Chronology of the Turin Shroud: Sixteenth century (1)

Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 to the present
SIXTEENTH CENTURY (1)
© Stephen E. Jones[1]

This is part #20, "Sixteenth century (1)" of my "Chronology of the Turin Shroud: AD 30 - present" series. For more information about this series see the Index #1. Emphases are mine unless otherwise indicated. This page was initially based on Ian Wilson's 1996, "Highlights of the Undisputed History: 1500."

[Index #1] [Previous: 15th century (2) #19] [Next: 16th century (2) #21]

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16th century (1) (1501-1534).

1501 The childless, already widowed at 17, Margaret of Austria (1480– 1530) [Right [2]], daugh-ter of future Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (r. 1508-19)[3], married the childless already widowered at 19, Philibert II, Duke of Savoy (1480-1504), thus becoming Duchess of Savoy[4].

1502 Margaret was devoted to the Shroud[5], and at her behest it was no longer to accompany the Savoys during their travels [see "1473b], but is to given a permanent home in the Royal Chapel of Chambéry Castle, the Sainte Chapelle, Chambéry[6]. On 11 June the Shroud in its silver-gilt reliquary is

[Above (enlarge): The Sainte-Chapelle, Chambéry[7], as it is today, after the 1532 fire fire [see "1532"].]

carried in a solemn procession from Chambéry's Franciscan church to the Sainte-Chapelle[8], where it is deposited in a special cavity hollowed out of the wall [see "1532"], above the Chapel's high altar[9]. The cavity is secured by an iron grille with four locks, each opened by a separate key, two of which are held by the Duke[10].

1503 On Good Friday, 14 April, the Shroud was exhibited at Bourg-en-Bresse in Eastern France for Margaret's brother Archduke Philip the Duke of Burgundy (r. 1482–1506)[11]. The Shroud was first exhibited in Philip's castle[12], presumably the Château de Cordon (now a ruin [Left (enlarge)[13]) which is between Chambéry and Bourg-en-Bresse and was owned by the Holy Roman Emperors[14], and then in the marketplace of Bourg-en-Bresse[15]. An eyewitness, Antoine of Lalaing (1480-1540), who was Chamberlain to Philip, recorded the events of that day:

"The day of the great and holy Friday, the Passion was preached in Monsignor's chapel by his confessor, the duke and duchess attending. Then they went with great devotion to the market halls of the town, where a great number of people heard the Passion preached by a Cordeilier. After that three bishops showed to the public the Holy Shroud of Our Lord Jesus Christ ..."[16].

Lalaing recounted that one of the three bishops holding the Shroud for veneration solemnly announced:

"Here, my brothers, among holy things, is the most holy and contemplative on all the earth. It is the precious and noble `sindon' purchased by Joseph of Arimathea for the burial of the divine Master, when, with the help of Nicodemus, he took him down from the cross"[17].

1504a Death of Duke Philibert II of Savoy on 10 September at age of 24, by drinking too much iced wine after hunting[19]. He is succeeded as Duke of Savoy by his 18 year old brother Charles III "the Good" (1486–1553) [Right (enlarge)[18]]. Margaret is now twice-widowed at only 22[20].

1504b On 16 September, six days after Philibert's death, Margaret installs herself at Bourg-en-Bresse and begins work on cult of remembrance of her dead husband at neighbouring Brou, chosen because in 1480 her mother-in-law, dowager duchess Claudine de Brosse (1450–1513), widow of Duke Philip II of Savoy (r. 1496-97) [see "1496"], and mother of the late Philibert II and the new Duke Charles III (r. 1504–53), had made a vow to found a monastery at Brou if her husband Philip recovered from an accident, which he had[21].

1505a On 29 March, Margaret commissioned a church to be built on the ruins of the ancient Benedictine monastery at Brou[22].

