holy Name Headquarters, St. Dominic's Priory: Melbourne Vic, Australia.
Meacham, W., 1983, "The Authentication of the Turin Shroud: An Issue in Archaeological Epistemology," Current Anthropology, Vol. 24, No. 3, June.
Meacham, W., 2005, "The Rape of the Turin Shroud: How Christianity's Most Precious Relic was Wrongly Condemned and Violated," Lulu Press: Morrisville NC.
Milne, L., 2005, "A Grain of Truth: How Pollen Brought a Murderer to Justice," New Holland: Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia, pp.92-95*.
Minor, M., 1990, "Shroud of Turin Manuscript Discovered By Texas Member," [originally "A Lawyer Argues for Authenticity of the Shroud of Turin"], The Manuscript Society News, Vol. XI, No. 4, Fall, pp.117-122.
Minor, M., Adler, A.D. & Piczek, I., eds., 2002, "The Shroud of Turin: Unraveling the Mystery: Proceedings of the 1998 Dallas Symposium," Alexander Books: Alexander NC.
Moretto, G., 1999, "The Shroud: A Guide," Neame, A., transl., Paulist Press: Mahwah NJ.
Morgan, R., 1986, "The Holy Shroud and the Earliest Paintings of Christ," Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.
Morgan, R., 1980, "Perpetual Miracle: Secrets of the Holy Shroud of Turin By an Eye Witness," Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.
Morgan, R., 1983, "Shroud Guide," Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.
Murphy, C., 1981, "Shreds of evidence: Science confronts the miraculous-the Shroud of Turin," Harper's, Vol. 263, November, pp.42-65.

N [top]
Navarro, J., "The Brotherhood of the Holy Shroud," [2004], Hurley, A., transl, John Murray: London, 2007 (F).
Newman, S., 2007, "The Real History Behind the Templars," The Berkley Publishing Group: New York NY, pp381-386.*
Nickell, J., 1987, "Inquest on the Shroud of Turin," [1983], Prometheus Books: Buffalo NY, Revised, Reprinted, 2000 (A).
Nickell, J., 1993, "Looking for a Miracle: Weeping Icons, Relics, Stigmata, Visions & Healing Cures," Prometheus Books: Buffalo NY, pp.22-29, 138 *(A).
Nickell, J., 2008, "The Jesus Relics: From the Holy Grail to the Turin Shroud," The History Press: Stroud, Gloucestershire UK. *(A).

O [top]
O'Connell, P. & Carty, C., "The Holy Shroud and Four Visions," TAN: Rockford IL, 1974.
O'Rahilly, A. & Gaughan, J.A., ed., 1985, "The Crucified," Kingdom Books: Dublin.
Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.

P [top]
Pagliarino, G., 2006, "The Mysterious Shroud of Turin: Essay," Lulu Press: Morrisville NC.
Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: San Gwann, Malta.
Pick, C., ed., "Mysteries of the World," Lyric Books: London, 1979, pp.100-109.*
Picknett, L. & Prince, C., 1997, "The Templar Revelation: Secret Guardians of the True Identity of Christ," Corgi: London, Reprinted, 1998 *(A).
Picknett, L. & Prince, C., 2006, "The Turin Shroud: How Da Vinci Fooled History," [1994], Touchstone: New York NY, Second edition, Reprinted, 2007 (A).
Picknett, L. & Prince, C., 1994, "Turin Shroud: In Whose Image?: The Truth Behind the Centuries-Long Conspiracy of Silence," HarperCollins: New York NY (A).
Pindar, I., ed., 2008, "The Folio Book of Historical Mysteries," The Folio Society: London, pp.97-111.*
Proszynski, K., Schonfield, H., ed., 1932, "The Authentic Photograph of Christ: His Face, and Whole Figure as Marvellously Appearing on the Shroud which was Thrown Over His Body after the Crucifixion," The Search Publishing Co Ltd: London.

R [top]
Redington, M., ed., 1963, "About Religion An Anthology," Macdonald: London.*
Riani, M., Atkinson, A.C., Fanti, G. & Crosilla, F., 2013, "Regression analysis with partially labelled regressors: carbon dating of the Shroud of Turin," Statistics and Computing, Vol. 23, No. 4, July, pp 551-561. Ricci, G., 1982, "Guide to the Photographic Exhibit of the Holy Shroud," Center for the Study of the Passion of Christ and the Holy Shroud: Milwaukee WI.
Ricci, G., 1981, "The Holy Shroud," [1976], Center for the Study of the Passion of Christ and the Holy Shroud: Milwaukee WI.
Ricci, G., 1978, "The Way of the Cross in the Light of the Holy Shroud," [1975], Center for the Study of the Passion of Christ and the Holy Shroud: Milwaukee WI, Second edition, Reprinted, 1982.
Rinaldi, P.M., 1941, "I Saw the Holy Shroud," Don Bosco Publications: New Rochelle NY, Reprinted, 1983.
Rinaldi, P.M., 1973, "It Is The Lord: A Study of the Shroud of Christ," Warner Books: New York NY.
Rinaldi, P.M., 1978, "The Man in the Shroud," [1972], Futura: London, Revised.
Rinaldi, P.M., 1979, "When Millions Saw the Shroud: Letters from Turin," Don Bosco Publications: New Rochelle NY.
Rogers, R.N., 2008, "A Chemist's Perspective on the Shroud of Turin," Lulu Press: Raleigh, NC.
Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.

