The Shroud of Turin: May 2024

Saturday, May 25, 2024

Report of the 1973 Turin Commission on the Shroud (2): Turin Shroud Encyclopedia

This is the "Report of the 1973 Turin Commission on the Shroud (2)," part #28 of my Turin Shroud Encyclopedia. See part #26 for information about this series. In this post I am going to first present this part of the report and then add comments at the end.

[Index #1] [Previous: Report of the 1973 Turin Commission on the Shroud (1) #27] [Next: Report of the 1973 Turin Commission on the Shroud (3) #29]

49

A DEFINITIVE REPORT ON THE HAEMATOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS CARRIED OUT ON MATERIAL TAKEN FROM THE SHROUD
Giorgio Frache
Eugenia Mari Rizzatti
Emilio Mari

The laboratory investigations· of the material taken from the Shroud on November 24th, 1973, about which minutes were made at the time, took place at the Institute of Legal Medicine of the University of Modena at successive times from December 28th, 1973.

The technical side was carried out by Professor Eugenia Mari Rizzatti, on the basis of a plan of procedure agreed upon with Professor Giorgio Frache and Professor Emilio Mari.

At the conclusion of each section of the work both the other two responsible were informed and were able, personally, to look over the results.

The pieces taken on November 25th, 1973, in Turin, were in the first place accurately controlled after being taken from the containers. These resulted in being actually those mentioned in the minutes of the expert work done and are as follows:

1. 33r (32r of the minutes): three threads measuring respectively 8, 4 and 6.5 millimetres.
2. 110 A: a thread about 28 mm. in length.
3. 36 v: a thread of about 19.5 mm. in length.
4- 7 1: four threads measuring respectively 12, 17,
7 and 16 mm.
5. 5 o: a thread of about 13 mm. in length.

Macroscopic Investigation
The fibres appear to be basically ivory-white in colour, though not uniformly so, having fairly regular patches which are darker, approaching a brownish colour. These patches show where they belong in the texture of the cloth, in the pattern of the weft and warp.[JM76, 49].

Epimicroscopic Examination 50
The following enlargements were used: 18 x 1; 18 x 4; 18 x 8.

The threads were examined directly on the small stand of a stereoscopic microscope under different surfaces. The investigation resulted in what follows:

- fragments of thread, see No. 1 (33r in our notation, 32r in the minutes), appeared as a whole to be made up of numerous fibres of a shiny honey-yellow colour. At the level of the zones which also appeared darker to the naked eye, the surface fibres take on a more intense colouring, a fairly uniform reddish colour. This colouring is found only on the surface fibres, so much so that the above-mentioned colouring was only observed on the reverse of the thread at the level of the underlying fibres by transparency.

- fragments of thread, see No. 2 (110 A), show the same characteristics as the preceding. In these, however, there is no evidence either of colouration or of granulation.

- fragments of thread, see No. 3 (36v), show similar characteristics as the preceding. There is presence on slanting bands of a very light and superficial encrustation of reddish colouring and of granules of the same colour, which are present on the whole circumference of the surface fibres.

- fragments of thread, see No. 4 (7 1), show presence of bands of heterogeneous material in a slanting direction of reddish colour, granular, to be found only on the surface fibres along the whole of their circumference.

- fragments of thread, see No.5 (5 o), for which the same findings as No. 4.[JM76, 50].

Microscopic Examination 51
The different threads, whose fibres have previously been slightly separated by a histological needle were placed separately under a slide, covered with another slide, and held together by adhesive tape. Enlargements used were 63 and 285 diameters.

With the lower enlargement the portions of thread appeared to be made of numerous vegetable fibres, regular enough, without evident encrustations of heterogeneous material, with the presence of some colourless crystals.

The investigation at the 285 enlargement showed for all the fragments a different colouring of the fibres, in greeny-yellow, a colouring not due to the presence of a colouring agent, but due to microscopic vision at a high enlargement. In particular it was noted:

1. In the fragments conserved in 33r (1), few colour granulations of colour from yellow-red to orange denser at the diagonal bands, corresponding to the parts visually darker in the macroscopic investigation.

2. In the fragments drawn from 110 A (2), absence of pigmented bands.

3. In the fragments conserved in 36 v (3), 7 1 (4), 5 o (5), the microscopic examination at 285 has brought to light a framework which can be described in one. There was noted the presence of diagonal bands of fine pigmentation of a yellow-red orange colour and with some coarser granules, but very rare, black or green in colour. These granulations affected the majority of the fibres, indeed substantially so, but they were not found in the spaces between the fibres.[JM76, 51].

52 The microscopic examination, in natural light, of the different threads previously having been treated with an acid solution, sulphuric acid, was completed by putting all the material through a microscopic examination in ultra-violet light, in order to show up the possible existence of fluorescence as typical of all haemoglobin derivates.

The examination showed negative results.

It is stated in advance that the treatment with various chemical means, acetic acid, soda, did not modify the colour of the granulations. Only in the course of treatment with glycerine of potassium and ammonium sulphide, did the granulations appear to assume a dark or colouring with a clearly brown tone, after some time.

First of all, it must be clearly stated that researches by generic and specific diagnoses of blood on material of a very ancient date, subjected for various contingencies to influences from atmospheric factors and the action of physical agents such as high temperatures, can have a real probative import only if the results are positive. In effect, the specific proteins of the blood, and of the relative pigment, if subjected for different reasons to processes of degeneration or decay, can lose the characteristics which allow identification.

Generic Researches on Blood 52
In carrying out the investigation it must be remembered that we had only a very small piece of material at our disposal. Consequently we had recourse to particularly sensitive microtechnical instruments. In general we proceeded by fractioning and sectioning the threads in order to have at our disposal the points where the presence of the granulations had been perceived by microscopic examination and the colouring of which could lead one to think that an haematic pigment was present in its various transformative phases.[JM76, 52].

a) Reactions to the benzidine 53
This test is among the best known of generic tests for blood, and is based on the property which some substances have, substances normally colourless, of assuming a particular colouring on oxidation. The oxidation is assisted by the presence of a peroxidase which, acting as a catalyst, liberates the oxygen from a common peroxide H₂O₂, thus making the benzidine to take on a blue colouring. The catalyst in the case of the generic research into the marks of blood is made up of a peroxidase, greatly resistant through time, contained in the red globules. The reaction is most sensitive, more than 1 to 200,000, but is not strictly specific, on account of which a possible positive result cannot be assumed to have the value of absolute proof. The negative result, on the other hand, allows us to exclude that in the material under examination there are traces of blood still demonstrable.

In the examination, the test carried out with freshly prepared reagents took place under microscopic control for the purpose also of collecting the very localised possible reactions at the level of the fibres of the thread, particularly at the points where the preceding microscopic and epimicroscopic evidence had shown the presence of coloured granulations. Careful examination did not show any change of colour to blue, either at the level of the bulk of the granules, or in the combination of the fibre.