1505b On 5 May, Margaret formally relinquishes custody of the Shroud to Claudine, who has a special devotion for the Shroud and keeps it with her, in her castle at Billiat en Michaille, (between Bourg-en-Bresse and Geneva)[23]. Presumably this was today's Château de Poncin [Below (original) [24]], which was "included in the dowry of Anne of Cyprus, widow of Louis, Duke of Savoy, and after her in that of Claudine of Brittany ... widow of Duke Philip of Savoy ..."[25]

1505c Duke Charles III and his mother petition Pope Julius II (r. 1503- 13) to approve the text of a Mass in honour of the Shroud"[26]

1505d In October Claudine invites Margaret to 'come and see the Holy Shroud' to preserve her from the plague then raging in Bourg-en-Bresse[27], which Margaret presumably did and received her "snippet" of the Shroud as a consolation gift from Claudine [see 1508a].

1506a Pope Julius II gives his formal assent for Chambéry's Sainte Chapelle to be known henceforth as the Sainte Chapelle of the Holy Shroud[28].

1506b On 21 April Julius, thanks to the intermediacy of Bishop (soon to be Cardinal) Louis de Gorrevod (c. 1473-1535)[29], authorized that a Feast of the Holy Shroud, initially only for the Chambéry diocese, should be assigned to 4 May, the day after the feast celebrating the finding of the True Cross[30]. Two weeks later on 9 May Julius issued a follow-up papal bull formally approving a Mass of the Shroud[31]. This included a prayer with the words `Almighty, eternal God, in memory of the Passion of your only begotten Son, you have left us the Holy Shroud on which his image is imprinted'[32].

1506c Death on 25 September of Margaret's brother Philip, the Duke of Burgundy (r. 1482–1506) and King of Castile, Spain (r. 1506)[33].

1507 Margaret becomes, on the request of her father, Emperor Maximilian I (r. 1508-19), the regent of the Netherlands during the minority of her nephew Charles I (1500-58), future Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-58)[34] [See "1519"].

1508a On 20 February Margaret of Austria draws up her will, giving to the church of Brou, among other relics, a snippet of the Shroud[35]. Marino and Benford claim that this snippet was taken [see "1530"] from what later became the 1988 radiocarbon dating area [Below (enlarge)[36]] and 16th century threads were used to repair the excision, thus giving the first-century Shroud a false 13th-14th century radiocarbon date[37]. However, see my comment below that:

"... younger carbon contamination and/or threads from a medieval repair included in the radiocarbon dating samples does not, of itself, explain why the first century Shroud had the `bull's eye' 1260-1390 = 1325±65 radiocarbon date. For an explanation of both, see my possible reconciliation of the carbon contamination and/or medieval repair theories with my hacker theory."

1508b Work begins on the rebuilding in stone of Geoffroy I de Charny's wooden church at Lirey, which will take another eighteen years [see "1526] to complete[38].

1509 A new casket for the Shroud is commissioned by Margaret of Austria at a cost of more than 12,000 gold ecus[39]. The installation of the Shroud in this new casket takes place on 10 August, before the Sainte-Chapelle's grand altar, in the presence of many dignitaries[40]. Twenty-three years later this magnificent casket will be ruined beyond repair in the Sainte-Chapelle fire of 1532 [see "1532"], its molten silver permanently scarring parts of the Shroud[41].

1511a A private exposition of the Shroud was held for Anne of Brittany, Queen of France (r. 1488-1514), and Cardinal Francesco of Aragon (r. 1505-1511)[42].

1511b A major programme of embellishment of Chambéry's Sainte Chapelle is commenced, which includes the provision of stained glass, Flemish sculpture, marble tombs of the princesses of Savoy, rich draperies, ornamentation from Cyprus, reliquaries studded with precious stones, etc[43].

1512 Johann von Erlach (1474-1539), the Mayor of Bern, a Swiss ambassador and military commander, travelled on a diplomatic mission to meet Charles III, Duke of Savoy[44]. In 2016 a miniature depiction of an exposition of the Shroud was discovered in von Erlach's prayerbook[45]. Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts specialist

[Above (enlarge)[46]: A double-page depiction of the Shroud in Johann von Erlach's prayerbook being held by three Bishops at an exposition. Its undamaged state shows it pre-dates the fire of 1532 [see "1532"]), and may be the earliest (or second only to the 1516 Lier copy [see 1516b]) surviving painted representation of the Shroud [see 26Jul16].]