S [top]
Scannerini, S., 1998, "Myrrh, Aloes, Pollen and Other Traces: Botanical Research on the Shroud," Neame, A., transl., St Pauls: Staten Island NY.
Scannerini, S. & Savarino, P., eds, 2000, "The Turin Shroud: Past, Present and Future," International scientific symposium, Turin, 2-5 March 2000," Effatà: Cantalupa.
Scavone, D.C., 1989, "The Shroud of Turin: Opposing Viewpoints," Greenhaven Press: San Diego CA.
Schiatti, L., 1998, "The Shroud: A Guide to the Reading of an Image Full of Mystery," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.
Schwalbe, L.A. & Rogers, R.N., 1982, "Physics and Chemistry of the Shroud of Turin: Summary of the 1978 Investigation," Reprinted from Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 135, No. 1, 1982, pp.3-49, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co: Amsterdam.
Scott, C., 1995, "The Holy Shroud: Research Continues in Colorado," St. Mark's Avenue Press: Colorado Springs CO.
Scott, J.B., 2003, "Architecture for the Shroud: Relic and Ritual in Turin," University of Chicago Press: Chicago & London.
Segal, J.B., 2001, "Edessa: The Blessed City," [1970], Gorgias Press: Piscataway NJ, Second edition, Reprinted, 2005, pp.62ff., 113, 215-216.*
Smith, D.M., 1983, "The Letter," DMS Publishing Co: Rancho Palos Verdes CA.
Sox, H.D., 1978, "File on the Shroud," Coronet: London (A).
Sox, H.D., 1981, "The Image on the Shroud: Is the Turin Shroud a Forgery?," Unwin: London (A).
Sox, H.D., 1985, "Relics and Shrines," George Allen & Unwin: London, pp.4-7, 95-113 *(A).
Sox, H.D., 1988, "The Shroud Unmasked: Uncovering the Greatest Forgery of All Time," The Lamp Press: Basingstoke UK (A).
Spitzer, R.J., 2016, "God So Loved the World: Clues to Our Transcendent Destiny from the Revelation of Jesus," Volume 3, Ignatius Press: San Francisco CA, pp.343-391.*
Stevenson, K.E., 1999, "Image of the Risen Christ: Remarkable New Evidence About the Shroud," Frontier Research Publications: Toronto ON, Canada.
Stevenson, K.E., ed., 1977, "Proceedings of the 1977 United States Conference of Research on The Shroud of Turin," Holy Shroud Guild: Bronx NY.
Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1990, "The Shroud and the Controversy," Thomas Nelson Publishers: Nashville TN.
Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1981, "Verdict on the Shroud: Evidence for the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ," Servant Books: Ann Arbor MI.
Sutton, R.F., Jr., 1989, "Daidalikon: Studies in Memory of Raymond V Schoder," Bolchazy Carducci Publishers: Wauconda IL, pp.311-329.*

T [top]
Thurston, H., 1903, "The Holy Shroud and the Verdict of History," The Month, Cl, pp.17-29. (A)
Tipler, F.J., 2007, "The Physics of Christianity," Doubleday: New York NY, pp.175-187, 197-198, 203-217.*
Tribbe, F.C., 1983, "Portrait of Jesus: The Illustrated Story of the Shroud of Turin," Stein & Day Publishers: New York NY.
Tribbe, F.C., 2006, "Portrait of Jesus: The Shroud of Turin in Science and History," [1983], Paragon House Publishers: St. Paul MN, Second edition.
Tyrer, J., 1981, "Looking at the Turin Shroud as a Textile," Textile Horizons, December, pp.20-23.

U [top]

V [top]
van der Meer, J.M., ed., 1996, "Facets of Faith and Science: Vol. 3: The Role of Beliefs in the Natural Sciences," University Press of America: Lanham, MD, pp.119-133.*
Vignon, P., 1939, "Le Saint Suaire de Turin: Devant La Science, L'archéologie, L'histoire, L'iconographie, La Logique," Masson et Cie. Éditeurs: Paris, Second edition.
Vignon, P., 1937, "The Problem of the Holy Shroud," Wuenschel, E.A., transl., Scientific American, March, pp. 162-164.
Vignon, P., 1902, "The Shroud of Christ," University Books: New York NY, Reprinted, 1970.
Vignon, P., Tice, P., ed., 2002, "The Shroud of Christ," [1902], The Book Tree: San Diego CA.
Vikan, G., 2020, "The Holy Shroud: A Brilliant Hoax in the Time of the Black Death," Pegasus Books: New York NY.
Volckringer, J., 1991, "The Holy Shroud: Science Confronts the Imprints," [1942], Harper, V., transl., Morgan, R., ed., Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.

W [top]
Walsh, B.J., ed., 2000, "Proceedings of the 1999 Shroud of Turin International Research Conference, Richmond, Virginia," Magisterium Press: Glen Allen VA.
Walsh, J.E., 1963, "The Shroud," Random House: New York NY.
Ware, M., 1997, "On proto-photography and the Shroud of Turin," History of Photography, Vol. 21, No. 4, Winter 1997, pp.261-269 (A).
Weaver, K.F., 1980, "Science Seeks to Solve...The Mystery of the Shroud," National Geographic, Vol. 157, June, pp.730-753.
Whanger, M. & Whanger, A.D., 1998, "The Shroud of Turin: An Adventure of Discovery," Providence House Publishers: Franklin TN.
Whiting, B., 2006, "The Shroud Story," Harbour Publishing: Strathfield NSW, Australia.
Wilcox, R.K., 1977, "Shroud," Macmillan: New York NY.
Wilcox, R.K., 2010, "The Truth About the Shroud of Turin: Solving the Mystery," [1977], Regnery: Washington DC.
Wilson, C. & Wilson, D., 2000, "The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Unsolved Mysteries," Robinson: London, pp.188-205.*
Wilson, I., 2000, "The Bible Is History," Regnery: Washington DC, p.228.*
Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Free Press: New York NY.
Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Touchstone: New York NY.
Wilson, I., 1991, "Holy Faces, Secret Places: The Quest for Jesus' True Likeness," Doubleday: London.
Wilson, I., 1988, "Jesus: The Evidence," [1984], Pan: London, Revised, pp.111-112.*
Wilson, I., 1996, "Jesus: The Evidence," [1984], Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, Revised, pp.133-135.*
Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.
Wilson, I., 2011, "The Shroud: Fresh Light on the 2000-Year-Old Mystery ...," [2010], Corgi: London.
Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.
Wilson, I., 1978, "The Turin Shroud," Book Club Associates: London.
Wilson, I., 1978, "The Turin Shroud," Victor Gollancz: London.
Wilson, I., 1979, "The Turin Shroud," [1978], Penguin: Harmondsworth UK, Revised edition.
Wilson, I. & Miller, V., 1986, "The Evidence of the Shroud," Guild Publishing: London.
Wilson, I. & Miller, V., 1986, "The Mysterious Shroud," Doubleday: Garden City NY.
Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books Limited: London.
Wuenschel, E.A., 1953, "The Holy Shroud of Turin," [1950], Holy Shroud Guild: Esopus NY, Revised Edition, Fourth Printing, 1963.
Wuenschel, E.A., 1954, "Self-Portrait of Christ: The Holy Shroud of Turin," Holy Shroud Guild: Esopus NY, Third printing, 1961.