It is to be emphasised also that the chemical treatment with acetic acid, benzidine, and oxygenated water did not in the least modify the colour of the granulations, neither was there observed any solutionising of these.

b) Micro-spectroscopic Examination
The microspectroscopic examination directly of the material without any preliminary treatment proved negative. Thereupon we went on to an investigation of the haemochromogen, a prior transformation of the possible haematin present, (the derivate of the haemoglobin found more frequently in marks[JM76, 53].

54 of an ancient date). We sought to obtain this transformation by treating the fibres beforehand with a solution of soda at 33% in order to solutionise the possible haematin and then by using, for the transformation in the haemochromogen, the solid reagent in a solution of glycerine of potassium. Although under microscopic observation the unsuccessful solutionising of the granules was perceived, the preparations were placed all the same under micro-spectroscopic examination using the apparatus of Abbe.

The investigation proved negative in all the evidence. Consequently the haemochromogen is absent. Its presence would have been perceived through the appearance of the typical bands of absorption.

c) Thin-layer Chromatography ⁽¹⁾
We went on then with our work on one of the threads conserved in 7 1 after previous extractive incubation in alkaline solution by performing circulated chromatography of 10 cm. on a Kieselgel G plate of a thickness of 250 mμ, with a solvent system made up of a mature of methanol, acetic acid and water (proportions 90: 3: 7). The plate was then dried in an oven for five minutes at 100 degrees. It was then examined in ultra-violet light at the length of a wave 254 and 360 mμ, and it did not reveal the presence of fluorescent spots. Following this it was sprayed a first time with an ethanolic solution of benzidine without obtaining any colouration. Then, also by spraying, it was treated with a fresh solution of water oxygenated to 3% and there was a similar negative result.

The method we have described is of a high sensitivity and capable of showing the presence of blue stains up to 3:4μ grammes of blood.

Consequently the results of the investigation in the laboratory of forensic medicine made up to the present time in the area of generic diagnosis would tend to exclude the presence of blood, even of the slightest traces in the material under

(1) Farago J. "Chrom " 27 (1966)[JM76, 54].

55 study for the following reasons:
1. Because the pigmented encrustations did not pass into solution in the solvent acids and the alkaline we used.
2. Because the reaction to the benzidine was clearly negative.
3. Because the micro-spectroscopic investigations resulted clearly in the negative.
4. Because the examination by thin-layer chromatography resulted, as before, negative.

The negative results of the tests carried out in the area of the generic investigation of blood give sufficient grounds for a conclusive judgment. However, for the sake of methodological completeness, in order not to leave untried any way of identifying the material under study, the following further examinations were performed on the remaining portions of thread drawn from 33r, 110 A, 7 1, and 5 o.
a. Diagnoses of species, limited to the human species, with the siero-precipitation method in agar on a slide. The result was negative.
b. Diagnoses of (blood) group, limited to the ABO system by using a method (absorption-elution) research into the specific group property of cloth, which in its turn did not produce evidence of antigens A and B.

Conclusion

On the material taken from the Shroud on the 24th November 1973 in Turin, the generic test, the species test and the group test (limited to ABO), have produced negative results.

From the point of view of interpretation, regarding a correct scientific methodology, it has to be made clear that in our judgment, taking into account the reservations made in the introduction, the negative answer given by the investigations we carried out does not permit us to make an absolute judgment about the exclusion of haematic substance from the material under examination.[JM76, 55].

56 Signed: Professor Giorgio Frache,
Director, Institute of Legal Medicine
and Insurance, University of Modena

Professor Eugenia Mari Rizzatti

Professor Emilio Mari[JM76, 56].

Comments:
Blood At the First International Study Congress held in Rome and Turin in May 1950, the French surgeon Pierre Barbet (1884–1961) presented a report showing how the various bloodstains on the Shroud exhibit the morphological characteristics of coagulated blood[BZ98, 19]. Yet, in 1973, Professors Giorgio Frache, Eugenia Mari Rizzatti and Emilio Mari, of the Commission of Experts[PM96, 207] set up by the Archbishop of Turin, Cardinal Michele Pellegrino (r. 1965-77), tried unsuccessfully to detect the presence of blood on threads taken from the Shroud, though their analytical techniques were skilful and painstaking[BZ98, 19]. Their results proved negative for the generic proofs (reaction with solvents, reaction with benzidine, investigation with microspectroscopy and chromatography examinations); for specific proofs (belonging to the human species), as well as proofs concerning the blood group (limited to the ABO classification)[PM96, 207]. They had, however, already warned "that researches by generic and specific diagnoses of blood on material of a very ancient date ... can have a real probative import only if the results are positive. In effect, the specific proteins of the blood, and of the relative pigment, if subjected ... to processes of' degeneration or decay, can lose the characteristics which allow identification"[JM76, 52]. In other words the Shroud was so old that only a positive result counted. Blood was certainly present if you could prove that it was; if you could not prove it, however, that might mean no more than that the proofs had vanished down the centuries[BR78, 72]. That no blood had been detected on the Shroud was at least balanced by the fact that no fraudulent substance had been identified either[WI79, 77]. Since then, research undertaken in 1978 by STURP by visible light and by ultraviolet revealed the presence of a fluorescent serum halo around the bloodstains on the Shroud[BZ98, 19-20]. This made it inconceivable that the bloodstains were not real blood from a wounded organism[BZ98, 20], later shown by Dr Pierluigi Baima Bollone (1937-), Professor of Forensic Medicine at the University of Turin, through haematological immuno-fluorescence, to be from a human[BZ98, 21]. In 1980, the American research scientists Dr John Heller (1921–1995) and Alan Adler (1931-2000) announced they had succeeded in identifying a blood porphyrin from a bloodstain area of the Shroud[HA80, 29; BZ98, 20]. In May 1981, Baima Bollone, reported that forensic haematological analyses conducted on the threads that he had removed from the Shroud in 1978 showed the presence of blood preserved unaltered[BZ98, 20]. Then in August 1981 Heller and Adler reported that they had obtained analogous results from strips applied to the Shroud surface in 1978[HA81, 35; BZ98, 20]. Adler explained that Frache, et al., were unsuccessful in identifying blood in their Shroud samples because they were unable to get the blood into a solution in order to perform the necessary wet chemical test[RC99, 74-75].

The image is superficial. That is, it lies on the very topmost fibers of

[Right (enlarge): STURP's 1978 transmitted light photograph of the front half of the Shroud, in which the light source is behind the suspended cloth so only the light transmitted through it is seen. The scorches and waterstains from the 1532 fire, and the bloodstains, have penetrated the thickness of the cloth and so can be clearly seen. But the body image has almost completely disappeared, demonstrating that the image of the man on the Shroud is superficial, only one fibre deep[11Nov16].]

the threads of the Shroud[WI79, 249; SH81, 59; IJ98, 187; OM10, 200]. The initial examination by Frache's team of the image threads under a microscope revealed that the image was strictly a surface phenomenon[BR78, 72]. This had already been discovered in the taking of the thread samples in the previous "Report of the Experts' Examination of the Shroud":

"A thread in square 32r ... broke on extraction so two fragments were obtained [and] It was observed that the reddish tint of the thread was· limited to the surface, while the inside appeared to be perfectly white" (11Mar24).