Eugenio Donadoni considers it to be "not implausible that on such an occasion he could have been shown the Shroud" and then "have been so inspired by the visit that he had the holy relic reproduced in his prayerbook"[47].

1513 Death at Chambéry of dowager duchess Claudine de Brosse (1450–1513), who is buried behind the high altar of the Sainte Chapelle, Chambéry, facing the casket containing the Shroud[48].

1516a On 15 June, dressed as a monk, King Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547) arrives in Chambéry[49] from Lyon to venerate the Shroud after his victory at Marignan[50]. He is a grandson of Duke Philip II of Savoy (r. 1496-97) and his first wife Margaret of Bourbon (1438–83), through their daughter, his mother, Louise of Savoy (1476-1531)[51].

1516b Year inscribed in Latin on a one-third (1.47m x 0.33m) size[52] painted copy of the Shroud [Left enlarge)[53]] preserved in the Church of St. Gommaire at Lier, Belgium[54]. It may be the "picture of the Holy Shroud of Our Lord made on cloth," listed in an inventory of Margaret of Austria's goods when she moved from Mechelen to Brussels in 1523[55]. The painting has been attributed to Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)[56] but it is doubtful that he was the artist[57]. More likely is the attribution of the Lier copy to Margaret's court painter from 1518 to 1529 Bernard van Orley (c.1487-1541)[58] of whom there is a record that Margaret paid him for four paintings including, "a painting of a Holy Shroud made upon cotton"[59] and the Lier copy is on cotton[60]. The Lier copy does not depict the burns of the 1532 fire [see "1532"], so it presumably pre-dates it[61]. If so, it is the earliest painted copy of the Shroud[62], with the possible exception of the Von Erlach prayerbook [see "1512" above]. The Lier copy does depict as red bloodstains[63] the `poker holes' [see 21Aug18], the origin of which there is no historical record[64], proving that they pre-date 1516[65].

1517a. A 1517 travel diary of Don Antonio de Beatis, companion of Cardinal Luigi d'Aragona (r. 1494–1519) records of an exposition of the Shroud at Chambéry:

"... the public exhibition took place from the top of the walls of the château in the direction of a certain meadow that is there outside the town for the convenience of the pilgrims ..."[66].

Of the Shroud de Beatis wrote:

"This winding-sheet, sindon or sudarion, is about five and a half spans high and only a little longer than the imprint, which is double - a front and a rear impression. These images of the most glorious body are impressed and shaded in the most precious blood of Jesus Christ and show most distinctly the marks of the scourging, of the cords about the hands, of the crown on the head, of the wounds to the hands and the feet, and especially of the wound in the most holy side, as well as various drops of blood spilled outside the most sacred image ..."[67] .

1517b Beginning of the Protestant Reformation on 31 October when Martin Luther sends his Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences to the Archbishop of Mainz[68].

1518. On 28 October the Cardinal of Aragon again visited Chambéry

[Above (enlarge)[69]: Simulated exposition of the Shroud (white rectangle) from the balcony in front of the Sainte-Chapelle, Chambéry's apse window, where the Shroud was shown to the crowds in 1518 and 1521[70]. [see "1521a" below]]

and the populace was given a showing of the Shroud from a balcony of the chapel jutting out over the castle wall[71].

1519. The Habsburg King of Spain, Charles I (r. 1516-56), son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (r. 1508-19), and of whom Margaret was regent [see "1507" above], was elected Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-58)[72]. The intense rivalry between Charles V and Francis I, King of France (r. 1515-1547), over their conflicting claims of inheritance of parts of Italy[73] were to have major consequences for the Shroud [see 1525a and future "1535"].