X [top]

Y [top]

Z [top]
Zaccone, G.M., 1998, "On the Trail of the Shroud: Early and Recent History," Neame, A., transl., St Pauls: London.
Zugibe, F.T., 1988, "The Cross and the Shroud: A Medical Enquiry into the Crucifixion," [1982], Paragon House: New York NY, Revised edition.
Zugibe, F.T., 2005, "The Crucifixion of Jesus: A Forensic Inquiry," M. Evans & Co.: New York NY.

Posted 14 May 2015. Updated 6 November 2025.

Shroud of Turin News - May 2015

Shroud of Turin News - May 2015
© Stephen E. Jones[1]

[Previous: April 2015] [Next: June 2015]

Here is the May 2015 issue of my re-started Shroud of Turin News. I will add Shroud-related news articles to this post, latest uppermost, with my comments in bold.. There will usually be overlap, e.g. there are excerpts from April Shroud articles in this May issue.

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"Rex Morgan's `Shroud News' Coming to Shroud.com!," Spring Update - May 6, 2015, Shroud.com. From September 1980 until December 2001, Australian education pioneer, writer and broadcaster Rex Morgan published 118 issues of Shroud News,

[Right: "Rex Morgan's 'Shroud News' Issue No. 1 - 24 September 1980"]

a publication initially intended to spread the word of the Shroud in Australia, but which included many important papers and articles and ultimately reached worldwide distribution, making Rex one of the best known names in the Shroud world. In fact, Father Peter Rinaldi referred to Rex as "Australia's Number One apostle of the Shroud." Rex toured an extensive Shroud photographic exhibition throughout Australia and New Zealand and to Hong Kong and Macau in the 1980's. He also conducted his own research and became a familiar face and an important voice at every major Shroud conference around the world. So we are very proud to announce that, thanks to Rex's gracious permission, starting in our summer update later this year we will begin publishing Shroud News here on Shroud.com. Once again, this is only possible thanks to the tireless efforts of Stephen E. Jones ... This was mentioned as coming in April's SoTN. I am enjoying reading Shroud News and am learning things about the Shroud I didn't know. Morgan, a non-Catholic Australian (like myself), travelled the world, attending Shroud events and meeting leading Shroud personalities. He actually saw the Shroud at its 1978 exposition, as recounted in his first book:

"As we entered around the great columns I saw, as did the others, exposed publicly for the first time in forty-six years, suspended in front of the high altar, the most priceless relic in Christendom, the Holy Shroud of Christ. Some of the gathering immediately knelt and crossed themselves, suddenly subdued and deeply moved by what they saw. Many others, hardened pressmen, thought only of their assignment and hastily began setting up their elaborate equipment. As if the Shroud were about to disappear from their eyes they began a cacophony of light and sound as cameras started to whir, flash bulbs to pop and floodlights to bathe the serenity of the cathedral with unaccustomed light. The Holy Shroud itself was hanging horizontally in a great frame of wood, covered with non-reflecting glass. It appeared to me at first to be lighted from behind, as it did to other witnesses, but I later discovered that it was in fact floodlit from the front. But it is interesting that its ethereal quality, a matter which has been remarked upon many times by observers over the ages, was such that my first impression was that it was backlighted." (Morgan, R., 1980, "Perpetual Miracle: Secrets of the Holy Shroud of Turin by an Eye Witness," p.22).

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"Stains on the Sudarium of Oviedo coincide with those on the Shroud", Vatican Insider, May 2, 2015, Andrea Tornielli ... "All the information