The "reddish tint" was not blood (as I originally thought) but the colour of the image fibres compared to the yellow of non-image fibres (see above). As per the report: "This colouring is found only on the surface fibres, so much so that the above-mentioned colouring was only observed on the reverse of the thread at the level of the underlying fibres by transparency" (see above):

"In other words, the stains that formed the image had not penetrated the material at all. They had not, as one would have expected, changed the colouration of the whole thread. Indeed, in order to see the stain at all from the underside of the thread, one had to focus a light intense enough to render the material semi-transparent. Every [image] thread so examined showed the same characteristics. The image on the Shroud was strictly a surface phenomenon. How strictly was not really appreciated until the threads, their fibres teased apart with a histological needle, were examined at an enlargement of 285 diameters. The reddish-brown granules of which the stains were composed were clearly visible. `These granulations affected the majority of the [image] fibres, indeed substantially so, but they were not found in the spaces between the fibres'"[BR78, 70-71]

Whatever the image was, it had neither seeped into nor penetrated the fibers as a paint, pigment or dye would have done[WI79, 249; IJ98, 187; OM10, 200]. Moreover, it was insoluble and resistant to acids[WI79, 249; IJ98, 187]!

Notes:
1. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [return]

Bibliography
AC02. Adler, A.D. & Crispino, D., ed., 2002, "The Orphaned Manuscript: A Gathering of Publications on the Shroud of Turin," Effatà Editrice: Cantalupa, Italy.
BR78. Brent, P. & Rolfe, D., 1978, "The Silent Witness: The Mysteries of the Turin Shroud Revealed," Futura Publications: London.
BZ98. Baima-Bollone, P. & Zaca, S., 1998, "The Shroud Under the Microscope: Forensic Examination," Neame, A., transl., St Pauls: London.
HA80. Heller, J.H. & Adler, A.D., 1980, "Blood on the Shroud of Turin," in AC02, 29-33.
HA81. Heller, J.H. & Adler, A.D., 1981, "A Chemical Investigation of the Shroud of Turin," in AC02, 34-57.
IJ98. Iannone, J.C., 1998, "The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin: New Scientific Evidence," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.
JM76. Jepps, M., ed., 1976, "Report of Turin Commission on the Shroud," Turin, Italy.
OM10. Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.
PM96. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.
RC99. Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.
SH81. Stevenson K.E. & Habermas G.R., 1981, "Verdict on the Shroud: Evidence for the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ," Servant Books: Ann Arbor MI.
WI79. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.

Posted 25 May 2024. Updated 26 July 2024.

Saturday, May 11, 2024

Shroud of Turin News, June - December 2022

[Previous: May 2022] [Next: 2023]

This is my resumed Shroud of Turin News from June 2022. I have a lot less time now than I had in 2022, as I am now almost every day writing my book,"Shroud of Turin: Burial Sheet of Jesus!" (see 06Jul17, 03Jun18, 04Apr22, 13Jul22 & 8 Nov 22). However, I need to keep up-to-date with Shroud news articles for my book. So I will now only post the bare minimum of each important Shroud news article and briefly comment on it. Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated. The articles' words are bold to distinguish them from mine.

Lanser, R., 2022, "Further Ruminations on the Shroud of Turin," Associates for Biblical Research, 5 June. A recent episode of ABR's Digging for Truth program presented an interview with John Long,

[Right (enlarge)] ... He presented an overview of features seen in its mysterious image, showing how they are consistent with Scripture's description of the agonies Christ endured in the crucifixion. Such details as blood stains corresponding to a crown of thorns, angled streams of blood on the arms that accurately reflect how gravity would have affected their flow, dumbbell-shaped pockmarks front and back that match those on Roman lead-tipped whips, no indication of broken legs, wounds in the wrists rather than the palms, and a spear wound in the side were discussed. The blood stains on the fabric are genuine human blood, type AB. No known mechanism can explain how the image could have been made by the hand of man. Taken together, these factors argue strongly that the Shroud covered the crucified body of Christ Indeed! ... Turning now to exegetical matters ... In the gospel of John chapter 20 verses six and seven we see specifically that John talks about how Peter entered the tomb and that "he saw the linen cloths lying there" — vs 6, and then in vs 7 it says "and the handkerchief that had been around his head not lying with the linen cloths, but folded together in a place by itself." Now from what I've seen of the shroud and any research that's been done, to this point ... the shroud is one piece including the head. That does not match up with the scripture. First, as I have posted previously (e.g. 11Jul12 & 08May18), this commits an error of logic, that if there were two (or more) cloths in the empty tomb, one of them cannot be the Shroud! Scripture clearly states that the linen cloth was folded together in a place by itself. It doesn't. It says "the face cloth" (soudarion) was "rolled up in one place by itself." (Jn 20:7). I do not believe that the shroud is real, simply because it does not match up with scripture. Second, it assumes that the Shroud (sindon) was in the empty tomb, when none of the Gospels says it was. As Beecher rightly pointed out, "After the resurrection there is no mention of the Sindon as having been found in the tomb":

"The three Synoptic Evangelists, Saints Matthew, Mark and Luke, tell us that Joseph of Arimathea wrapped the body of Our Lord in a Sindon (Matt. xxvii. 59; Mark xv. 46; Luke xxiii. 53). The Sindon was a large white linen sheet that covered the entire body. The Evangelists carefully distinguish between it and the sudarium (napkin), which latter was in shape and size like a handkerchief, and was used for the head. In addition, as we know from St. John (xix. 40), linen cloths (ta othonia) were used, with spices, according to Jewish custom. After the resurrection there is no mention of the Sindon as having been found in the tomb. St. John tells us that Peter `saw the linen cloths lying, and the napkin that had been about his head, not lying with the linen cloths, but apart, wrapped up into one place' (xx. 6,7). And St. Luke tells us that `Peter rising up, ran to the sepulchre, and stooping down, he saw the linen cloths laid by themselves' (xxiv. 12)"[BP28, 16].