1521a On 8 April the 35 year-old Duke Charles III (r. 1504–53) marries the 17 year-old Beatrice of Portugal (1504-38), daughter of King Manuel I of Portugal (r. 1495–1521) and Queen Maria of Aragon (1482–1517)[74]. Charles and Beatrice make a pilgrimage from Vercelli, Italy over the Alps to Chambéry to venerate the Shroud[75]. Beatrice bore Charles 9 children, one of whom was Emmanuel Philibert (1528-80), who would become Duke in 1553[76] [see 1528 and future "1553"].

1521b On 30 April the Shroud is exhibited at Chambéry for the benefit of Dom Edme, i.e. Edmond de Saulieu (c. 1485-1552), an abbot of Clairvaux[77]. An eyewitness, Jean Gallot, chamberlain of Dom Edme, reported that three bishops carried the relic "in procession to a room [in the château] where a scaffold had been constructed outside the windows [of the Sainte Chapelle] to show it to the people who were below"[78].

1523 On 18 March the chapter of St. Etienne's (Stephen's) Cathedral in Besançon, Eastern France, sent one of their number to nearby Dijon to inquire how the Paschal Mystery was being played there, as they wished to present a performance of it at Easter[79]. As Easter Sunday was on 5 April that year, on 27 March the chapter made a formal decision that their `shroud' should be secured in a

[Right (original)[80]: Extract from a 1634 copy of the Besançon `shroud'.]

chest with three locks and three keys[82]. And so at Easter in 1523, the Mystery Play of the Resurrection was reinstated at the Cathedral of St. Etienne, Besançon[83]. This was the first properly documented reference to the existence of a purported Holy Shroud at Besançon[84]. In time this `shroud' comes to be regarded as of equal authenticity to the Lirey-Chambéry Shroud, supposedly having been used to wrap Jesus' body after it had been washed[85]. But the Besançon `shroud' was only 8 feet long[86] and had only a frontal image[87]. It may have been the eight feet long linen sheet bearing the figure of Christ that Bishop Arculf saw in Jerusalem about 670 [see "670"][88].

According to the theory first proposed by Roman Catholic historian Arthur S. Barnes (1861-1936)[89], taken up by historian Dan Scavone[90], and which I accept with modifications [see "c. 1343"], the Shroud was taken from Constantinople in 1204 by Fourth Crusader Othon de la Roche (c.1170-1234) [see "1204"], an ancestor of Shroud owner Jeanne de Vergy (c.1332–1428) [see "1355"] and after his death it was kept in Besançon's St Stephen's Cathedral[91]. Then in 1349 after the cathedral was struck by lightning and almost destroyed by the ensuing fire, the Shroud in its reliquary had disappeared[92] [see "1349"]. A member of the pro-French de Vergy family, fearing an English invasion of Burgundy (which later happened), within which was Besançon, entrusted the Shroud to France's King Philip VI (1328–50), who gave it to Geoffroy I de Charny (c.1300–56)[93], who then married Jeanne de Vergy[94] [see "1345a"]. Conveniently the Besançon `shroud' was later `found' in 1375 within the rebuilt cathedral by another member of the de Vergy family[95] [see "1375"]! Unfortunately the Besançon `shroud' was destroyed in 1794 by the French Revolution (1789-99) after it was examined and found to be painted[96].

1525a On 24 February Emperor Charles V defeats King Francis I in the Battle of Pavia[97]. The French suffer massive casualties and Francis is captured and imprisoned[98]. A year later, Francis is forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid surrendering Burgundy to the Holy Roman Empire[99].

1525b A notice "Pour scavoir la verite" ("to know the truth")[100] is posted by the canons[101] in the recently rebuilt in stone Lirey church [see "1526] next][102]. This contains inaccuracies[103], but its core claim that King Philip VI, gave the Shroud to Geoffroy I de Charny[104] "'as recompense for his valour"[105] is consistent with the Barnes-Scavone Besançon theory [see above].

1526 On 27 March Bishop Guillaume Parvy consecrates the new rebuilt in stone Lirey church[106]. Around 1820 this second Lirey church would be demolished and it would not be until 1897 that the third and current Lirey church [Left (enlarge)[107]] would be built in stone on the site of Geoffroy I de Charny's wooden church[108], which was built in 1353 [see "1353"].