[Above: "The Sudarium of Oviedo."] obtained from the studies and research" carried out on the Shroud of Turin and the Sudarium of Oviedo" is in tune with what one would expect - from a forensic medicine point of view - to happen to cloths with these characteristics were they to cover the head of a body featuring the kind of lesions Jesus of Nazareth suffered, just as the Gospels tell us." Alfonso Sánchez Hermosilla, Doctor in Forensic Medicine, stated this at a conference held by the International Centre of Syndonology [sic] in Turin today. ... Hermosilla is the forensic expert who took over the study of the Oviedo Sudarium from Mgr. Giulio Ricci, who began examining it in the 1960s. "The similarity in the morphology and dimension of the stains" between the Sudarium of Oviedo and "the Turin Shroud", led Ricci to believe "that he had actually found the relic St. John speaks of" in his Gospel, when he mentions the sudarium in the tomb. [John 20:7. "and the face cloth [Greek soudarion], which had been on Jesus' head, not lying with the linen cloths but folded up in a place by itself."] From a forensic anthropological point of view and a forensic medicine point of view," Hermosilla continued, "all the information that emerged from the scientific investigation is compatible with the theory that the Turin Shroud and the Sudarium covered the corpse of the same person." The Sudarium of Oviedo is a relic that is kept in "El Salvador" Cathedral in Oviedo, Spain, in the Holy Chamber used as the building’s chapel during the reign of King Alphonse II [Alfonso II of Asturias(†759–842)] ... "This cloth was present in the region of northern Spain from the year 812 or 842" and "is made of linen; it measures approximately 84 x 54 centimetres." The "composition" of the textile structure of the Shroud and the Sudarium "is the same - substantially linen – the thickness of the fibres is identical ..." The Sudarium has nothing of the mysterious image present on the Shroud which was produced after the body that had been wrapped in it stained the sheet with blood and other fluids. All that there is, are traces of blood and other bodily fluids "from a human corpse" ... "The morphological study of stains in both linens reveal an obvious similarity between them ... both group of stains match very well ... not only in their relative position but also in their superficial size." In addition, there is a "correspondence on the distances between the staining injuries which originated the stains" ... the Sudarium of Oviedo "covered the face of the corpse" before it was wrapped in the Turin Shroud. "There are a high number of matches between the injuries which can be appreciated in the image of the Shroud of Turin, and ... the Sudarium of Oviedo." ... One of the pieces of evidence which the Spanish doctor considers most important, are the blood stains attributable to the crown of thorns. "The blood stains attributed to the thorns of the crown can be appreciated in both relics with a high similarity in the distance which separates them." "The surface of the nose in both linens is very similar; in the Sudarium of Oviedo it has an area of 2.280 mm², and in the Shroud of Turin 2.000². Moreover, by the middle of the right area of the nose there is a zone which is inflamed which measures 100² in the Sudarium of Oviedo and 90² in the Shroud of Turin." ... The large number of close similarities between the bloodstains on the Sudarium and the Shroud is a `two factor authentication' which proves beyond any reasonable doubt that the Shroud and the Sudarium are authentic. The Sudarium is known to have entered Spain in the 7th century, so the already superhuman medieval forger would have had to forge both the Shroud and Sudarium no later than the 7th century! And there is no reason why such an unimpressive, bloodstained rag as the Sudarium of Oviedo is, was kept in the first place unless it was known by Jesus' original disciples to have covered His once dead face and head.

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"'Angelic' Face of Young Jesus Reconstructed from Shroud of Turin," The Christian Times, Monica Cantilero, 30 April, 2015. The face of a [Daily Mail, 6 May 2015] "12-year-old" Jesus is seen here after its "re-creation" by the scientific unit of Rome's police force which used the Shroud of Turin (upper images at right) to reverse the age of the man whose facial image is imprinted in the Shroud. ... The image of the young Jesus was computer-generated by the Italian police who reversed the technology they used for adding wrinkles to the drawings of Mafia bosses to identify them after decades on the run ... To create the image of the young Jesus, the police subtracted years from the man's face imprinted on the Shroud of Turin and removed his beard. They also colored his hair blonde and lightened his complexion. "The angelic face is reminiscent of the prayer cards sold in Vatican souvenir shops ... Paul Damon, a geoscientist who was part of the team that held a carbon-14 dating test on the Shroud in 1998, reacted negatively to the police recreation of Jesus' face, saying it's a "malarkey," adding: "The boy would not be blond." ... The scientific unit of Rome's police force was prompted to create the image upon the suggestion of television news reporters who were doing a special news program about Jesus. ... I agree with the late Prof. Paul E. Damon (1921–2005), that Jesus, being a first-century Jew, would not have been blond. So this reconstruction of Jesus' face loses whatever credibility it would have had on that fact alone. The story is actually old news, being based on a 2004 article in the The New York Times in which it was pointed out that "when the police added receding hairlines or wrinkles to mobsters, they had family photographs to work from. They had no such genetic information handy about the parents of Jesus."

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"If the Turin Shroud is the work of a medieval artist, it's one of the greatest artworks ever created," The Spectator, Dominic Selwood, 27 April 2015 ... Our first definite knowledge of the shroud is an event in [Above: "The Shroud of Turin: modern photo of the face, left; digitally processed image right"] around AD 1355, when it was put on show in the tiny French village of Lirey, in Champagne. Its owners were the local knight, Geoffrey de Charney, and his wife, Jeanne de Vergy ... there is no known connection between this Geoffrey de Charney (or his son of the same name) and the famous Knight Templar called Geoffrey de Charney, who was preceptor of Normandy and was burned alongside Grand Master Jacques de Molay as a relapsed heretic in 1314, three quarters of a century earlier. According to a number of Ancestry.com family trees, including my de Charny family tree, Geoffroy de Charny (1240-1314), the Templar, was the brother of Dreux I de Charny et de Mont-Saint-Jean (1235-85), who was the father of Jean I de Charny et de Mont-Saint-Jean (1263-1323), who was the father of Geoffroy I de Charny (c. 1300–1356), the first undisputed owner of the Shroud. That makes the Templar Geoffroy de Charny the great-uncle of Geoffroy I de Charny. And since there are no other Geoffroys in the de Charny and de Mont-Saint-Jean family trees, it is likely that Geoffroy I de Charny was named after Geoffroy de Charny the Templar. At the time of the 1355 exhibition, Henry de Poitiers, bishop of Troyes, conducted an inquiry into the cloth, concluding that it was a `fraud' which had been `cunningly painted, the truth being attested by the artist who had painted it, to wit, that it was a work of human skill and not miraculously wrought or bestowed'. There is no evidence for, and much evidence against, this mere hearsay claim of Bishop Pierre d'Arcis (1300-95): 1) the Shroud is not painted; 2) Bishop Henri de Poitiers (1327-70) wrote approvingly of Geoffroy I's exhibition of the Shroud in c.1355; 3) Geoffroy I's son, Geoffroy II, married Bishop Henri's niece, Marguerite de Poitiers (c. 1362-1418); and 4) Geoffroy II and Marguerite de Poitiers daughter, Marguerite de Charny (1390-1460), bequeathed her Lirey lands and title to Antoine Guerry des Essarts (1408–74), the son of Bishop Henri's illegitimate daughter, Guillemette de Poitiers (c. 1370-c. 1450), which can only mean that the de Charny and de Poitiers families had a close and friendly relationship, which would be impossible if Bishop Henri de Poitiers had denounced the Shroud as a fraud. ... the shroud was finally carbon dated in 1988 ... Laboratories in Oxford, Tucson, and Zurich ... all concurred ... in a date range of AD 1260–1390. ... There is much evidence that the laboratories were duped by a computer hacker, allegedly Arizona laboratory physicist, Timothy W. Linick. ... The Turin Shroud ... If it truly is the work of a medieval artist ... then it is a genuine wonder that brings us into the presence of the genius of the medieval world ... This is the dilemma that the late John E. Walsh (1927-2015) pointed out:

"Only this much is certain: The Shroud of Turin is either the most awesome and instructive relic of Jesus Christ in existence-showing us in its dark simplicity how He appeared to men-or it is one of the most ingenious, most unbelievably clever, products of the human mind and hand on record. It is one or the other; there is no middle ground." (Walsh, J.E., 1963, "The Shroud," pp.xi-xii. My emphasis).