Likewise Bulst:

"Most interpreters of Scripture, Catholic and non-Catholic, take the Sindon of the Synoptics as a large cloth and distinguish it from the cloths mentioned by John: the Othonia, taken to be bandages, and the Sweat Cloth ... The most serious difficulty in this interpretation is that John makes no mention at all of the Sindon, the largest of the cloths and the one here under discussion - neither at the burial of Lazarus or Jesus, nor at the discovery of the cloths on Easter morning. No satisfactory solution for this startling silence has as yet been proposed. His reticence cannot be accidental, for John puts great value on the different cloths and their arrangement in the tomb, especially in his account of their discovery on Easter morning ..."[BW57, 83-84]

The "satisfactory solution" for this "silence," which is not "startling," is that John 20:6-7 explicitly says that what Peter and John saw in the empty tomb was the othonia i.e. "strips of linen" (Jn 20:6) and the soudarion i.e. "face cloth" (Jn 20:7), not the sindon "Shroud". See my 06Nov14 that the sindon wasn't in the emtpy tomb because the resurrected Jesus took it with him, as Beecher concluded:

"But the fact that St. Luke does not now mention the Sindon, which had occupied his attention previously, but speaks of cloths [othonia] instead, would indicate that the Sindon was not in the tomb. And this is very significant in connection with what St. Jerome tells us, on the authority of the Gospel to the Hebrews (a work from which he often quotes), namely, that Our Lord kept His Sindon with Him when He arose from the dead"[BP28, 17].

"The Shroud of Turin defies its sceptics," William West, 12 July, 2022. Even though it failed a carbon-dating test 40 years ago, new findings suggest that the scientists were wrong ... In April 2022 new tests on the Shroud of Turin — believed by many to be the burial cloth of Jesus Christ — dated it to the first century. See below. This dating contradicted a 1980s carbon dating that suggested the Shroud was from the Middle Ages. Some people would have been surprised, but not anyone who had been following the build-up of evidence indicating the Shroud is authentic. A total of four tests have now dated the Shroud to the first century. It was already four (see 22May22b):

Test	Max/Min	Range
Vanillin	150 BC ±850	1000 BC-AD 700
FT-IR	300 BC ±400	700 BC-AD 100
Raman	200 BC ± 500	700 BC-AD 300
Mechanical	400 AD ± 400	AD 0 - AD 800

So all four tests yield a date range in which Jesus' death in AD 30 falls!

In addition, an immense body of other evidence suggests the cloth, which appears to carry an image of Jesus's crucified body, is genuine ... Only days before the new dating results were announced, one of the main players in the drama, British filmmaker David Rolfe, issued a million-dollar challenge to the British Museum to replicate the Shroud.

[Left (enlarge): David Rolfe holds up a negative image of the face on the Turin Shroud. See 22May22a.]

The Museum oversaw the carbon tests on the Shroud and Rolfe explained: "They said it was knocked up by a medieval conman, and I say: `Well, if he could do it, you must be able to do it as well. And if you can, there's a one-million-dollar donation for your funds.'" ... You would think if anyone could copy the Shroud, the British Museum could. It certainly has the resources: around a thousand employees, including research scientists, links to major universities — and I'm sure the museum would not refuse outside help. So, was Rolfe's bet risky? Those familiar with the evidence would say no. Given all we now know about the Shroud of Turin, and the fact that no one has ever been able to copy it or even explain how it was made, Rolfe's million dollars appears safe. A 22 February 2024 article in The Catholic Weekly said:

"After almost two years of no response from the British Museum, the challenge is being extended to the United States by the National Shroud of Turin Exhibit ..."!

The most recent verification of its authenticity came in April this year 2022. A member of Italy's National Research Council, Dr Liberato de Caro, used a new X-ray technique designed specifically for dating linen. He used a method known as wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), which he says is more reliable than carbon dating. See 22May22c:

"The first published paper from 2019 demonstrated the reliability of the new X-ray dating technique on a series of samples, taken from linen fabrics ranging in age from 3000 BC to 2000 AD (see black, red, green and blue curves in the figure below ... These curves show that the

[Above ( enlarge[PE22]): Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) curves. The green "2000 years" curve is from a linen sample recovered from the Jewish fortress Masada which was conquered by the Romans in AD 74 and never occupied since. The orange curve is from a Shroud sample. As can be seen, the Shroud sample's WAXS curve very closely matches that of the 1st century Masada sample!]

sample of the Shroud of Turin (orange curve in the picture) should be much older than the approximately seven centuries indicated by the radio-dating carried out in 1988." This makes it a total of five tests which have now dated the Shroud to the first century!

He said this was because carbon dating can be dramatically wrong due to contamination of the thing being dated... These days, if anyone asks me if I really think "that Shroud thing" could be Jesus' burial cloth with his image on it, all I can say is: given the evidence, I can't think what else it could be. I am open to being talked out of this view, but so far nobody has managed to do it. Whatever your own view, following the trail of evidence is possibly the most fascinating and rewarding journey you will ever undertake. This is partly because the case for the Shroud does not hinge on a single fact — certainly not on the radiocarbon date. It involves many interlocking facts — a big picture painted by intriguing details. My experience is that the Shroud asks more unanswerable questions than anything on the planet ...

"Shroud of Turin is a puzzle that only fits together one way, former Australian journalist says," The Catholic Leader, Joe Higgins, 20 July 2022 ... THE Shroud of Turin is a four and a half metre long, one metre wide The dimensions of the Shroud are ~438 x ~113.35 cms (see 08Apr20), or ~4.4 x ~1.1 m. linen cloth bearing the front and back image of a scourged, crucified man. Since it appeared in 1578 The Shroud didn't appear in 1578 - that was the year the Shroud was transferred from Chambery, France to Turin, Italy (see "1578a"). The Shroud first appeared in undisputed history at an exposition in c. 1355, at Lirey, France (see "c. 1355"), many believers have venerated the Shroud as the burial cloth of Jesus Christ. It has also been the subject of scrutiny by sceptics. The Holy See, which has had custody of the Shroud since 1983, has never taken a definitive stance on the Shroud's authenticity As I have stated before (e.g. 29May21), it is duplicitous (i.e. "two-faced"), of the Vatican to refuse to confirm or deny that the Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet. By its actions of spending the equivalent of tens (if not hundreds) of millions of US dollars preserving the Shroud and exhibiting it to millions of people as though it is Jesus' burial sheet, the Vatican clearly does believe that the Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet, so it should say so. Shroud sceptics cite the Vatican's refusal to state that the Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet as evidence that it is not. I am not being anti-Catholic in this, I am being pro-Shroud and pro-truth! but many popes have visited it and attested to its devotional power. Former journalist and Sydney Catholic William West [Below (original[HJ22])], who spent nearly 20 years at The Australian and has been founding editor of multiple publications, weighed into the debate with his book, Riddles of the Shroud – Questions Science Can't Answer. He began his research with an open mind and found that the more he researched, the more his opinion swung from believer to sceptic to believer again ... he thought the best story would be to show the Shroud was a fake but over time he was drawn to a single conclusion – "Given the evidence, I can't think what else it could be" other than the burial cloth of Jesus. ... For Mr West, the most perplexing part about the Shroud was the image of the crucified man. "No one can explain it," he said. Despite many attempts at reproducing the image from organisations as well-resourced as the British Museum, Mr West said no one had ever reproduced a convincing replica. "The most intriguing fact about the Shroud is that, from what we now know, the only possible explanation for the impossible image on the cloth is that it is a miracle." The book points to many questions about the Shroud that no one has been able to answer despite more than a century of scientific research. "Blood chemistry and other forensic details indicate that the man on the cloth is real, that the wounds are real, and the blood is real," he said. ... "And then there is the well-known fact that the Shroud image has been shown by modern technology to be a photo-like, high-resolution, three-dimensional, negative image – something that can't be done today, let alone in the Middle Ages. "The simple fact is that no medieval forger could have conceived all the impossible features of the Shroud, let alone have created them. ... Agreed! I have West's book, but I have only dipped into it. His Chapter 11, "99 Questions that Science Can't Answer," might be helpful in writing my book.