1527 On 6 May Rome and the Vatican were sacked by mutinous troops of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-58)[109]. The Vatican icon

[Above (original)[110]: Extract from poor quality distance photograph of the Vatican's Veronica icon, which the Vatican won't allow to be photographed close up, presumably because they know it is merely a deteriorated 12th century copy of the Image of Edessa/Shroud!]

called "the Veronica" (Latin vera "true" + Greek eikon "image")[111] that had been in Rome since 1011[112], was thought to have disappeared in the sack[113]. But Ian Wilson has shown that the Veronica was copied in 1617[114], therefore it had survived the 1527 sack, and so presumably the Vatican's "Veronica" [above] is its 12th century copy of the Image of Edessa/Shroud, much deteriorated! [See 23Aug12 & 27Jul17]

1528 Birth of the great Emmanuel Philibert (1528-80), who will become Duke of Savoy in 1553[115], to Duke Charles III (r. 1504–53) and Beatrice of Portugal (1504-38) [see 1521a above]

1529 The Treaty of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V agreed that France would keep Burgundy but renounced its claims to Milan and Naples in Italy, Artois in Northern France and Flanders in Belgium[116]. The treaty was negotiated between Francis I's mother Louise of Savoy (1476-1531) and Charles V's aunt and former regent, Margaret of Austria (1480–1530)[117]!

1530 Untimely death of Margaret of Austria in Mechelen, Belgium, on 1 December aged only 50[118]. In her will, which had been drawn up in 1508 [see "1508a"], Margaret had stipulated that she wished to leave a portion of the Shroud to her church at Brou near (now in) Bourg-en-Bresse[119].

1531 Margaret's will is executed but there is no record of a portion of the Shroud having been removed at that time[120]. Marino and Benford claim, or imply, that consequently there was an excision of a 5½ inch x 3½ inch (~14 cm x ~8.9 cm) section from the Shroud which was later almost invisibly repaired with 16th century thread which unknowingly was included in the 1988 radiocarbon dating sample[121]. But clearly Margaret could not have legally stipulated the removal of part of the Shroud which was not her property in 1508. So presumably she had been given, or had taken, a snippet from the Shroud when she was Duchess of Savoy between 1501-4. Or it was a gift from her mother-in-law, dowager duchess Claudine de Brosse (1450–1513) in 1505 when Margaret formally relinquished custody of the Shroud to Claudine [see "1505b"].

1532 In the night between the 3rd and 4th of December[122], a fire probably caused by an overturned candle[123], breaks out in the sacristy[124] of the Sainte Chapelle, Chambéry[125]. The fire spreads rapidly through the rich furnishings of the Sainte Chapelle[126], and all but destroys it[127]. Because the Shroud's casket is in a cavity in the wall [Right (enlarge)[128]] above the high altar, behind an iron grille secured by four locks, each with a separate key [see above], there was no time to find the other key holders, so Canon Philibert Lambert summonsed a local blacksmith, Guglielmo Pussod, to prise open the grille to rescue the Shroud[129]. With the help of two Franciscan priests, they carry the Shroud in its burning casket outside to safety and the by then burning Shroud inside the casket is doused with water[130]. When the casket is opened in the adjoining Duke's castle it is discovered that miraculously the all-important image is almost unaffected[131].

However, a drop of molten silver from Margaret of Austria's casket [see "1509"] had burned its way through all 48 layers of the folded Shroud[132]. This left a descending pattern of burned and scorched areas [Left (enlarge)[133]] which were repaired by Chambéry's Poor Clare nuns in 1534[134]. [see "1534"]. The fire was extinguished with water which penetrated the holes in the casket, leaving water stains on the cloth[135]. However, the repeating pattern of three large water stains across the Shroud are not from extinguishing the 1532 fire but from when the Shroud was kept in an ancient Middle-Eastern type pottery jar [see 05Apr18]! The melting point of silver is about 960°C[136], although the temperature inside the casket may have been `only' 200°C[137]. The 1532 burns and waterstains were therefore a "natural experiment" in that if the Shroud image had been painted, the paint and binder would have been affected by the heat and `run' through the waterstains[138]. But the Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP) found in 1978 that the image was unaffected by the intense heat and water[139], thus proving (along with other evidence - see 11Jul16) that the Shroud is not a painting[140].