If those who claim that the Shroud is the work of a medieval artist were consistent, they would press for it to be included among "the greatest artworks ever created." That they don't shows that they don't really believe what they say, and they only say it to dismiss the Shroud as authentic, so that, like the proverbial ostrich with its head in the sand, they don't have to consider that Christianity is true (which it is!).

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"Is the Shroud of Turin real? Some say it doesn't matter," Crux, Inés San Martín, Vatican correspondent, April 23, 2015.

[Above "The Holy Shroud, the 14 foot-long linen revered by some as the burial cloth of Jesus, is on display during a preview for the press at the Cathedral of Turin, Italy, on Saturday, April 18, 2015. (AP Photo/Antonio Calanni)"]

ROME - When Pope Francis visits the northern Italian city of Turin in June, his outing will once again shine a spotlight on Catholicism’s most famed — and also most debated – artifact: the Holy Shroud. The Shroud of Turin is a centuries-old, 14-foot-long linen cloth carrying the image of a man who suffered injuries in a manner consistent with crucifixion. Devotees venerate it as the burial cloth of Jesus Christ himself, though there’s long been a lively scientific and popular debate about how old the cloth really is and how, exactly, its image was formed. And now, for the fourth time since 2000, the shroud is on public display until June 24 in Turin's cathedral, and Pope Francis will venerate the shroud during his June 21-22 visit to the city. But even with a papal visit on the horizon, some still doubt the shroud's veracity. Joe Nickell, for instance, who describes himself as the world's only full-time paranormal investigator, says it's a hoax from the Middle Ages cooked up either to sell relics or to impress infidels. Nickell is a "full-time," i.e. professional sceptic. He makes a living debunking Christianity in general and the Shroud in particular. So for Nickell to admit what the evidence overwhelmingly shows, that the Shroud is authentic, would mean that he would be out of a job. "What I or anyone else believes about the Shroud of Turin is beside the point," Nickell told Crux via e-mail. "At issue should be the evidence, and on that basis science has shown the Shroud of Turin to be - like so many alleged relics - a medieval fake." The evidence is overwhelming that the Shroud is authentic, i.e. Jesus' burial shroud. Nickell is a modern example of those whom Jesus called, `the blind leading the blind' (Mt 15:14; Lk 6:39). An example of Nickell's dishonesty (or self-delusion) in Shroud matters is in his 1993 book, "Looking for a Miracle," in which Nickell argued for both the painting theory:

"In fact, there is no mention of this particular `shroud' for some thirteen centuries [a falsehood]; then a respected bishop reportedly uncovered an artist who confessed to having created it. In a letter of 1389 to Pope Clement VII, Bishop Pierre d'Arcis reported on an earlier investigation ... D'Arcis continued, speaking of the earlier bishop who conducted the investigation: Eventually, after diligent inquiry and examination, he discovered the fraud and how the said cloth had been cunningly painted, the truth being attested by the artist who had painted it, to wit, that it was a work of human skill and not miraculously wrought or bestowed" (Nickell, J., 1993, "Looking for a Miracle," pp.25-26).

and the bas relief/statue theory:

"As an alternative to the painting hypothesis, some two years before McCrone published his findings, I reported the results of my own successful experiments in creating shroudlike `negative' images. The technique involved wet-molding cloth to a bas-relief (used instead of a fully three-dimensional statue to minimize distortion), allowing it to dry, then rubbing on powdered pigment using a dauber-much as one would make a rubbing from a gravestone. This technique automatically yields 'negative' images (or rather, just like the shroud, quasi-negative images, since the hair and beard are the opposite of what would be expected). It also produces numerous other shroudlike features, including minimal depth of penetration into the threads, encoded `3-D' information, and other similarities, some of which specifically pointed to some form of imprinting technique." (Nickell, 1993, pp.27-28).

But they are mutually exclusive; the evidence for one is evidence against the other! ... Nickell, the skeptic, amasses multiple arguments to cast doubt on the veracity of the shroud: It's contrary to Jewish burial practices at the time of Jesus, he said, which involved multiple linen cloths of plain weave - rather than the medieval herringbone pattern of the Turin cloth The Shroud is not "contrary to Jewish burial practices at the time of Jesus. The New Testament is a historical source of first century Jewish burials and it states that Joseph of Arimathea:

"... bought a linen shroud, and taking him [Jesus' dead body] down, wrapped him in the linen shroud and laid him in a tomb that had been cut out of the rock." (Mk 15:46; Mt 27:59; Lk 23:53).

