Science and the Shroud (1) #34
This is the fourth installment of "Science and the Shroud (1)," part #34 of my Turin Shroud Encyclopedia, which will help me write chapter 14, "Science and the Shroud," of my book in progress, "Shroud of Turin: Burial Sheet of Jesus!" See 06Jul17, 03Jun18, 04Apr22, 13Jul22, 8 Nov 22 & 20Jun24. I am basing this on my "Chronology of the Shroud," from 1898 onwards.
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1898a 25 May. In conjunction with the 1898 exposition of the Shroud over 8 days[JP78, 25WI79, 26, 264; MR80, 122] from 25 May to 2 June[WI98, 298-299; MG99, 24], amateur but experienced Turin photographer Secondo Pia (1855–1941)[DT12, 18; SPW], took two 21 x 27 cm. test photographs of the Shroud[WI97; MG99, 25]. However, these reproduced poorly because of uneven lighting[WI97]. Nevertheless, although they were less than perfect, evident on these negatives was a strange effect[WI10, 18]
1898b 26 and 27 May. Three of Pia's fellow members of the Turin photography club, Prof. Noel Noguier de Malijay (1861-1930), Lt. Felice Fino and Fr Giammaria.Sanna Solaro smuggled their cameras into the exposition and take photographs of the Shroud, which when developed, confirm Pia's 
[Right (enlarge): Fr. Solaro's life-like negative of the Shroud face[FM15, 71].]
discovery that the Shroudman's image is a photographic negative[OG85, 50; VM87, 9].
1898c 28 May. Pia took a further two 21 x 27 cm. test photographs and four 50 x 60 cm. official photographs of the Shroud[MG99, 25]. Around midnight in his home darkroom[WI79, 27; WJ63, 24-25; CJ84, 49; DT12, 18], as Pia was developing the fourth test photograph of the Shroud mounted over Turin Cathedral's altar (below), he was astonished to see on the emerging negative, that the strange effect which he had seen on the first two test photographs (see 
[Above (enlarge): Negative of Pia's fourth test photograph taken on 28 May[MG99, 24]. This is the actual negative photograph in which Pia first saw the Shroudman's life-like face.]
above) was real: the Shroudman's face on the negative was life-like[MP78, 26; WI79, 27; IJ98, 5; WI98, 17; WI10, 18-19; DT12, 18-19], 
[Above (enlarge[SP18]): Negative of the Shroudman's face by Secondo Pia, 1898. Presumably from one of his official photographs.]
as was the rest of his body[WM86, 10; RC99, 13]. Pia realised that the negative of the Shroudman's image is a photographic positive and therefore the image is a photographic negative[TF06, 54]!
The Shroud itself being inaccessible to scientific study[MR80, 127; DT12, 100], Pia's photographs became the basis of scientific study of the Shroud[MR80, 126, 185; SH81, 30-31, 56; SR82, 41; OG85, 46; PM96, 213; IJ98, 191; GV01, 51, 156-157; TF06, 54; OM10, 195; DT12, 19-20, 100] for the next ~33 years[MR80, 127] (see future "1931") .
Despite the intention of the Shroud's owner, King Umberto I of Italy (r. 1878-1900), to keep Pia's discovery a secret until its implications could be evaluated[RTB], the news leaked out[RTB].
To be continued in the fifth installment of this post.
Notes:
1. This post is copyright. I grant permission to extract or quote from any part of it (but not the whole post), provided the extract or quote includes a reference citing my name, its title, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [return]
Bibliography
CJ84. Cruz, J.C., 1984, "Relics: The Shroud of Turin, the True Cross, the Blood of Januarius. ..: History, Mysticism, and the Catholic Church," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.
DT12. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London.
FM15. Fanti, G. & Malfi, P., 2015, "The Shroud of Turin: First Century after Christ!," Pan Stanford: Singapore.
GV01. Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL.
IJ98. Iannone, J.C., 1998, "The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin: New Scientific Evidence," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.
JP78. Jennings, P., ed., 1978, "Face to Face with the Turin Shroud ," Mayhew-McCrimmon: Great Wakering UK.
MG99. Moretto, G., 1999, "The Shroud: A Guide," Neame, A., transl., Paulist Press: Mahwah NJ.
MP78. McNair, P., 1978, "The Shroud and History: Fantasy, Fake or Fact?," in JP78, 21-40.
MR80. Morgan, R.H., 1980, "Perpetual Miracle: Secrets of the Holy Shroud of Turin by an Eye Witness," Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.
OG85. O'Rahilly, A. & Gaughan, J.A., ed., 1985, "The Crucified," Kingdom Books: Dublin.
PM96. Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: Malta.
OM10. Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.
RC99. Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.
RTB. Reference(s) to be provided.
SH81. Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1981, "Verdict on the Shroud: Evidence for the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ," Servant Books: Ann Arbor MI.
SP18. "SECONDO PIA (1855–1941): Shroud of Turin, c. 1898," Christie's 2024.
SPW. "Secondo Pia," Wikipedia, 1 April 2024.
SR82. Schwalbe, L.A. & Rogers, R.N., 1982, "Physics and Chemistry of the Shroud of Turin: A Summary of the 1978 Investigation," Analytica Chimica Acta, No. 135, 3-49.
TF06. Tribbe, F.C., 2006, "Portrait of Jesus: The Illustrated Story of the Shroud of Turin," Paragon House Publishers: St. Paul MN, Second edition.
WJ63. Walsh, J.E., 1963, "The Shroud," Random House: New York NY.
VM87. van Haelst, R. & Morgan, R., 1987, "Honouring an Almost Forgotten Shroud Scholar: Don Noguier de Malijay," Shroud News, No. 40, April, 8-10.
WR10. Wilcox, R.K., 2010, "The Truth About the Shroud of Turin: Solving the Mystery," [1977], Regnery: Washington DC.
WI79. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.
WI97. Wilson, I., 1997, "A Calendar of the Shroud for the Years 1694-1898," BSTS Newsletter, No. 45, June/July.
WI98. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY.
WI10. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.
WM86. Wilson, I. & Miller, V., 1986, "The Evidence of the Shroud," Guild Publishing: London.
Posted 29 December 2024. Updated 1 January 2025.
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