Chronology of the Turin Shroud: Fifteenth century (1)

Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 to the present
FIFTEENTH CENTURY (1)
© Stephen E. Jones[1]

This is part #18, "Fifteenth century" (1) of my "Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 - present" series. For more information about this series see part #1, "1st century and Index." Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated. Because of its length, I have split this post into two: 1401-1453 (1) and 1454-1500 (2).

[Index #1] [Previous: 14th century (3) #17] [Next: 15th century (2) #19]

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15th century (1401-1453).

[Above (enlarge)[2]: The bottom `third' of the Lirey pilgrim's badge showing the reliquary in which the Shroud was then kept [see below]. The coat of arms shields of Geoffroy I de Charny are on the right of the reliquary and that of Jeanne de Vergy is on its left[3]. This alone is proof that the Shroud had been the private property of Geoffroy I de Charny and his wife, Jeanne de Vergy. And on Geoffroy I's death in 1356 [see "1356c"], the Shroud became the property of his heir, Geoffroy II de Charny. And upon Geoffroy II's death in 1398 [see "1398"], the Shroud became the property of his heir, Marguerite de Charny (c. 1393–1460) [see "c.1393"]. The Shroud had merely been kept in Lirey church on behalf of Geoffroy II de Charny, and the canons had no right to demand it be returned to them, nor that they be paid compensations for its `loss'. See 16Feb15, 14Mar15, and below on the Lirey church canons' extortion racket!]

1407 Marguerite de Charny[8], eldest child of Geoffroy II de Charny (1352–98)[9], inheritor of her father's properties at Lirey, Montfort, and Savoisy[10], and the Shroud[11], married Jean de Bauffremont (1380–1415)[12]. However the Shroud remained in the Lirey church under the control of its canons[13] [see "1398"], who did not release it to Marguerite until 1418 [See "1418b" below].

1408 Commencement of the building of what would become the Sainte Chapelle, Chambéry[14], initiated by Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy (1383–1451)[15], who in 1439 became the last Avignon Pope Felix V (r. 1439-1449)[16] [See "1439" below].

1413 Birth of Louis (Ludovico) (1413–65), the future Duke of Savoy (r. 1440-65) [see "1440"] and future owner of the Shroud [see "1453a"], to Amadeus VIII and Marie of Burgundy (1386–1428)[17].

1415 Jean de Bauffremont, first husband of Marguerite de Charny was killed in the Battle of Agincourt[18], which marked the resumption of the Hundred Years' War between England and France[19] [see "1337" and "1389b"]. Their marriage was childless[20].

1418a On 8 June Marguerite de Charny married the wealthy Humbert de Villersexel (1385–1437), Count de la Roche, Lord of St Hippolyte sur Doubs[21]. As his title implies, Humbert, like Geoffroy I de Charny (c.1300–1356)'s wife, Jeanne de Vergy (c.1332–1428), was a direct descendant of Othon de la Roche (c.1170-1234)[22], who brought the Shroud from Constantinople to France, via Athens [see "c.1332" and below]. Humbert, like Marguerite's father, Geoffroy II de Charny (1352-98) was a Knight of the Order of the Collar of Savoy[23].

1418b Less than a month later, on 6 July, due to danger from marauding bands of English soldiers remaining in France after the Battle of Agincourt[24] [see [1356e], the Lirey canons handed over the Shroud, other relics and jewels to Humbert for safe-keeping[25]. A receipt from Humbert described the Shroud as "a cloth on which is the figure or representation of the Shroud of our Lord Jesus Christ"[26]. Humbert's receipt described the Shroud as being in a chest emblazoned with the arms of Charny[27]. That chest is depicted on a lead badge that had belonged to a pilgrim who had visited the c.1355 exhibition of the Shroud at Lirey [see above], and was recovered in 1855 from the mud below a bridge over the Seine River, Paris [see "c.1355-6"]. Humbert's receipt promised that when the danger had passed, the Shroud and relics would be returned to the Lirey church's canons[30]. Humbert and Marguerite kept the Shroud in Humbert's castle at Montfort [Right (original)[31].] near Montbard[32], about 63 km (39 mi) from Lirey, as also specified in the receipt[33].

c. 1419 But not long after the Shroud and relics were moved west about 227 km (141 mi) from Lirey to another of Humbert's castles, St Hippolyte sur Doubs[34], and then kept in the chapel called des Buessarts[35]. Expositions of the Shroud were held every Easter Sunday in a meadow on the banks of the River Doubs[36].