That is a single linen cloth, and there are no Jewish stipulations about what sort of weave a shroud was to be. And that there was a large single shroud [Gk. sindon] does not preclude that there were other smaller burial cloths, e.g. the "face cloth" [Gk.soudarion](Jn 20:7 i.e. the Sudarium of Oviedo - see above). A rare and expensive shroud, as the Shroud's herringbone twill weave would have been, is just what Joseph of Arimathea, "a rich man" (Mt 27:57), would have bought for Jesus. - plus a washed body and quantities of burial spices suspiciously absent from the "relic." Nickell here reveals his ignorance of Shroud pro-authenticity literature. The Gospels record that Jesus' burial was rushed, leaving not enough time for the normal washing of His corpse, due the impending sabbath (Lk 23:44-54). And traces of the ancient spices aloes and myrrh have been found on the Shroud. It lacks any provenance before the mid-14th century, at which time a bishop's investigation claimed it was part of a faith-healing scam. The bishop said it was the work of a confessed artist. This is doubly false. First, there is evidence for the Shroud's provenance going all the way back to the first century. Second, Bishop d'Arcis' 1389 Memorandum did not claim that the exhibition of the Shroud in c. 1355 was "part of a faith-healing scam." Nickell just made that up, which shows how loose with the truth he can be, at least in Shroud matters. And as for, Bishop d'Arcis' mere hearsay claim that the Shroud `was the work of a confessed artist' it is significant that d'Arcis did not name the artist, indicating that d'Arcis was at best misinformed and at worst lying. Moreover, as STURP found in 1978, the Shroud is not a painting. There is no paint, pigment or dye on it which forms its image. That Nickell tacitly accepts this is evident in his above proposed "alternative" of his "bas-relief" theory. But if the d'Arcis painted forgery claim was true, there would be no need for an "alternative". Moreover, by Nickell's listing of the advantages of his bas-relief alternative (which has its own fatal problems), such as "quasi-negative images," "minimal depth of penetration," and "`3-D' information," Nickell tacitly admits that a painting does not have those features. If he were honest in this, Nickell would repudiate Bishop d'Arcis' false claim that the Shroud was a painted forgery. That he doesn't shows that Nickell is not interested in truth in this matter, but only in anti-Shroud/anti-Christian, propaganda, with which to mislead his gullible sceptic readers. It exhibits numerous flaws, such as the hair falling straight down, as would be the case for a standing, not a reclining, body; the hands placed discreetly over the loins (again contrary to Jewish practice), There are no flaws. If Jesus' body was laid in a shallow, head-and-body-shaped trough, as discovered in some 1st century Jewish cave tombs, then His hair would be supported by the edge of the trough and so appear to be hanging straight down. And as Ian Wilson documented in 1986:

"In Judea, a number of skeletons excavated in the Essene cemetery at Qumran (ca. 200 B.C. to A.D. 70) were laid out flat, facing upward, elbows bent slightly, and hands crossed across the pelvis, more or less exactly the attitude visible on the Shroud." (Wilson, 1986, p.35).

the "blood" stains remaining suspiciously red and picture-like. The "blood" has failed a battery of tests by internationally known forensic serologists, and subsequent analysis claimed it was tempera paint containing red ocher and vermilion pigments - pigments that were also found throughout the image (but not off-image) areas. Again, all false. As the late eminent blood chemist Prof. Alan Adler (1932-2000) found in Shroud blood samples, their red colour is due to "an extraordinarily high bilirubin count," which in turn would be the case of a crucifixion victim:

"There is an extraordinarily high bilirubin count, almost as high as the methemoglobin. Now how does one account for such a high bilirubin in a person? One possibility is that the person had a severe malaria, but this does not seem very likely. But a torture, scourging and crucifixion leading to shock - that would produce a tremendous hemolysis. In less than 30 seconds, the hemolyzed hemoglobin will run through the liver, building up a very high bilirubin content in the blood. If that blood then clots, the exudate forms, and all the intact cells with hemoglobin stay behind, only the hemolyzed hemoglobin goes out along with the serum albumin which binds the bilirubin. So what one ends up with on the cloth is an exudate which has an enhanced bilirubin index with respect to the hemolyzed hemoglobin. You now mix bilirubin which is yellow-orange with methemoglobin in its para-hemic form which is an orangey-brown and you get blood which has a red color." (Adler, A.D., 1986, "The Origin and Nature of Blood on the Turin Shroud").

And after listing a battery of 13 tests conducted by him and the late Professor of Medicine, John H. Heller (1921-1995), Adler stated:

"That means that the red stuff on the Shroud is emphatically, and without any reservation, nothing else but B-L-O-O-D!" (Heller, 1983, p.216. Emphasis original).

Proponents lack any viable hypothesis for the image formation, and have dismissed re-creations that others have found convincing. Jackson's Cloth Collapse image formation theory explains all the major features of the Shroud. And there have been no recreations of the whole Shroud by sceptics. All there has been is various attempts by sceptics to recreate the Shroud face, and they all have been unconvincing. A pro- authenticist, David Rolfe, commissioned an artist to recreate the whole Shroud for his film documentary, "Silent Witness," but that was also unconvincing. In fact the artist, who was not a pro-authenticist before attempting his recreation of the Shroud, became one after it:

"When in the late 1970s the British artist John Weston was given the task of copying the Shroud tone by tone for the TV documentary The Silent Witness he found himself so deeply impressed that he became convinced of the Shroud's genuineness." (Wilson & Schwortz, 2000, p.121).

The cloth was radiocarbon dated by three laboratories (Oxford University, the University of Arizona, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, under the auspices of the Pontifical Academy for Sciences) to circa 1260–1390. Proponents nevertheless claim the sample taken for dating came from a "medieval patch," but this is contradicted by the textile experts who took the samples. For once I agree with Nickell! As I have stated, "Conventional explanations of the discrepancy don't work" (see also part #10(2)) as viable complete explanations of why the 1st century Shroud has a 13th/14th century radiocarbon date. But this is evidence for my theory that the radiocarbon dating laboratories were duped by a computer hacker! ...

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Notes:
1. This post is copyright. Permission is granted to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its subject heading, its date, and a hyperlink back to this post. [return]

Posted 9 May 2015. Updated 30 October 2025.

Locations of the Shroud: Turin 1694-1918: Turin Shroud Encyclopedia

Turin Shroud Encyclopedia
© Stephen E. Jones

Locations of the Shroud: Turin 1694-1918

This is the entry, "Locations of the Shroud: Turin 1694-1918," in my Turin Shroud Encyclopedia. It is a continuation from Locations of the Shroud: "Lirey c.1355-Chambéry 1471," "Chambéry 1471-Turin 1578" and "Turin 1578-1694." I am working through the topics in the entry, "Shroud of Turin, expanding on them.