1533 On 4 May the Shroud is not publicly exhibited[141] as it had been every year since 1506 [see "1506b"]. This gave credence to rumours that the Shroud had been totally destroyed in the fire[142].

1534 In April Pope Clement VII (r. 1523-34) (not the Avignon Pope Clement VII (r.1378-94)[143]) sent his envoy, Cardinal Louis de Gorrevod (c. 1473-1535), to Chambéry to make an official recognition of the Shroud and have it repaired[144]. Cardinal Gorrevod knew the Shroud well-it was him who in 1506 [see "1506b"] persuaded Pope Julius II (r. 1503- 13) to grant Duke Charles III's petition for a feast day of the Shroud[145]. On 15 April Cardinal Gorrevod holds a canonical investigation at Chambéry at which three bishops and ten noblemen testify that the cloth before them is the same one that they knew before the fire[146]. Then that same day, the cardinal sent word to the Poor Clare nuns at Chambéry (presumably this had been pre-arranged with them) that they were to undertake the delicate task of mending the Shroud[147]. The next day, 16 April, the Shroud is carried in a solemn procession including Duke Charles III, Cardinal Gorrevod, two bishops, an ecclesiastical notary and numerous other clergy, from the Duke's castle to the convent of Chambéry's Poor Clare nuns[148]. The Abbess, Louise de Vargin, and three other nuns begin their repairs of the Shroud[149]. They first attach a Holland cloth backing to the Shroud[150]. Then, after removing charring, the nuns sewed 14 large triangular-shaped patches and eight smaller ones into the Holland cloth backing[151]. These repairs are completed on 2 May and the Shroud is returned to the Dukes' castle in Chambéry[152].

To be continued in the next part #21 of this series.