1428 Death of Jeanne de Vergy (c.1332–1428)[37], wife of Geoffroy I de Charny (c.1300–1356), mother of Geoffroy II de Charny (1352-98) and grandmother of Marguerite de Charny, at the presumed age of ~96. Jeanne was one of the most significant person in Shroud history, being a direct descendant of Othon de la Roche (c.1170-1234) who brought the Shroud from Constantinople to France, via Athens [see above and "c.1332"]. It was probably Jeanne who organised the first undisputed exposition of the Shroud at Lirey in 1355 [see "1355a"] and she certainly was the organiser of the second Lirey exposition in 1389 [see "1389a"]. It was Jeanne who held the Shroud for about 30 years (c.1359-1389) in High Savoy with her second husband Aymon de Geneva (c. 1324-1388), between the first Lirey exposition [see "c1359"] and the second. It was Jeanne who presumably showed the Shroud to Aymon's nephew and neighbour Robert of Geneva (1342-94), the future Clement VII (r.1378-94), so that as Pope he unexpectedly sided with Geoffroy II de Charny against Bishop Pierre d'Arcis (r. 1377-1395), in allowing the second 1389 exposition to continue [see "1389f"]. Finally. Jeanne may have arranged Marguerite's marriage to Humbert de Villersexel (above). Not only was Humbert and Marguerite's father Geoffroy II de Charny a Knight of the Order of the Collar of Savoy [see above], so was Jeanne's husband Aymon [see 16Feb15]. And both Humbert and Marguerite were distant cousins, descended from the same common ancestors, Jean I de Vergy (c.1248–1310) and his wife Marguerite de Noyers (c.1235–1290)[38]!

1434 Marriage of Louis (Ludovico) I (1413–65) to Princess Anne de Lusignan of Cyprus (1418-62) [Left (enlarge)[39].] in Chambéry[40]. Anne was the daughter of King Janus of Cyprus (1375–1432) and Charlotte of Bourbon (1388–1422) [41]. Janus' other titles included crusader King of Jerusalem[42] [see "1095"]. Anne was a direct descendant of Aimery de Lusignan (c. 1155–1205), the first King of Cyprus[43] [see "1191"], who also claimed the title, "King of Jerualem"[44].

1437 Death of Humbert de Villersexel, second husband of Marguerite de Charny (see above)[45]. Their marriage also was childless[46]. Humbert lands were bequeathed to his nephew, François de La Palud (c.1400–1456)[47], but Marguerite was named trustee of the Shroud[48]. So Anne left St Hippolyte sur Doubs, her home for the previous ~20 years, taking the Shroud with her[49]. Now in her mid-forties, twice-widowed and childless[49a], Marguerite would have known that she was going to die without a direct heir to pass on the Shroud to[50].

1439 After a bishops' revolt against Pope Eugene IV (r. 1431-1447), Duke Amadeus VIII was elected Pope by the Council of Basel-Florence, and became Pope Felix V (r. 1439-1449)[51].

1440 Amadeus VIII abdicated as Duke in favour of his eldest surviving son, Louis, who became Louis I, Duke of Savoy (r. 1440-65)[52]. [Right (enlarge)[53].]

1443 Since Humbert de Villersexel's death in 1437 (above), the dean and canons of the Lirey church had been demanding that Marguerite return to them the Shroud and relics that Humbert had taken into safekeeping in 1418 (see above)[54]. Having received no response the dean and canons of the Lirey church sued Marguerite in the Parlement of Dole for the return of the Shroud to them[55]. That is despite the Shroud being her property not theirs (see above)! Marguerite's deposition to the Parlement stated that the Shroud was "conquis par feu messire Geoffroi de Charny, mon grant père'"[56]. i.e. it was her grandfather Geoffroy I de Charny (c.1300–1356)'s by right of conquest[57] and therefore was not Humbert's to give away. Marguerite handed back to the Lirey church the relics and jewels, but not the Shroud[58]. In return for various payments towards the upkeep of the Lirey church Marguerite was allowed to keep the Shroud for three more years"[59].

1447 Marguerite having not being prepared to negotiate the return of the Shroud to the Lirey church, its dean and canons summoned her before the ecclesiastical court of Besançon[60]. In its judgement the court allowed Marguerite to keep the Shroud for another two years, on payment of the Lirey canons' legal costs and further church upkeep[61]. Two years later this agreement was renewed for a further three years[62]. In these negotiations Marguerite was represented by her half-brother Charles de Noyers (c.1401–1460)[63], a son of Marguerite's mother's second marriage[64] [see "1459"].