[Index] [Previous: Locations: Turin 1578-1694] [Next: Locations of the Shroud: 1918-Present]

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Introduction. This is the fourth of a five-part series of entries which will briefly trace the locations of the cloth today known as Shroud of Turin, from its first appearance in undisputed history (see previous) at Lirey, France in c.1355, to its current location since 1578 (apart from short periods due to wars) in or around St John the Baptist Cathedral, Turin, Italy. It is partly based on my 2012 post, "The Shroud's location."

Turin 1694-1701. On 1 June 1694 the Shroud was moved into its purpose-built Chapel of the Holy Shroud, designed by the architect

[Above (enlarge): Interior of the Chapel of the Holy Shroud as it had been since 1694 before it was closed for repair in 1990[1].]

Guarino Guarini (1624-83), located between Turin Cathedral and the Savoy Royal Palace, as planned by Duke Charles Emmanuel I (1562–1630) in 1618 (see previous). The Shroud was deposited over the high altar in its shrine designed by engineer-architect Antonio Bertola (1647-1715). In 1699, after a series of daughters and miscarriages, a son Victor Amadeus (1699-1715) was born to Duke Victor Amadeus II (1666–1732) and Duchess Anne Maria d'Orléans (1669-1728), but he was to die aged 15 in 1715. A second son, Charles Emmanuel III (1701-73) was born in 1701 who would become the next Duke in 1730.

Turin 1701 - Genoa 1706. But also in 1701, the death in the previous year of the last Habsburg King of Spain, Charles II (1661–1700), sparked the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714). Savoy had aligned itself with the Austrian Hapsburg side against France because only the former would grant the Savoy state independence, but then if France won, Savoy would cease to exist. Also, Victor Amadeus II's cousin, Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663–1736), "one of the most successful military commanders in modern European history," was the supreme commander of the Habsburg forces. In May 1706 the French began to besiege Turin itself. So in June Duchess Anne fled with her children, Victor Amadeus II's mother Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy (1644–1724), and the Shroud, south to the seaport of Genoa for the

[Above (enlarge): Route (marked by red `diamonds') the Shroud was taken from Turin via Cherasco (16th June), Mondovì (24th), Ceva (25th), Ormea (26th), Caravonica (not shown), to Albenga. From Albenga the Shroud was then sailed via Savona to Genoa arriving on 16th July[2].]

Shroud's and their safety. After three months of heroic resistance by the Turinese, the French were about to overrun the city when on 7 September Prince Eugene's forces arrived. At his direction, Prussian infantry led by Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1676-1747) broke

[Above (enlarge): "Battle of Turin: The attack of Prince Leopold of Anhalt Dessau"[3].]

through the encircling French forces, beginning a rout which lifted the siege.

Turin 1706-98. In October 1706, following the September defeat of the French in the Siege of Turin, the Shroud was returned to Turin. Under The Treaty of Utrecht signed in April 1713, Victor Amadeus II was made King of Sicily, but in 1720 he was forced to exchanged this title for the more geographically practical King of Sardinia. In 1730 Victor Amadeus II abdicated in favour of his eldest son Charles Emmanuel III. In 1722 King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia married Anne Christine of Sulzbach (1704–1723), but she died after having given birth to a son Victor Amadeus Theodore (1723–25), who himself died in infancy. In 1724 Charles Emmanuel III married Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg (1706–35) and their first child, Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (1726–96) would succeed his father as king upon his death in 1773. In 1728 King Victor Amadeus II's wife Anne d'Orléans died, followed in 1732 by Victor Amadeus II himself, and then King Charles Emmanuel III's second wife Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg in 1735. In 1737 Charles Emmanuel III married Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine (1711-41) and an exposition of the Shroud was held to mark that

[Above (enlarge): Engraving by Filippo Juvarra (1678–1736) of the 1737 exposition of the Shroud from a pavilion in Turin's Piazza Castello to mark the marriage of King Charles Emmanuel III and Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine[4].]

occasion. Prince Victor Amadeus III married Maria Antonietta (1729–1785), a daughter of King Philip V of Spain (1683–1746), in 1750. They had three sons who survived into adulthood: Charles Emmanuel IV (1751–1819), Victor Emmanuel I (1759–1824) and Charles Felix (1765-1831). The Kingdom of Sardinia and other Savoy states in 1792 joined the First Coalition against the French First Republic, but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon (1769–1821) and Victor Amadeus III was forced to sign the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris in 1796, which gave the French army free passage through Piedmont. In 1796 Victor Amadeus III died and his eldest son Charles Emmanuel IV succeeded him as King of Sardinia. In late 1798 the French general Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV and family to leave for the island of Sardinia, without the Shroud! From now on the Shroud would be effectively under the control of the Roman Catholic Church.

Turin 1798-1831. In 1802, following the death of his saintly wife, Marie Clotilde de Bourbon (1759–1802), Charles Emmanuel IV abdicated childless in favour of his next eldest brother Victor Emmanuel I (1759-1824). In 1804, Pope Pius VII (1742–1823), having been summoned to Paris to crown Napoleon, made a special stop-over in Turin on his journey and at his request had a private showing of the Shroud. Following Napoleon's defeats in 1812 and 1814, forcing his abdication in April 1814, Victor Emmanuel I returned to Turin in May. On 20 May 1814 he held a public exposition of the Shroud, the first since 1775, to mark the return to Turin of the Savoy royal family. Then on 21 May 1815, Pope Pius VII presided over an exposition of the Shroud, himself holding it, assisted by other prelates, on the balcony of the Palazzo Madama, behind which is a castle, where it may have been kept, safe from

[Right (enlarge): Palazzo Madama, Turin[5]. The 14th century castle to which this 18th century facade was added, can be just seen over its roof.]