Notes
1. This post is copyright. I grant permission to quote from any part of this post (but not the whole post), provided it includes a reference citing my name, its subject heading, its date, and a hyperlink back to this page. [return]
2. "File:Bernard van Orley - Portrait of Margareta van Oostenrijk - WGA16689.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, 15 August 2018. [return]
3. Van Haelst, R., 1986, "The Lier Shroud: a problem in attribution," Shroud Spectrum International, No. 20, September, pp.7-23, 14; Wilson, I., 1995, "New Insights on Margaret of Austria, who commissioned the Shroud casket destroyed in the Fire of 1532," BSTS Newsletter, No. 39, January, pp.14-16, 15; Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK, p.230; Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London, pp.248-249. [return]
4. Wilson, I., 1994, "A Chronology of the Shroud 1452-1509," BSTS Newsletter, No. 38, August/September, pp.20-25, 23; Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY, p.285; Oxley, 2010, p.230. [return]
5. Oxley, 2010, p.17. [return]
6. Van Haelst, 1986, p.14; Wilson, 1994, p.22; Wilson, 1998, p.285; de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London, p.16; Wilson, 2010, p.249. [return]
7. "File:Sainte-Chapelle (Chambéry).jpg," Wikimedia Commons, 7 May 2016. [return]
8. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition, p.218; Wilson, 1994, p.23; Wilson, 1998, p.285; Wilson, 2010, p.249. [return]
9. Wilson, 1979, p.218; Wilson, 1994, p.23; Wilson, 1998, p.286; Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN, p.67; Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL, p.17; Wilson, 2010, p.249. [return]
10. Wilson, 1979, p.218; Wilson, 1998, p.285; Ruffin, 1999, p.67; Guerrera, 2001, p.17; Wilson, 2010, p.249. [return]
11. Guerrera, 2001, p.17; Wilson, 2010, p.249. [return]
12. Wilson, 1979, p.218. [return]
13. "File:Chateau de Cordon.JPG," Wikimedia Commons, 20 July 2011. [return]
14. "Château de Cordon," Wikipedia, 21 February 2017. [return]
15. Wilson, 1994, p.23. [return]
16. Ibid. [return]
17. Wilson, 1994, pp.23-24. [return]
18. "File:Carlo III di Savoia.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, 18 February 2016. [return]
19. Wilson, 1994, p.24. [return]
20. Ibid. [return]
21. Wilson, 1998, p.286. [return]
22. Chagny, A., 1990, "An Exposition of the Holy Shroud in the Market Place of Bourg-en-Bresse, 14 April 1503," Shroud Spectrum International, No. 37, December, pp.3-8, 8. [return]
23. Wilson, 1994, p.24. [return]
24. "Chateau de Ponçin, propriété privée inscrite IMH," 7 April 2019. [return]
25. "Château de Poncin," Wikipedia (French), 27 March 2017. Translated by Google. [return]
26. Wilson, 1998, p.286. [return]
27. Ibid. [return]
28. Wilson, 2010, p.250. [return]
29. Wilson, 1998, pp.286-287. [return]
30. Wilson, 1998, p.287. [return]
31. Wilson, 1994, p.23. [return]
32. Wilson, 2010, p.250. [return]
33. Ibid. [return]
34. Wilson, 1994, p.23; Ibid. [return]
35. Wilson, 1994, p.24; Wilson, 1998, p.287; Oxley, 2010, p.5. [return]
36. Marino, J.G. & Benford, S., 2000, "Evidence for the skewing of the C-14 dating of the Shroud of Turin due to repairs," Semantic Scholar. [return]
37. Marino, J.G. & Benford, S., 2001, "Could the Shroud's radiocarbon date have been Skewed due to 16th century repairs?" BSTS Newsletter, No. 54, November; Oxley, 2010, p.5. [return]
38. Crispino, D.C., 1988, "To Know the Truth: A Sixteenth Century Document with Excursus," Shroud Spectrum International, No. 28/29, September/December, pp.25-40, 25; Wilson, 1998, p.287. [return]
39. Wilson, 1998, p.287. [return]
40. Ibid; Ruffin, 1999, p.67. [return]
41. Wilson, 1994, p.25. [return]
42. Wilson, I., 1996, "A Calendar of the Shroud for the years 1509-1694," BSTS Newsletter, No. 44, November/December; Wilson, 1998, p.287. [return]
43. Ibid. [return]
44. Donandoni, E., 2016, "5 minutes with… The earliest painted representation of the Turin Shroud," Christie's, 7 June. [return]
45. Donandoni, 2016. [return]
46. Ibid. [return]
47. Ibid. [return]
48. Wilson, 1996. [return]
49. Wilson, 1998, p.288. [return]
50. Wilson, 1996. [return]
51. "Francis I of France," Wikipedia, 7 October 2019. [return]
52. Fossati, L., 1984, "Copies of the Holy Shroud: Part I," Shroud Spectrum International, No. 12, September, pp.7-23, 8. [return]
53. Moretto, G., 1999, "The Shroud: A Guide," Paulist Press: Mahwah NJ, p.18. [return]
54. Wilson, 1998, p.288; Guerrera, 2001, p.106. [return]
55. Wilson, 1998, p.287. [return]
56. Moretto, 1999, p.18; Guerrera, 2001, p.106. [return]
57. Van Haelst, 1986, pp.18-20. [return]
58. Van Haelst, 1986, p.7. [return]
59. Van Haelst, 1986, p.20. [return]
60. Van Haelst, 1986, pp.7,13, 16. [return]
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146. Wilson, 1996. [return]
147. Crispino, 1982, p.20. [return]
148. Wilson, 2010, pp.252-253. [return]
149. Oxley, 2010, p.79. [return]
150. Cruz, 1984, p.49; Iannone, 1998, pp.3-4. [return]
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152. Wilson, 1996. [return]

Posted 25 September 2019. Updated 5 June 2024.