1448 Presumably seeking someone or something suitable for her to transfer the Shroud to, Marguerite took the Shroud with her through the domain of Philip the Good (r. 1419–1467), the Duke of Burgundy[65]. She is recorded, as "Mme de la Roche," in the archives of Mons, Burgundy (in today's Belgium)[66], as having in her care "what is called the Holy Shroud our Our Lord"[67].

1449 Benedictine chronicler Cornelius Zantiflet recorded Marguerite de Charny exhibiting the Shroud at Chimay, Belgium[68]. According to Zantiflet, who was evidently sceptical of the Shroud's authenticity, it was "a certain sheet on which the shape of the body of our Lord Jesus Christ has been skilfully painted, with remarkable artistry, showing the outlines of all the limbs, and with feet, hands and side stained with blood-red, as if they had recently suffered stigmata and wounds"[69].

1452a Birth of Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) on 15 April 1452, Anchiano, Italy[70]. See "1492" for Picknett and Prince's `Leonardo da Vinci replaced the original Shroud with a photograph in 1492' theory.

1452b In September Marguerite gave a public exposition of the Shroud at the Chateau of Germolles[71], a residence of the the Duke of Burgundy[72], near Macon, France[73].

1452c Marriage of Amadeus IX (1435–1472), eldest child of Louis I and Anne de Lusignan, and future Duke of Savoy [see "1465"] to Princess Yolande de Valois (1434–78), daughter of King Charles VII of France (r. 1422-61)[74].

1453a On 22 March 1453, Marguerite de Charny, in Geneva[75] (presumably at Château de Chillon, i.e. Chillon Castle), received

[Left (enlarge): The Château de Chillon (i.e. Chillon Castle)[76] which presumably was where in Geneva Marguerite de Charny transferred the Shroud to Duke Louis I of Savoy.]

from Duke Louis I of Savoy the castle of Varambon[77] and revenues of the estate of Miribel near Lyon[78] in return for "valuable services"[79]. This can only be the transfer of the Shroud to the House of Savoy[80].

As mentioned above, Louis wife, Princess Anne de Lusignan of Cyprus (1418-62) was descended from the crusader Kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus. In 1453 she and Louis had been married ~19 years[81]. Anne was both beautiful and self-willed[82]. The future Pope Pius II (r. 1458-64) described Anne as "a woman incapable of obeying, married to a man incapable of commanding"[83]! Louis was more interested in the arts than his duchy, so he had left it to Anne to manage its affairs of state[84]. So it was Anne who in 1453 negotiated with Marguerite the transfer of ownership of the Shroud to the House of Savoy[85]. Anne was born and raised in Cyprus before her marriage at age ~16 to Louis[86]. The Greek Orthodox Church in Cyprus would have every 16 August celebrated the coming of the Image of Edessa to Constantinople [see "[945b"], despite its disappearance from there in 1204 [see "1204"][87]. That annual celebration was held in the Church of the Acheiropoietos (Greek "not made with [human] hands"[89] - that same Greek word is in Mk 14:58; 2Cor 5:1 & Col 2:11) at Lapithos in Cyprus[90], not far from the Lusignan Palace where Anne had lived[91]. Although a Roman Catholic, Anne would have been aware of these celebrations[92]. She may also have recognized a similarity between the Image of Edessa and the Shroud of Lirey[93] and believed that the two were one and the same[94]. So it was likely that Anne was much more interested in possessing the Shroud than Marguerite would have expected[95], and this would have been an important factor (amongst others - see next) in Marguerite's decision to transfer the Shroud to Duke Louis and Duchess Anne of Savoy[96].