Napoleon? Under the terms of the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), Victor Emmanuel I received back his former territories with the addition of Genoa. However, he had only daughters who survived into adulthood, so in 1821 he abdicated as King of Sardinia in favour of his younger brother, Charles Felix (1765-1831) and died in 1824. But King Charles Felix died childless in 1831, and there being no closer male descendants, his distant cousin Charles Albert (1798–1849), Prince of Carignano, the great-great-great-great-great-grandson of Thomas Francis (1596–1656), who was the youngest son of Duke Charles Emmanuel I (1562–1630), succeeded him as King of Sardinia-Piedmont.

Turin 1831-1918. In 1817 Charles Albert had married Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855) and in 1820 their first child, Prince Victor Emmanuel II (1820-78) was born. King Charles Albert died in 1849 and Victor Emmanuel II succeeded him as King of Sardinia-Piedmont. In 1842 Victor Emmanuel II married Adelaide of Austria (1822–1855).

[Above: (enlarge): Part of a lithograph, "Ostension from Palazzo Madama," by Jean Junck, depicting the 1842 exhibition of the Shroud to mark the wedding of Victor Emmanuel II and Adelaide of Austria[6].]

Their first child was Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy (1843–1911) and their second was Prince Umberto I (1844–1900). In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II became the first King of Italy since the 6th century. Umberto I married his cousin Margherita of Savoy (1851–1926) in 1868. Instead of a brief display of the Shroud from a balcony, a four-day exposition of the Shroud, mounted on a board above Turin Cathedral's high altar was held to mark the occasion. Following this exposition, Princess Clotilde, working on her knees, repaired some loose threads on the Shroud and replaced its 1694 black silk lining with one of crimson taffeta. King Umberto I and Queen Margherita's only child, Prince Victor Emmanuel III (1869–1947) was born in 1869. Victor Emmanuel II died in 1878 and was succeeded as King of Italy by his eldest, and only surviving son, Umberto I. In 1896 Victor Emmanuel III married Princess Elena of Montenegro (1873–1952). A special exposition of the Shroud was to be held in 1898, to mark

[Above (enlarge): Poster advertising the 1898 exposition of the Shroud. The depiction of the Shroud is not a photograph since Secondo Pia's first photographs of the Shroud (see below) had not yet been taken[7].]

the fiftieth anniversary of the 1848 Sardinian Constitution upon which the Italian Constitution was based. It was proposed that the Shroud be photographed for the first time, but the Shroud's owner, the ultra-conservative King Umberto I regarded that as unseemly for such a holy relic. However, he eventually relented and a local amateur (but proficient) photographer, lawyer and city councillor Secondo Pia (1855–1941), was given the task. Pia took his photographs and when he developed his glass plates, to his utter astonishment, Pia discovered that the negatives of his Shroud photographs were positives. Which

[Above (enlarge): "Secondo Pia's 1898 negative of the image on the Shroud of Turin. Image from Musée de l'Élysée, Lausanne"[8].]

meant that the Shroud image was a photographic negative! This launched the modern scientific investigation of the Shroud. In 1900 Umberto was assassinated and was succeeded as King of Italy by Victor Emmanuel III. In 1902, from studying Pia's photographs, Yves Delage, professor of comparative anatomy at the Sorbonne University in Paris and an agnostic, delivered a scientific paper on the Shroud's image before the French Academy of Sciences, in which he concluded, on the basis of the "anatomical flawlessness of the wounds ... in [photographic] negative ... [that] ... The man of the Shroud was the Christ"[9]. In 1904, King Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena's third child and only son, Prince Umberto II (1904–1983) was born. During World War I, King Victor Emmanuel III became alarmed at the prospect of the Shroud being damaged or destroyed in an air raid, so he had constructed a secret underground chamber two floors below ground level under Turin's Royal Palace. In May 1918 the Shroud was removed from the Royal Chapel where it had been since 1898, and locked in a strongbox in that underground chamber until the end of the war, when it was returned to the Royal Chapel.

Continued in "Locations of the Shroud: 1918-Present".

Notes
1. Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books: London, p.16. [return]
2. Oddone, A., "THE_HOLY_SHROUD_files/OSTENSION_ENGLISH 5.doc," Accademia Vis Vitalis, Turin. [return]
3. "File:BattleofTurin prince Anhalt.JPG," "Siege of Turin," Wikipedia, 5 April 2015. [return]
4. "Palazzo Reale, già Palazzo Ducale o Palazzo Novo Grande," MuseoTorino, 2010. [return]
5. "Palazzo Madama, Turin," Wikipedia, 27 March 2015. [return]
6. "April 12, 1842: Another royal wedding," "Shroud Exhibitions From 1578 to 1850," Shroud University.com, 19 March 2015. [return]
7. "Secondo Pia," Wikipedia, 3 May 2015. [return]
8. "Holy Face of Jesus," Wikipedia, 7 February 2015. [return]
9. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London, pp.30-31. [return]

References.
• Adams, F.O., 1982, "Sindon: A Layman's Guide to the Shroud of Turin," Synergy Books: Tempe AZ, p.45.
• Crispino, D.C., 1983, "Louis I, Duke of Savoy," Shroud Spectrum International, No. 7, June, pp.7-14, p.10.
• Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL, pp.20-21.
• Jones, S.E., 2015, "Savoy Family Tree," Ancestry.com.au (members only)
• Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN, p.69.
• Scott, J.B., 2003, "Architecture for the Shroud: Relic and Ritual in Turin," University of Chicago Press: Chicago & London, pp.267-268.
• Sox, D., "Bringing the Shroud to the test," in Jennings, P., ed., 1978, "Face to Face with the Turin Shroud ," Mayhew-McCrimmon: Great Wakering UK, p.41.
• Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition, p.264.
• Wilson, I., 1996, "A Calendar of the Shroud for the years 1509-1694," British Society for the Turin Shroud Newsletter, No. 44, November/ December.
• Wilson, I., 1997, "A Calendar of the Shroud for the years 1694-1898," British Society for the Turin Shroud Newsletter, No. 45 - June/July 1997.
• Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY, pp.296-299.
• Wilson, 2010, pp.247, 271-273.

Posted 2 May 2015. Updated 12 December 2025.