"Holy Shroud of Turin's Authenticity Can No Longer Be Disputed, Expert Asserts," National Catholic Register, Solène Tadié, 30 December 2022. The Shroud of Turin, which is believed to have wrapped Jesus' body after his Crucifixion ... some seeing it as a simple icon symbolizing the death and resurrection of Christ, while others remain convinced of its authenticity because of the numerous studies supporting this idea. French historian Jean-Christian Petitfils [1944-]

[Left (enlarge) Jean-Christian Petitfils in 2012[JPW].]

is one of the latter.

The four decades he has devoted to the study of the Shroud have convinced him that the face unveiled to the world by the Italian photographer Secondo Pia [1855-1941] in 1898 is indeed that of Jesus Christ in the tomb, as he explained in this interview with the Register.

His extensive investigation, which compiled and analyzed all the studies ever made on the precious relic ... was recently published under the title ... The Shroud of Turin: The Definitive Investigation! ... My study is definitive in the sense that there is such a body of evidence that there is no going back on the discussion of authenticity. Agreed. The evidence really is overwhelming that the Turin Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet! And Shroud sceptics don't comprehensively grapple with that evidence, so it will remain unrefuted and more are being added! This is what is important. In the future, researchers will be called upon to discuss many other topics. For example, it is still unknown how the image was formed on the linen ... It remains an extraordinary mystery. Disagree. Jackson's Cloth Collapse Theory, coupled with the ENEA experiment, that "a flash of light at short wavelength ... [does] fit the requirements for reproducing the main features of the Shroud image":

"One of the assumptions related to the formation of the image was that regarding some form of electromagnetic energy (such as a flash of light at short wavelength), which could fit the requirements for reproducing the main features of the Shroud image, such as superficiality of color, color gradient, the image also in areas of the body not in contact with the cloth and the absence of pigment on the sheet"[TM11"].

And that is consistent with The Transfiguration (Mt 17:1-2; Mk 9:2-3; Lk 9:28-29), where Jesus' "face shone like the sun, and his clothes became white as light," "his clothes became radiant, intensely white, as no one on earth could bleach them," that Jesus' resurrection (implied by Lk 9:30-31 where during The Transfiguration "Moses and Elijah ... appeared in glory and spoke of his [Jesus'] departure [Gk. exodus] which he was about to accomplish at Jerusalem") produced intense light which imprinted His image on the Shroud. (see 23Jun15, 05Sep16, 05Feb17, 09Sep23).

... the Shroud gives us information about the Passion of Christ. We know, for example, that he was flogged very violently, in the Roman way, and not in the Jewish way, with a flagrum, which had two small balls and a barbell between them, the trace of which can be seen under a microscope. We can see that he was indeed crowned with thorns, that he was speared on the right side. The type of Roman spear used has even been identified, as there were several of them ... I was really surprised by the results of the carbon-14 analysis, in 1988-89, insofar as they were in contradiction with very reliable previous works, such as those of ... professor Paul Vignon [1865-1943] in the 1930s, showing an absolute and perfect correspondence between the iconography of Christ, which appeared as early as the end of the fourth century, and the face of the man on the Shroud. A change of iconographic model occurred at this time, which corresponds to the arrival of this precious linen in the city of Edessa, in present-day Turkey. It therefore seems impossible that a forgery could have been made in the Middle Ages, in the years 1260-1390 — that is, the range provided by the radiocarbon laboratories. It is impossible that the Shroud is a forgery made in the years 1260-1390. For starters, the Shroud was indisputably exhibited in 1355, 45 years before the Shroud's latest 1390 possible radiocarbon date! And, see my post of 12Sep21a that there are at least 7 Byzantine icons, starting from the sixth century, which have up to 14 of the 15 "Vignon markings" found on the Shroud. See, for example, a side-by-side comparison below between one of them: the sixth century St Catherine's Sinai Pantocrator and the positive face of the Shroudman.

[Above (enlarge): Comparison of the sixth century Christ Pantocrator in St. Catherine's Monastery, Sinai and the and the Shroud face with the 15 Vignon marking numbers superimposed in yellow. By my count it has twelve: (1), (2), (3), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (13) and (14) - see 12Sep21b. Particularly striking is "(13) transverse line across throat" which the artist had faithfully depicted as Jesus' garment neckline! Again this is further proof beyond reasonable doubt that the Shroud was the artist's model and therefore already existed in c.550, seven centuries before the earliest 1260 radiocarbon date of the Shroud, and eight centuries before Bishop Pierre d'Arcis (r. 1377-95) claimed that the Shroud had been "cunningly painted" in c. 1355 (see "1389d")!]

In addition, since 1978, the work of STURP, the American research group created by John Jackson, which had the shroud at its disposal for two days, It was for 5 days (120 hours[GV01, 61; OM10, 209]), over a 6-day period, from 8 to 13 October, 1978:

"1978 ... 8-13 October. Intensive scientific examination of the Shroud in a specially prepared suite in the Royal Palace. Some twenty-four American scientists and specialists, known as the Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP), participate and take samples"[WI10, 302]

and carried out, with several tons of material [equipment], very thorough analyses, including microchemical tests of spectrography, infrared radiometry studies, optical microscopy, ultraviolet fluorescence, etc., demonstrating that the author was not a medieval forger. Agreed. STURP's Final Report of October 1981 concluded, "No pigments, paints, dyes or stains have been found on the fibrils" and "there has been a direct contact of the Shroud with a body," which rules out what I am going to call in my book, the forgery theory's "Standard Model" (see comment below):

"No pigments, paints, dyes or stains have been found on the fibrils. X-ray, fluorescence and microchemistry on the fibrils preclude the possibility of paint being used as a method for creating the image. Ultra Violet and infrared evaluation confirm these studies. Computer image enhancement and analysis by a device known as a VP-8 image analyzer show that the image has unique, three-dimensional information encoded in it. Microchemical evaluation has indicated no evidence of any spices, oils, or any biochemicals known to be produced by the body in life or in death. It is clear that there has been a direct contact of the Shroud with a body, which explains certain features such as scourge marks, as well as the blood. However, while this type of contact might explain some of the features of the torso, it is totally incapable of explaining the image of the face with the high resolution that has been amply demonstrated by photography"[SS81].