Presumably Marguerite saw in Duke Louis and his wife Anne a pious[97] and rising dynasty, wealthy and powerful enough to give security to the Shroud[98]. Marguerite's judgment (or rather Jesus, the Man on the Shroud's leading) proved to be correct, as the Savoys became the kings of Italy from 1861 [see future "1861"][99]. The secrecy was presumably necessary because the legal owner of the Shroud, the Byzantine Empire, was still in existence (albeit only for another two months - see below). Varambon had been the seat of the de la Palud family until it was confiscated by Duke Louis I from Marguerite's nephew and Humbert's heir, François de la Palud (see above)[100]. Marguerite had previously petitioned King Charles VII (Yolande's father see above), that Louis pay compensation for what he had taken from her nephew[101], so presumably this was a face-saving way for Louis to return Varambon to its rightful owner. The revenues from Miribel were already exhausted, so in 1455 Louis took it back replaced it with the town and manor of Flumet, in High Savoy[102], so that the ~62 year-old Marguerite could have a place in which to live out her remaining years[103]. If Marguerite had wanted to profit from the exchange, she could have asked and received much more for the Shroud, but presumably the Duke Louis and Duchess Anne wanted legal proof that they now owned the Cloth[104] [see 16Feb15]. Therefore the repeated claim by professional Shroud sceptic, Joe Nickell, that Marguerite "sold" the Shroud for "two castles"[105] is false. As Ian Wilson pointed out, "Margaret was now in her seventies [sic], and one can scarcely suppose that at this stage in her life she should have been particularly interested in acquiring real estate"[106]!

1453b After the Shroud became the property of Dukes of Savoy [see above], there is no record where it was initially kept[107]. But it is likely that the Shroud was within a few days transferred from Duke Louis' Geneva castle to his small private chapel[108] inside his Chateau

[Right (enlarge)[109]: Château of the Dukes of Chambéry. In the 15th century this was the principal residence of the Savoys. So initially the Shroud would have been held here, when it was not travelling with a Duke.]

in the Savoy capital Chambéry[110], in far south-eastern France, near the borders of Italy and Switzerland.

1453c End of the Byzantine Empire on 29 May 1453, in the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire's Sultan Mehmed II (1432–1481), after a 7-weeks siege which began on 6 April 1453[111]. The last reigning Byzantine Emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos (r. 1449–1453), died in battle at the fall of Constantinople[112]. So the Byzantine Empire could no longer demand that the Shroud be returned, if it was now publicly admitted that it was the one looted from Constantinople in 1204 [see "1204]," by Marguerite's ancestor, Othon de la Roche (c.1170-1234) (see above)[113].

Continued in the next part #19 of this series.