I quickly wondered about the reliability of the carbon-14 study. Statistical studies showed immediately that there were absolutely insurmountable discrepancies between certain figures provided by the Oxford laboratory and those of Zurich in Switzerland and Tucson, Arizona. In 2017, it emerged that the raw numbers, obtained thanks to young researcher Tristan Casabianca, showed an even greater dispersion in the results, so that statistically there is only a 1% chance that the samples come from the same tissue. From memory this "1%" is not correct. See my 29May19 where the abstract of Casabianca, et al.'s Archaeometry article, only says that, "A statistical analysis of the Nature article and the raw data strongly suggests that homogeneity is lacking in the data and that the procedure should be reconsidered." Which, however, is bad enough. The 1989 Nature article should be withdrawn. Of course, it is not the carbon-14 method that is at fault, but the linen which is extremely polluted. Traces of fungus and calcium carbonate were found. Raymond Rogers [1927–2005], a very fine chemist who died in 2005, discovered that the sample area corresponded to a darned area: modern threads were inserted in the 16th century, in order to repair this area that had been worn away. Thus, the Carbon-14 experiment is null and void today. Agreed, but none of this explains why the first century Shroud returned a `bull's eye' radiocarbon date of 1325 ± 65. Only my Hacker Theory explains that!

Other work has been done since then, including by professor Giulio Fanti [1956-] of the University of Bologna, who from another method of dating based on the twisting of linen, arrived at a fairly wide time range, but which revolved around the pivotal axis of the year 33, the date of the burial of Jesus. See above on Fanti, et al.'s three different methods of dating the Shroud, which all include the date of Jesus' death, 7 April 30[FJ64, 300-301] (not the other possible date when the Sabbath and Passover coincided (Mt 26:2; 28:1; Mk 14:1; 15:42-43; Lk 22:1-2; 23:50-54; Jn 19:14-16; 31), 14 April 33[FJ64, 300]), because the Apostle Paul was converted (Acts 9:1-8) in 33/34[FJ64, 320-321] and so then there wouldn't have been time for the events of Acts 1-8 to take place.

Just recently, in April 2022, another Italian researcher, professor Liberato de Caro of the Institute of Crystallography of the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, using a particular X-ray method, WAXS (wide-angle X-ray scattering (see above) came to the conclusion that this is indeed a linen from the first century. To this end, he compared a thread of this linen with another, taken from a cloth found at Masada, a [Jewish] citadel that the Romans stormed and destroyed in the year 73.

... It is no longer possible to say that it is a medieval cloth, nor that it could probably be the Jesus' Shroud. No, its authenticity can no longer be disputed. Nevertheless, it is stated in Wikipedia that the Shroud is a medieval cloth, and that it is not Jesus' Shroud:

"In 1988, radiocarbon dating by three different laboratories established that the shroud's linen material was produced between the years 1260 and 1390 ... which corresponds with its first documented appearance in 1354 ... Some proponents for the authenticity of the shroud have attempted to discount the radiocarbon dating result by claiming that the sample may represent a medieval `invisible' repair fragment rather than the image-bearing cloth. However, all of the hypotheses used to challenge the radiocarbon dating have been scientifically refuted, including the medieval repair hypothesis, the bio-contamination hypothesis and the carbon monoxide hypothesis"[STW].

We Christians must realise that:

"We know that we are from God, and the whole world lies in the power of the evil one"[1Jn 5:19].

Therefore, the non-Christian world will never accept that the Shroud is Jesus' burial sheet. Regardless of how strong the evidence is for it and how weak the evidence is that it is not! We Christians will win, but only at the "end of the Book" (Rev 21:3-4; 22:1-5):

"When things get bad and you can't stand to look
It's time to read to the end of the book
Don't put it down 'til you get to the end
When Jesus come and His Kingdom begins"
("End of the Book" by Michael W. Smith).

In the meantime, our responsibility is "to bear witness to the truth" (Jn 18:37).

What do you say to those who question its authenticity because of the historical "holes" in which the shroud disappeared? ... There is a gap between April 5, 33 — which corresponds to Easter Day No. See above that Jesus was crucified on Easter Friday 7 April 30, so Resurrection Sunday was 9 April 30. , when Simon Peter and John the Evangelist discovered the Shroud on the stone bench in the Holy Sepulchre, They didn't. The sindon was not in the empty tomb - see previous. as if the body had disappeared from inside — and the year 387-388, the date of the probable arrival of the Shroud in the Mesopotamian city of Edessa. I don't know why Petfils, who is a historian, albeit of modern history, says that the Shroud, presumably as the Image of Edessa (see "Tetradiplon and the Shroud of Turin") arrived in Edessa in 387-388. A search of my ~1.8 Gb of Shroud text on my computer for both "387" and "388" reveals nothing but page numbers. Nor did Internet searches of "387 Edessa" and "388 Edessa" reveal anything significant. Segal doesn't mention the Image of Edessa arriving in Edessa in 387-388 in his Edessa: The Blessed City and nor does Guscin in his The Image of Edessa. Wilson points out that Evagrius Scholasticus (c. 536-594)'s account of "the divinely made image not made by the hands of man" having repelled the 544 Siege of Edessa by the Persians was: "the entry of the Mandylion [Image of Edessa/Shroud ] into history"[WI79, 137-138]. We do not know indeed what happened in between. The "Missing Years" gap of 514 years between 30 and 544 is broken into two smaller gaps of c.350 - 30 = c.330 years and 544 - c.330 = 214 years.

"In the fourth century, Athanasius, the Bishop of Alexandria[r. 328-73], affirmed that a sacred Christ-icon, traceable to Jerusalem and the year 68, was then present in Syria"[MJ08]:
"...but two years before Titus [r. 79 -81] and Vespasian [r. 69-79] sacked the city [Jerusalem in 70], the faithful and disciples of Christ were warned by the Holy Spirit to depart from the city and go to the kingdom of King Agrippa [r. 41–44], because at that time Agrippa was a Roman ally. Leaving the city, they went to his regions and carried everything relating to our faith. At that time even the icon with certain other ecclesiastical objects were moved and they today still remain in Syria. I possess this information as handed down to me from my migrating parents and by hereditary right. It is plain and certain why the icon of our holy Lord and Savior came from Judaea to Syria"[VD99].

And from my book, chapter 9, "Prehistory of the Shroud":

"The pollen and DNA evidence (see Science [18Oct15]), the Pray Codex's `poker holes' (see Art [21Aug18]), and the large water stains (see Archaeology [05Apr18]) are evidence that in the earliest Christian centuries the Shroud was circulating in small Christian communities flying under history's radar. The huge amount of pollen on the Shroud indicates that it featured in early Church Easter ceremonies which reenacted the Spring flowers placed by the disciples over Jesus' enshrouded dead body"[MP90; MP14].

It was also thought that there was a historical gap at the time of the sack of Constantinople in 1204. But we now know that the Shroud escaped the sack, was transferred to France and kept in the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris. Agreed with the first part, but the Shroud was never kept in the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris. Briefly: • Fourth Crusader Othon IV de la Roche (c. 1170-1234) acquired the Shroud during the Sack of Constantinople in 1204["1204b"]. Othon took the Shroud to Athens where he assumed the Crusader State title of Duke of Athens["1205a"]. • In c. 1206 Othon sent the Shroud to his brother Pons II de la Roche (1179–c.1216) at Othon's Ray-sur-Saone chateau

[Above (enlarge): A wooden chest preserved in Ray-sur-Saone chateau, Burgundy, on which its metal plate states, "in which ... the Shroud of Christ [was] brought by Otho de Ray from Constantinople["1225"].]

in Burgundy, France["c. 1206"]. • Pons II in 1208 entrusted the Shroud to the care of Amadeus de Tramelay, Archbishop of Besançon (r. 1197–1220), who kept it in Saint-Étienne Cathedral, Besançon["c. 1206"]. • Othon returned from Athens to his chateau in Burgundy in 1225["1225"]. • Henri I de Vergy (c.1205-63) married Isabelle de la Roche de Ray (c.1235-78) in c. 1248 ["c.1248"]. Isabelle was a granddaughter of Othon IV de la Roche. Through their son, Jean I de Vergy (1248-1310), Jeanne de Vergy (c.1332–1428)., was a direct descendant of Othon IV de la Roche, and wife of Geoffroy I de Charny (c.1300-56), the first undisputed owner of the Shroud["1355"]! • Death in c. 1342 of Jeanne de Toucy (c. 1301–42), Geoffroy I's childless first wife["c. 1342]. • In c. 1343, according to my theory, fears of an English invasion of Burgundy (which later happened) and Besançon being absorbed into the Austrian Holy Roman Empire (which also later happened) led to the Shroud being secretly moved by the pro-French de Vergys from St. Etienne's Cathedral to King Philip VI (r. 1328-50) in Paris["c. 1343"]. The plan, according to my theory, was that Geoffroy would marry the legal owner of the Shroud, the then ~11 year-old Jeanne de Vergy, when she reached marriageable age["c. 1343"]. • In early 1343, Geoffroy appealed to King Philip VI for rent revenues of 140 livres annually, so he could build and operate a chapel at Lirey with five chaplains (or canons), for a village of only ~50 houses! Evidently Geoffroy was already planning to exhibit the Shroud at that yet to be built Lirey church after he marroed Jeanne de Vergy["1343c"]. • Assumed marriage in c. 1346 of the ~46 year-old Geoffroy I de Charny and the ~14 year-old Jeanne de Vergy["1346a"]. The ~32 year difference in their ages itself shows that this was no ordinary marriage. • In 1349 St. Etienne's Cathedral was struck by lightning and badly damaged by the resulting fire, and it was discovered that the reliquary containing the Shroud was missing["1349"]. • c.1355 First exposition of the Shroud in undisputed history at Lirey, France by Geoffroy I de Charny and his wife Jeanne de Vergy["c. 1355"]. • In 1375 Archbishop Guillaume de Vergy (r. 1371–1391), claimed to have found the Shroud lost in the 1349 fire [see above]. But it was the painted, frontal only Besançon shroud, which fits the theory that the de Vergys arranged the transfer of the Shroud from Besançon to King Philip VI in Paris["1375"]. Then it was transferred to the House of Savoy In 1453 ["1453a"],and finally to the Holy See, in 1983.["1983b"].

Notes:
1. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [return]

Bibliography
BP28. Beecher, P.A., 1928, "The Holy Shroud: Reply to the Rev. Herbert Thurston, S.J.," M.H. Gill & Son: Dublin.
BW57. Bulst, W., 1957, "The Shroud of Turin," McKenna, S. & Galvin, J.J., transl., Bruce Publishing Co: Milwaukee WI.
FG08. Fanti, G., ed., "The Shroud of Turin: Perspectives on a Multifaceted Enigma," Proceedings of the 2008 Columbus Ohio International Conference, August 14-17, 2008, Progetto Libreria: Padua, Italy, 2009.
FJ64. Finegan, J., 1964, "Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible," Princeton University Press: Princeton NJ.
GV01. Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL.
HJ22. Extract from Higgins, J., 2022, "Shroud of Turin is a puzzle that only fits together one way, former Australian journalist says," 20 July.
JPW. "Jean-Christian Petitfils," Wikipedia (Fr), 11 April 2024.
MJ08. Markwardt, J., 2008, "Ancient Edessa and the Shroud: History Concealed by the Discipline of the Secret," in FG08, 382-407, 382.
MP90. Maloney, P.C., 1990, "The Current Status of Pollen Research and Prospects for the Future," ASSIST Newsletter, Vol. 2., No. 1, June, 1-7.
MP14. Maloney, P.C., 2014, "Walter C. McCrone and the Max Frei Sticky Tapes of 1978: A Background Study," July 14.
OM10. Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.
PE22. Pentin, E., 2022, "New Scientific Technique Dates Shroud of Turin to Around the Time of Christ's Death and Resurrection," National Catholic Register, 19 April.
SS81. "A Summary of STURP's Conclusions," October 1981, Shroud.com.
STW. "Shroud of Turin," Wikipedia, 19 May 2024.
TM11. Tosatti, M., 2011, "The Shroud is not a fake," The Vatican Insider, 12 December.
VD99. Von Dobschütz, E., 1899, Christusbilder: Leipzig, Vol. 3, 15, in MJ08, 382, 393.
WI79. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.
WI10. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.

Posted 11 May 2024. Updated 8 November 2024.

Friday, May 10, 2024

Topic index "X": The Shroud of Turin blog

I have reluctantly decided to abandon this Topic Index series. It is taking up too much of my scarce time and most of the entries are unimportant.

This is "Topic index `X'" of my index to topics that I have posted to this my The Shroud of Turin blog. For information on this series, see "`A' and Index."

[Right: Upper (enlarge). Extract of a 1931 Shroud negative photograph (flipped horizontally for comparison with the postive below), by professional photographer Giuseppe Enrie (1886-1961), showing x-ray images of the Shroud man's under-the-skin hand bones[LM10a]. Lower (enlarge): Extract of a 2002 positive Shroud photograph by another professional photo-grapher, Gian Carlo Durante, also showing x-ray images of the Shroud man's under-the-skin hand bones[LM10b].

These photos are from a future "Xray 10Dec15."