Notes
1. This post is copyright. I grant permission to quote from any part of this post (but not the whole post), provided it includes a reference citing my name, its subject heading, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [return]
2. Extract from Latendresse, M., 2012, "A Souvenir from Lirey," Sindonology.org. [return]
3. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition, p.224D; Maher, R.W., 1986, "Science, History, and the Shroud of Turin," Vantage Press: New York NY, p.96; Wilson, I., 1986, "The Evidence of the Shroud," Guild Publishing: London, p.5; Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY, p.127; Antonacci, M., 2000, "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY, p.150; Tribbe, 2006, p.42; Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London, p.221. [return]
8. Currer-Briggs, N., 1988, "The Shroud and the Grail: A Modern Quest for the True Grail," St. Martin's Press: New York NY, pp.35, 174. [return]
9. Currer-Briggs, N., 1995, "Shroud Mafia: The Creation of a Relic?," Book Guild: Sussex UK, p.221; Crispino, D.C., 1990, "The Charny Genealogy," Shroud Spectrum International, No. 37, December, pp.19-25, 20; Duncan, H., 2013, "The Shroud in Montfort, 1418-?," BSTS Newsletter, No. 77, June. [return]
10. Wilson, 1979, p.209; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.37; Currer-Briggs, 1995, pp.16-17; Wilson, 2010, p.237. [return]
11. Wilson, 1979, p.209; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.44; Brucker, E., 1998, "Thy Holy Face: My 39 Years of Lecturing on the Shroud of Turin," Brucker: Tucson AZ, p.16; Duncan, 2013. [return]
12. Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.174; Wilson, 1998, p.281. [return]
13. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London, p.15. [return]
14. Wilson, 1998, p.281. [return]
15. Wilson, 1998, p.281. [return]
16. Wilson, 1979, p.215; Tribbe, F.C., 2006, "Portrait of Jesus: The Illustrated Story of the Shroud of Turin," Paragon House Publishers: St. Paul MN, Second edition, p.48; Whiting, B., 2006, "The Shroud Story," Harbour Publishing: Strathfield NSW, Australia, p.52; Wilson, 2010, p.243. [return]
17. Wilson, 2010, p.247; "Louis, Duke of Savoy," Wikipedia, 6 April 2018. [return]
18. Wilson, 1979, p.211; Morgan, R., 1980, "Perpetual Miracle: Secrets of the Holy Shroud of Turin by an Eye Witness," Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia, p.44; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.44; Currer-Briggs, 1995, p.221; Wilson, 1998, pp.118, 281-282; Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL, p.15; Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK, p.63; Duncan, 2013. [return]
19. "Hundred Years' War: Battle of Agincourt (1415)," Wikipedia, 8 November 2018. [return]
20. Wilson, 1979, p.211; Guerrera, 2001, p.16; Oxley, 2010, p.63. [return]
21. Wilson, 1979, pp.211, 260; Wilson, 1998, p.282; Whiting, 2006, p.49; "Humbert de Villersexel," Wikipedia, 27 September 2017 (translated by Google). [return]
22. Whiting, 2006, p.49; Wilson, 2010, p.211. [return]
23. Wilson, 1979, p.215; Whiting, 2006, p.52. [return]
24. Wilson, 1979, pp.211-212, 260; Wilson, 1998, pp.118, 282. [return]
25. Wilson, 1979, p.260; Wilson, 1998, p.282. [return]
26. Humber, T., 1978, "The Sacred Shroud," [1974], Pocket Books: New York NY, p.101; Wilson, 1979, pp.212, 260; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.44; Bonnet-Eymard, B., "Study of original documents of the archives of the Diocese of Troyes in France with particular reference to the Memorandum of Pierre d'Arcis," in Berard, A., ed., 1991, "History, Science, Theology and the Shroud," Symposium Proceedings, St. Louis Missouri, June 22-23, 1991, The Man in the Shroud Committee of Amarillo, Texas: Amarillo TX, pp.233-260, 247; Currer-Briggs, 1995, p.35; Wilson, 1998, pp.118, 282; Whiting, 2006, p.50; Wilson, 2010, p.238; Duncan, 2013. [return]
27. Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.44; Bonnet-Eymard, 1991, p.247; Currer-Briggs, 1995, p.35; Wilson, 1998, p.118; Whiting, 2006, p.50; Duncan, 2013. [return]
30. Wilson, 1979, p.212; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.44; Duncan, 2013; Whiting, 2006, p.50; Wilson, 2010, p.238. [return]
31. "Castle Montfort (Côte-d'Or)," Wikipedia, 3 November 2017 (translated by Google). [return]
32. Wilson, 1979, p.260; Wilson, 1998, pp.118, 282. [return]
33. Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.44; Wilson, 1998, p.118; Duncan, 2013. [return]
34. Wilson, 1979, p.260; Adams, F.O., 1982, "Sindon: A Layman's Guide to the Shroud of Turin," Synergy Books: Tempe AZ, p.33; Wilson, 1998, pp.238, 282; Whiting, 2006, p.50. [return]
35. Wilson, 1979, pp.212, 260; Wilson, 1998, p.282; Whiting, 2006, p.50. [return]
36. Wilson, 1979, pp.260-261; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.45; Wilson, 1998, pp.238, 282; Whiting, 2006, p.50. [return]
37. Currer-Briggs, 1995, p.220; "Jeanne de Vergy," Wikipedia, 13 January 2018, translated by Google. [return]
38. Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.30. [return]
39. "Anne of Cyprus, Duchess of Savoy, by Giuseppe Lavy," c.1758-66, in Royal Palace, Turin. [return]
40. "Anne of Cyprus," Wikipedia, 5 July 2018. [return]
41. Wilson, 2010, p.243; Ibid.. [return]
42. "Janus of Cyprus: Family and issue," Wikipedia, 13 November 2018. [return]
43. Wilson, 1979, p.215; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.46; Scott, J.B., 2003, "Architecture for the Shroud: Relic and Ritual in Turin," University of Chicago Press: Chicago & London, p.13; Whiting, 2006, p.52; Oxley, 2010, p.68; Wilson, 2010, p.243. [return]
44. Currer-Briggs, 1988, pp.46-47. [return]
45. Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.35; Currer-Briggs, 1995, p.35; Wilson, 1998, p.282; Wilson, 2010, p.239. [return]
46. Morgan, 1980, p.44; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.45; Tribbe, 2006, p.47; Whiting, 2006, p.50; Wilson, 2010, p.239. [return]
47. Sox, H.D., 1978, "File on the Shroud," Coronet: London, p.41; Wilson, 1979, p.213; Oxley, 2010, p.68. [return]
48. Sox, 1978, p.41. [return]
49. Adams, 1982, p.44; Guerrera, 2001, p.16; Oxley, 2010, p.67. [return]
49a. Wilson, 2010, pp.100-101. [return]
50. Wilson, 1979, p.212; Wilson, 2010, p.239. [return]
51. Wilson, 1998, p.282; "Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy: Election as anti-pope," Wikipedia, 27 August 2018. [return]
52. Oxley, 2010, p.69; "Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy: Election as anti-pope," Wikipedia, 27 August 2018; "Louis, Duke of Savoy," Wikipedia, 6 April 2018. [return]
53. "File:Lodovico di Savoia.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, 28 June 2016. [return]
54. Currer-Briggs, 1995, p.35. [return]
55. Currer-Briggs, 1995, p.35. [return]
56. Currer-Briggs, 1995, p.35; Wilson, I., 1991, "Holy Faces, Secret Places: The Quest for Jesus' True Likeness," Doubleday: London, p.20; Wilson, 1998, pp.130, 132, 282; Oxley, 2010, p.66. [return]
57. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta, p.183. [return]
58. Bulst, W., 1957, "The Shroud of Turin," McKenna, S. & Galvin, J.J., transl., Bruce Publishing Co: Milwaukee WI, p.15; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.45. [return]
59. Wilson, 2010, p.240. [return]
60. Bulst, 1957, p.15; Wilson, 1979, p.213; Whiting, 2006, p.51; Wilson, 2010, p.240. [return]
61. Wilson, 1979, p.213; Whiting, 2006, p.51; Wilson, 2010, p.240. [return]
62. Wilson, 1979, p.213; Whiting, 2006, p.51; Wilson, 2010, p.240. [return]
63. Wilson, 1979, p.213; Currer-Briggs, 1995, p.36; Wilson, 1998, p.283; Whiting, 2006, p.51; Wilson, 2010, p.240. [return]
64. Oxley, 2010, p.70. [return]
65. Wilson, 2010, pp.240-241. [return]
66. Wilson, 1998, p.282; Oxley, 2010, p.67; "Mons," Wikipedia, 11 November 2018. [return]
67. Wilson, 1998, p.282; Oxley, 2010, p.67. [return]
68. Wilson, 1979, p.214; Wilson, 1998, p.282; Oxley, 2010, p.67. [return]
69. Wilson, 1979, p.214; Wilson, 1998, p.282; Oxley, 2010, p.67. [return]
70. Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN, p.139; Guerrera, 2001, p.70; Wilson, 2010, p.244; "Leonardo da Vinci," Wikipedia, 20 November 2018. [return]
71. Wilson, 1979, p.214; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.46. [return]
72. Oxley, 2010, p.67; "Château de Germolles," Wikipedia, 6 April 2018. [return]
73. Wilson, 1979, p.214; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.46; Wilson, 1998, pp.282-283; Oxley, 2010, p.67. [return]
74. Jones, S.E., 2015, "de Charny Family Tree," Ancestry.com.au (members only); "Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy," Wikipedia, 15 October 2018; "Yolande of Valois," Wikipedia, 19 July 2018. [return]
75. Wilson, 1979, p.214; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.46; Oxley, 2010, p.69. [return]
76. "Château de Chillon," Wikipedia, 19 October 2018. Photograph, "Castle_of_Chillon_N.jpg"," by Zacharie Grossen, 3 July 2014. [return]
77. Wilson, 1979, p.214; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.46; Wilson, 1998, p.283; Whiting, 2006, p.53; Oxley, 2010, p.69; de Wesselow, 2012, p.16. [return]
78. Humber, 1978, p.103; Wilson, 1979, p.214; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.46; Wilson, 1998, p.283; Whiting, 2006, p.53; Oxley, 2010, p.69; de Wesselow, 2012, p.16. [return]
79. Wilson, 1979, p.214; Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.46; Wilson, 1998, p.283; Whiting, 2006, p.53; de Wesselow, 2012, p.16. [return]
80. Wilson, 1998, p.283; Whiting, 2006, p.53; de Wesselow, 2012, p.16. [return]
81. Reference(s) to be provided. [return]
82. Oxley, 2010, p.68. [return]
83. Crispino, D.C., 1983, "Louis I, Duke of Savoy," Shroud Spectrum International, No. 7, June, pp.7-13, 8; Oxley, 2010, p.68. [return]
84. "Anne of Cyprus," Wikipedia, 5 July 2018. [return]
85. Currer-Briggs, 1988, p.34. [return]
86. Wilson, 1979, p.216; Currer-Briggs, 1995, p.40; Oxley, 2010, p.70. [return]
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Posted 9 November 2018. Updated 30 October 2022.