A medieval forger would not know about x-rays as they were discovered in 1895[XRW] by Wilhelm Röntgen (1900-23)[WRW], let alone depict them! Sceptics had claimed this as evidence that the Shroud was a forgery because "the hands and fingers [are] long and spidery"[DD84; SH88, 70]. But the claimed bug has turned out to be a feature! What we are seeing is "the finger bones ... visible well into the palm of the hands ... the internal skeletal structure of the hand imaged through the intervening flesh tissues onto the Shroud cloth"[JJ91, 333]. The "bones of the hand seemed to be showing up as if under an X-ray"[WS00, 37].

Further evidence that the image on the Shroud is a "snapshot' of the Resurrection" of Jesus!:

"Even from the limited available information, a hypothetical glimpse of the power operating at the moment of creation of the Shroud's image may be ventured. In the darkness of the Jerusalem tomb the dead body of Jesus lay, unwashed, covered in blood, on a stone slab. Suddenly, there is a burst of mysterious power from it. In that instant the blood dematerializes, dissolved perhaps by the flash, while its image and that of the body becomes indelibly fused onto the cloth, preserving for posterity a literal `snapshot' of the Resurrection"[WI79, 251].

[Index] [Previous "W"] [Next "Y"]

X-ray 29Oct07, 01Dec07.

Bibliography
DD84. Dutton, D., 1984, "Requiem for the Shroud of Turin," Michigan Quarterly Review 23, 243-55.
JJ91. Jackson, J.P., "An Unconventional Hypothesis to Explain all Image Characteristics Found on the Shroud Image," in Berard, A., ed., 1991, "History, Science, Theology and the Shroud," Symposium Proceedings, St. Louis Missouri, June 22-23, 1991, The Man in the Shroud Committee of Amarillo, Texas: Amarillo TX, 325-344.
LM10a. Extract from Latendresse, M., 2010, "Shroud Scope: Enrie Negative Vertical," (flipped horizontally), Sindonology.org.
LM10b. Extract from Latendresse, M., 2010, "Shroud Scope: Durante 2002 Vertical," Sindonology.org.
SH88. Sox, H.D., 1988, "The Shroud Unmasked: Uncovering the Greatest Forgery of All Time," Lamp Press: Basingstoke UK.
WRW. "Wilhelm Röntgen: Discovery of X-rays," Wikipedia, 8 April 2024.
XRW. "X-ray: Discovery by Röntgen," Wikipedia, 8 May 2024.
WS00. Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books: London.

Posted 10 May 2024. Updated 11 May 2024.

Thursday, May 9, 2024

Topic index "W": The Shroud of Turin blog

This is "Topic index `W'" of my index to topics that I have posted to this my The Shroud of Turin blog. For information on this series, see "`A' and Index."

[Right (enlarge): "Anatomy of the Shroud"[WK80, 737-738], showing that the wounds and bloodstains on the Shroud match the Gospels' accounts of Jesus' suffering and death.]

This photo is from "Wounds and bloodstains 25Jul07," except I have substituted a clearer version of it.

[Index] [Previous "V"] [Next "X"]

Walsh, J. 30Jun07, 06Jul07.
Whanger, A. 01Dec07; Polarized Image Overlay (see "P").
Wedgewood T. 08Jul07.
Whiting, B. 13Jul07.
Wilson, I. 27Jul07, 29Jul07, 11Aug07, 14Nov07.
Wounds and bloodstains 09Aug07.
Wuenschel, E. 25Jul07.

Bibliography
WK80. Weaver, K.F., 1980, "Science Seeks to Solve ... The Mystery of the Shroud," National Geographic, Vol. 157, June, 730-753.

Posted 9 May 2024. Updated 10 May 2024.

Wednesday, May 8, 2024

Topic index "V": The Shroud of Turin blog

This is "Topic index `V'" of my index to topics that I have posted to this my The Shroud of Turin blog. For information on this series, see "`A' and Index."

[Above (enlarge): "The Vignon markings-how Byzantine artists created a living likeness from the Shroud image. (1) Transverse streak across forehead, (2) three-sided `square' between brows, (3) V shape at bridge of nose, (4) second V within marking 2, (5) raised right eyebrow, (6) accentuated left cheek, (7) accentuated right cheek, (8) enlarged left nostril, (9) accentuated line between nose and upper lip, (10) heavy line under lower lip, (11) hairless area between lower lip and beard, (12) forked beard, (13) transverse line across throat, (14) heavily accentuated owlish eyes, (15) two strands of hair"[WI78, 82E].]

This photo is from "Vignon markings 25Jul07," except I have substituted a larger version of it.

[Index] [Previous "U"] [Next "W"]

Vala, L. 21Jul07.
Vanillin 01Dec07.
Vertically collimated 08Jul07.
Vignon markings 25Jul07.
Vignon, Paul 25Jul07.
VP-8 Image Analyzer 08Aug07.

Bibliography
WI78. Wilson, I., 1978, "The Turin Shroud," Book Club Associates: London.

Posted 8 May 2024. Updated 9 May 2024.

Tuesday, May 7, 2024

Topic index "U": The Shroud of Turin blog

This is "Topic index `U'" of my index to topics that I have posted to this my The Shroud of Turin blog. For information on this series, see "`A' and Index."

[Right enlarge: ENEA's Hercules-L XeCl excimer (ultraviolet) laser[EF00] "Italian scientists have conducted a series of advanced experiments which, they claim, show that the marks on the shroud – purportedly left by the imprint of Christ's body – could not possibly have been faked with technology that was available in the medieval period ... `The double image (front and back) of a scourged and crucified man, barely visible on the linen cloth of the Shroud of Turin, has many physical and chemical characteristics that are ... impossible to obtain in a laboratory,' concluded experts from Italy's National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development [ENEA]. The scientists set out to `identify the physical and chemical processes capable of generating a colour similar to that of the image on the Shroud.' They concluded that the exact shade, texture and depth of the imprints on the cloth could only be produced with the aid of ultraviolet lasers – technology that was clearly not available in medieval times. The scientists used extremely brief pulses of ultraviolet light to replicate the kind of marks found on the burial cloth. They concluded that the iconic image of the bearded man must therefore have been created by `some form of electromagnetic energy (such as a flash of light at short wavelength).' ... Prof. Paolo Di Lazzaro, the head of the team, said: `When one talks about a flash of light being able to colour a piece of linen in the same way as the shroud, discussion inevitably touches on things like miracles and resurrection.' `But as scientists, we were concerned only with verifiable scientific processes.'" (my emphasis)[SN11.]

This photo is from a future "ultraviolet: 22Dec11."

[Index] [Previous "T"] [Next "V"]

Ultraviolet: Laser: 22Dec11.
Umberto II, of Savoy: Bequeathed Shroud to Pope in 1983: 08Oct09, 07Oct11.

Bibliography
EF00. ENEA FIS-ACC Excimer Laboratory Annual Report 2000-2001 (no longer online).
SN11. Squires, N., 2011, "Italian study claims Turin Shroud is Christ's authentic burial robe," The Telegraph, 19 December.

Posted 7 May 2024. Updated 9 May 2024.